Al_2O_3内衬抽油管中3种扶正器材料的摩擦磨损行为研究

研究了纤维增强尼龙、球墨铸铁及淬火处理球墨铸铁3种扶正器材料在干摩擦和油井产出水润滑条件下与陶瓷的磨损行为,采用激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、数字温度计、差示扫描量热仪和X射线光电子能谱分析仪对试验材料的组织、磨损机制和磨损表面的化学结构变化进行分析.结果表明:在润滑条件下3种材料的摩擦系数略小于干摩擦的摩擦系数,其中尼龙的摩擦系数最小.在干摩擦和油田产出水润滑条件下,3种材料中淬火处理球墨铸铁的磨损量最小.在油田产出水润滑条件下尼龙的磨损量超过干摩擦的磨损量,远大于铸铁的磨损量,可归因于热变形、降解以及机械微切削因素的共同作用.     

内应力对等温淬火65Mn(65SiMnR)钢犁铧耐磨性的影响

65Mn(65SiMnR)钢犁铧等温淬火可以显著提高其耐磨性。本文探讨了等温淬火犁铧硬度与耐磨性的关系和内应力与耐磨性的关系,并对在含水硝盐和无水硝盐中等温淬火犁铧和试样耐磨性进行了讨论,从而得出了以下结果: 1.等温淬火犁铧的磨粒磨损机理以显微切削为主; 2.内应力是影响材料耐磨性提高的有害因素,但为了提高犁铎的耐磨性,允许有较大的内应力残留; 3.在最终热处理工艺相同时,锻造状态的65Mn钢的耐磨性比锻后经完全退火的好,因此可有效地利用钢的组织遗传性,变内应力这个不利因素为有利因素。     

Q235钢高能喷丸纳米化表面的摩擦磨损行为

利用球盘式试验机研究了高能喷丸、喷丸抛光及原始样品在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:高能喷丸使Q235钢表面纳米化的同时在表面产生大量凹坑,干摩擦下高能喷丸及其抛光样品的磨损量均大于原始样品;由于表面凹坑的储油作用,在液体石蜡润滑下高能喷丸样品的磨损量小于原始样品,3种样品的摩擦系数均接近0.1;当液体石蜡中加入ZDDP后,由于纳米化表面的活性高,高能喷丸样品的耐磨性提高幅度更为显著,在35 N载荷下是原始样品的1.63倍,是喷丸抛光样品的1.26倍.     

等温淬火球墨铸铁的滚动接触磨损性能研究

将2种等温淬火球墨铸铁(Austempered Ductile Iron, ADI)和合金钢车轮材料分别与合金钢钢轨材料匹配,研究各摩擦副的滚动接触磨损性能.结果表明:与合金钢车轮材料相比,2种ADI材料的磨损性能均有大幅度的改善.硬度低、石墨球直径小且密度大的ADI材料自润滑效果好,相对应的摩擦副抗磨损性能最好;硬度高、石墨球直径大且密度小的ADI材料自润滑效果较差,相对应的摩擦副抗磨损性能居中;合金钢车轮材料不具备自润滑能力,相对应的摩擦副抗磨损性能最差.     

65Mn钢渗硼层的磨料磨损特性

本文对渗硼加等温淬火和等温淬火的65Mn钢的磨料磨损特性、渗硼层和基体的配合、渗硼层深度对耐磨性的影响进行了研究。同时应用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对试样的磨损表面进行了观察,探讨了渗硼层的磨料磨损机理。 室内模似试验表明,65Mn钢渗硼加等温淬火工艺使其抗磨料磨损性能大幅度提高,渗硼犁铧的耐磨寿命较等温淬火犁铎提高50％以上。     

Fe-Mn-Si形状记忆合金耐磨性的研究

采用真空中频熔炼炉制备Fe-16.86Mn-4.50Si-10.30Cr-4.20Ni试验合金,在M-200型摩擦磨损试验机上评价其在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪观察和分析试验合金的磨损表面及其磨损机理.结果表明,试验合金在油润滑条件下的耐磨性显著高于干摩擦下的耐磨性,而且其磨损量并不随载荷增加而增大,如当载荷300 N时的磨损量比100 N时的磨损量小.同1Cr-18Ni-9Ti不锈钢的耐磨性相比,在干摩擦下试验合金的耐磨性较差,而在油润滑下的耐磨性较好.在油润滑下试验合金的磨损表面存在大量ε马氏体,而在干摩擦下其磨损表面没有ε马氏体,由于摩擦力诱发y→ε马氏体相变导致Fe-Mn-Si合金在干摩擦和油润滑条件下具有不同的磨损机理,从而使得合金在油润滑下具有优良的耐磨性.     

仿生多孔超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能研究

模拟天然关节软骨中"多孔可渗透软垫层"的特征,采用模板-滤取工艺制备具有多孔结构的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)仿生人工软骨材料,采用改进的四球摩擦磨损试验机研究多孔结构和UHMWPE分子量对试样摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜观察多孔材料的表面形貌并分析其磨损机理.结果表明,多孔结构能够提高UHMWPE试样在牛血清润滑条件下的耐磨性.试样的孔隙率约为27%,UHMWPE分子量的改变对试样的失重和孔隙率影响不大,但能够略微降低多孔UHMWPE试样的磨损量.在干摩擦条件下,多孔试样的磨损量比普通试样高66.9%,在牛血清润滑下的磨损量比普通UHMWPE低46.6%.UHMWPE的多孔结构能够提高UHMWPE试样表面的润滑性能,降低其磨损量.     

铁道车辆用新型减振材料的摩擦磨损行为研究

对铁道车辆摩擦减振系统所用斜楔和磨耗板新型材料进行了磨损试验研究,并分析了其摩擦磨损行为.结果表明,T10与ADI球铁、奥贝灰铸铁和高分子材料配副的耐磨性均优于45#钢与ADI球铁配副,磨耗板材料的相对耐磨性均优于斜楔,T10与高分子材料配副具有最佳的摩擦磨损性能.     

一种高碳钢低温干摩擦行为的研究

在20 ℃至-55 ℃范围内以球-盘摩擦形式考察了一种1.08%C高碳钢在滑动速度0.319 m/s,载荷在0.5～2.5 N下与GCr15钢球干摩擦时的摩擦磨损行为,利用SEM、EDS、XPS等观察了磨痕形貌,考察了磨屑中氧含量的变化,分析了摩擦氧化反应.结果发现,与常温环境相比,在0 ℃以下的低温环境显著提高了该钢铁摩擦副之间的摩擦系数,且摩擦系数基本不随温度发生变化.随着温度的降低该高碳钢的磨损量增加,黏着磨损程度增强,屑中氧含量减小.分析认为温度的降低伴随着湿度的降低,低温、低湿度环境减弱了摩擦氧化反应,减少了起隔离作用的金属氧化物的生成,加剧了摩擦副之间的黏着,从而导致摩擦系数和磨损量增大.     

超弹Ti—Ni合金的摩擦学特性研究

以淬火45#钢为对比材料,研究了2种不同组成的超弹Ti-Ni合金(Ti-56%Ni和Ti-55.8%Ni)在滑动干摩擦条件下同GCr15钢对摩时的摩擦学特性.结果表明:2种超弹Ti-Ni合金的耐磨性能优于淬火45#钢,其中Ti-56%Ni合金的耐磨性稍优于Ti-55.8%Ni合金;在0.84m/s滑动速度下,超弹Ti-Ni合金的磨损体积损失随载荷增大而增大;当载荷为44.5N时,随着滑动速度增加,磨损体积损失先降低,随后又缓慢上升;超弹Ti-Ni合金与GCr15轴承钢对摩时的摩擦系数比同45#钢对摩时的大,其中Ti-56%Ni的摩擦系数比Ti-55.8%Ni的稍大;摩擦过程中高硬度的GCr15钢材料发生向Ti-Ni合金表面的转移.     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).