润滑对球轴承振动特性的影响

采用专门设计制作的试验轴承和微机数字式振动测量分析系统，研究了润滑对中心轴向载荷作用下深沟球轴承振动和噪声的幅值及频率特性的影响．结果表明：充分润滑能够有效地降低轴承的振动和噪声水平；润滑不充分或润滑剂不清洁可使振动和噪声加剧，诱发接触谐振和啸声，并使接触表面产生轻微损伤；无润滑时轴承振动急剧增高，并造成磨损失效；同时，润滑油膜的“刚化效应”使轴承弹性接触振动的固有频率提高．     

离心通风器结构分析

根据某发动机离心通风器6个故障件的破坏形貌测量分析结果及简化模型的光弹性试验和有限元计算结果，建立离心通风器壳体力学模型，并通过应力分析结果对结构进行疲劳分析、探讨失效原因．研究结果指出，由于壳体在油气混合环境中使用，其肋的转接台阶处具有高的应力集中、材料铸造表面粗糙；组织疏松等缺陷，肋的截面尺寸公差太大等多种因素造成零件的寿命降低，较多零件的失效．     

轴向运动层合圆柱壳体的振动特性

研究了轴向运动层合圆柱壳体的振动特性．基于Donnell壳体理论,建立了轴向运动层合圆柱壳体的横向振动方程,使用Galerkin方法求解该振动方程,得到其固有频率,通过与有限元结果对比说明方法的有效性．分析了轴向速度、纤维方向角、长径比和厚径比对壳体振动特性的影响．研究表明：当纤维方向角为 (15?/-15?)s时,轴向运动柱壳前3阶固有频率达到最大值．     

利用声波干涉抑制旋转式压缩机的辐射噪声

压缩机是制冷设备的主要噪声源之一,其辐射噪声的抑制很有必要.理论分析了两列声波在自由场和管道中传播特性,证实了在管道中的两列声波能够产生有效干涉从而降低声压幅值.将压缩机储液器内的双管吸气改为了单吸气,数值分析表明了改进后壳体辐射噪声得到了明显抑制.声学实验验证了数值计算结果和理论分析,单吸气压缩机总声压级降低了约1.2dB(A).     

鱼雷结构振动传递特性的试验研究

对鱼雷结构动态特性的研究是鱼雷低噪声设计与噪声预报的前提,本文以某小型鱼雷为对象,在自行研制的带有激励源的试验模型上,对其结构振动的传递特性进行了一系列试验,通过运转试验与随机激励试验,研究了不同频率的振动沿壳体的传播与衰减、不同隔振方案下的振动传递递率与影响振动传递的因素,得到了其中的若干规律,探讨了减小鱼雷振动噪声的途径。     

基于小波变换的摩擦噪声模态耦合机理研究

观察分析了往复滑动摩擦条件下摩擦噪声的形成和发展过程，探讨了摩擦噪声的产生机理．结果表明：在往复滑动摩擦条件下产生了2种具有明显不同特征的摩擦噪声：第一种摩擦噪声在摩擦系数较小的摩擦初期即存在，对应的法向主振动与切向主振动几乎同时发生；第二种摩擦噪声在摩擦系数比较大时才出现，对应的法向主振动发生于切向主振动之前．利用小波变换技术进行分析后发现，第一种摩擦噪声对应的动态摩擦力不是源于法向力变化，而第二种摩擦噪声对应的动态摩擦力则明显源于法向力变化，前者同模态耦合机理不符，而后者则支持模态耦合机理．     

含45度斜裂纹圆柱薄壳动态特性试验研究

测量了含45度斜裂纹圆柱薄壳的固有频率并拍摄了相应的激光全息振型图. 实验 表明斜裂纹比轴向和环向裂纹对壳体动态特性的影响更大，致使振型图发生了严重 畸变而显得相当复杂，利用传统思路难以找到裂纹长度对壳体动态特性的影响规律. 为此， 把裂纹周围的振动看作为一种独立的局部振动，从而把含斜裂纹壳体的各种复杂振型划 分为3类：纯局部振动振型、纯原振动振型、局部振动和原振动耦合振型. 其中前两种振型 的固有频率皆随裂纹的加长而降低，但对于耦合振型有时会出现``随裂纹加长频率反而升高 的现象'，这是由于把壳体原振动的频率和局部振动的频率相混淆而产生的错觉.     

含45°斜裂纹圆柱薄壳动态特性试验研究

测量了含45°斜裂纹圆柱薄壳的固有频率并拍摄了相应的激光全息振型图．实验表明斜裂纹比轴向和环向裂纹对壳体动态特性的影响更大,致使振型图发生了严重畸变而显得相当复杂,利用传统思路难以找到裂纹长度对壳体动态特性的影响规律．为此,把裂纹周围的振动看作为一种独立的局部振动,从而把含斜裂纹壳体的各种复杂振型划分为3类:纯局部振动振型、纯原振动振型、局部振动和原振动耦合振型．其中前两种振型的固有频率皆随裂纹的加长而降低,但对于耦合振型有时会出现“随裂纹加长频率反而升高的现象”, 这是由于把壳体原振动的频率和局部振动的频率相混淆而产生的错觉．     

基于共振转换器的自主水下航行器动力学建模及减振降噪

文章以自主水下航行器(AUV)振动噪声抑制及其隐秘性提高为研究背景,提出了一种含有轴承非线性的AUV振动-声学模型,并通过寻找共振转换器(RC)最佳设计参数使壳体产生的振动声辐射功率级最小,达到反共振的目的.首先通过Lagrange法建立了含有浆-轴-壳的双梁系统有限元模型,基于赫兹接触理论加入轴承非线性因素,然后根据声传播原理推出了声偶极子辐射场模型;然后,采用Runge-Kutta法求解了系统振动响应,通过时域响应、频谱、分岔和幅频响应图等后处理信号分析了系统的动力学特征;最后,以壳体声功率级作为代价函数并根据响应分析结果,对RC进行参数设计.通过对比非线性轴承和线性弹簧两种支撑,发现AUV在非线性轴承支撑下壳体振动辐射声功率级主体趋势是沿着线性结果分布的,同时均高于线性弹簧支撑下的系统噪声,并且在对应共振区域达到峰值;同时结果显示RC装置能够大幅度降低系统共振响应幅值及振动辐射声功率级,尤其在共振频率设计点处减振降噪效果最为显著,在共振频率设计点处频率没有发生偏移,但在其他个别区间内,除了最大共振幅值降低明显之外,共振频率产生一定的偏移.文章的理论模型揭示了AUV动力学响应特征及...     

基础滑移隔震体系的地震响应计算

利用随机振动理论求出了基础滑移隔震房屋在无频谱过程的白噪声过程作用下的响应特性，探讨了基础滑移隔震的振动时最佳阻尼系数取值，提出了基础最大滑移量在白噪声过程作用下的计算公式，并进行了基础滑移隔震位移量的试验测定。计算结果与试验结果表明，本文提出的基础滑移隔震体系的计算公式是可行的，为滑移隔震房屋设计证结构安全、合理提供了理论依据。     

The thermodynamic design of heat and mass transfer processes and devices

This review article places in perspective the new work devoted both to the analysis of the thermodynamic irreversibility of heat and mass transfer components and systems and to the design of these devices on the basis of entropy generation minimization. The review focuses on the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the generation of entropy in heat and fluid flow and on the design tradeoff of balancing the heat transfer irreversibility against the fluid flow irreversibility. Applications are selected from the fields of heat exchanger design, thermal energy storage, and mass exchanger design. This article provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of second-daw analyses published in the heat and mass transfer literature during the last decade.     

Spinning rods, elliptical disks and solid ellipsoidal bodies: Elastic and plastic stresses and limit spins

The analysis of the stresses in one-, two- and three-dimensional spinning bodies is discussed in a systematic and comprehensive way. First elastic solutions are derived for rods, for elliptical-shaped flat disks and for ellipsoidal solid bodies spinning about their sideways axes. Then the spins for first plastic yield are found in each case using each of the Tresca and the von Mises yield conditions. Then upper and lower bounds on the maximum allowable limit spins where the body would globally fail assuming perfectly plastic behavior are derived. The elastic solutions at first yield always give a lower bound to that limit spin, but global failure generally does not occur until the spin is increased. A way to calculate an improved lower bound is illustrated. Upper bounds are found in a simple and new way. The method uses the fact that the volume-averaged stresses can be calculated directly from the loadings without the need for any actual stress solutions, and then it is proved that the use of those average stresses in the yield functions always gives an upper bound to the limit loads. That use of the statically determinate average stresses to obtain meaningful plastic upper bounds to limit loads is though to be a new method, and can be applied to any shape. Finally, several finite element calculations are used to determine the quantitative relations between the lower and upper bounds and the actual limit spins for ellipsoidal bodies.The results are of interest in the spin of planetary bodies, where they explain the nature of an average-stress approximate method, and in the analysis of spinning bodies in general. In addition, the approach gives a very interesting example of the utility of the limit analysis approaches of plasticity theories.     

计算结构力学在桥梁结构施工设计与施工控制中的应用

随着大跨径桥梁结构在工程中应用日趋广泛,其施工控制问题也越来越受到工程界的重视。本文将计算结构力学方法引入桥梁结构的施工设计与控制,给出桥梁结构竣工后受力状态、施工各阶段理想状态的确定、施工控制方法及其程序系统的设计思想。     

Static, stability and dynamic analysis of gradient elastic flexural Kirchhoff plates

The governing equation of motion of gradient elastic flexural Kirchhoff plates, including the effect of in-plane constant forces on bending, is explicitly derived. This is accomplished by appropriately combining the equations of flexural motion in terms of moments, shear and in-plane forces, the moment–stress relations and the stress–strain equations of a simple strain gradient elastic theory with just one constant (the internal length squared), in addition to the two classical elastic moduli. The resulting partial differential equation in terms of the lateral deflection of the plate is of the sixth order instead of the fourth, which is the case for the classical elastic case. Three boundary value problems dealing with static, stability and dynamic analysis of a rectangular simply supported all-around gradient elastic flexural plate are solved analytically. Non-classical boundary conditions, in additional to the classical ones, have to be utilized. An assessment of the effect of the gradient coefficient on the static or dynamic response of the plate, its buckling load and natural frequencies is also made by comparing the gradient type of solutions against the classical ones.     

Interval,ellipsoidal, and super-ellipsoidal calculi for experimental and theoretical treatment of uncertainty: Which one ought to be preferred?

In this study we compare three calculi listed in the title for analysis of structures involving uncertainty. The main idea is based on the consideration that the maximum structural response predicted by the preferred theory ought to be minimal, and the minimum structural response predicted by the preferred theory ought to be maximal, to constitute a lower overestimation. We present analytic results that allow one to calculate the structural response via the interval, ellipsoidal or super-ellipsoidal calculus. We provide several examples of truss structures and illustrate that in different situations, depending on the available data, one of these calculi ought to be preferred. Conclusion is made on the preferable approach to be the super-ellipsoidal calculus.     

机抖激光陀螺动力学分析及优化设计

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了机抖激光陀螺有限元模型并进行了模态分析和随机振动分析,通过与试验结果对比,验证了模型的合理性和精确性,指出了现有结构的薄弱环节。利用灵敏度分析技术分析了安装盒底部、四壁和支柱等几何尺寸和约束位置对机抖激光陀螺固有频率的影响。计算表明:影响固有频率的主要因素是安装盒的支柱高度、底面厚度和约束位置,而安装盒四壁厚度对固有频率影响很小。最后对结构进行了优化设计,优化后结构一阶固有频率提高35.7%,二阶以上固有频率提高63%以上。     

电磁接触问题的变分原理与有限元求解

电磁接触耦合作用的力学分析的难点是必须考虑电磁场以及由此引起的电磁力与可移动接触边界间的耦合作用，属于强非线性问题。本文给出接触面区域电磁场分析的处理条件，并进一步建立了两类变分方程，一类是电磁分析的变分泛函，其考虑了接触区域对结构电磁场的影响；另一类是二维电磁力学接触分析的参数变分原理，可以方便地对接触问题进行求解。数值结果验证了本文的理论与算法。     

Basic vibrations and anharmonic analysis of a vibration

We prove that, besides the simple harmonic vibrations, some anharmonic vibrations are basic as well, because a general vibration can be considered as a superposition of such vibrations with different frequencies. The results in this paper are a generalization of Fourier analysis and a new theory of vibration analysis.     

Stability and non-linear second-order elastic analyses of beam and framed structures with semi-rigid connections using the cross method

The main objective of this publication is to present an extended version of the Moment Distribution Method (MDM) for the stability and non-linear second-order analysis of indeterminate beams and framed structures made of beam-columns of symmetrical cross-section including the combined effects of shear and bending deformations, axial loads, and semi-rigid connections. The proposed method along each member has the following advantages: (1) it can be utilized in the first- and second-order analyses (including buckling analysis) of indeterminate beams and framed structures made of beam-columns with rigid, semi-rigid, and simple end connections; (2) the effects of semi-rigid connections are condensed into the bending stiffness and fixed-end moments without introducing additional degrees of freedom and equations of equilibrium; and (3) it is accurate, powerful, practical, versatile, and an excellent teaching tool. Analytical studies indicate that shear deformations, semi-rigid connections, and axial loads increase the lateral deflections and affect the internal moments and reactions of continuous beams and framed structures. These effects must be taken into account particularly in slender structures and when they are made of beam or columns with relatively low effective shear areas (like laced columns, columns with batten plates or with perforated cover plates, and columns with open webs) or with low shear stiffness (like short columns made of laminated composites with low shear modulus G when compared to their elastic modulus E) making the shear stiffness GA_s of the same order of magnitude as EI/L². These effects become even more significant when the external supports are not perfectly clamped. Three comprehensive examples are included that show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

正交正放类网架结构分析的分解刚度法

把正交正放类网架结构简化为构造上正交异性的夹层板,采用考虑剪切变形的具有三个广义位移的平板弯曲理论进行分析。基于分解刚度思想对三类屋面网架(正放四角锥网架、两向正交正放网架和正放抽空四角锥网架)进行了静力分析和固有振动分析,对三类竖向承重网架墙体进行了稳定性分析,给出了简便实用的计算公式。通过与有限元法分析结果的对比,表明了本文提出的方法作为一种简化的计算方法,其精度是比较高的,绝大多数的误差都小于5%,可以应用于工程结构的初步设计。此外,与其他的简化计算方法相比它的精度比较高而且计算过程大大简化了。