轮轨滚动接触力学的发展

轮轨滚动接触力学主要研究轮轨滚动接触过程中的作用行为。由于其研究的复杂性,目前在该领域的研究已基本形成既独立又关联的六个分支,它们分别是轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率/力理论、轮轨粘着、接触表面波浪形磨损、轮轨滚动疲劳、脱轨和轮轨噪音。本文综述了这几个方面研究的发展历史和现状。由于轮轨滚动接触作用的研究又是以轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率/力理论为基础的,故本文着重评述目前常用于车辆/轨道动力学和轮轨关系研究中几个经典滚动接触理论模型的优缺点。根据实际工程中轮轨作用存在的严重问题,并提出轮轨滚动接触理论及其试验在今后的研究方向和所要考虑的有关重要因素。      

应用于高速轮轨滚动接触的蠕滑理论算法对比研究

运用多体动力学仿真软件UM建立了车辆-轨道多体动力学模型，并基于轮轨滚动蠕滑理论对比分析了FASTSIM算法与CONTACT算法两者在稳态和瞬态滚动状态中轮轨动态作用力之间的差异.计算结果表明:列车以稳态滚动状态行驶在直线轨道和曲线轨道上时通过FASTSIM算法计算得出的横、纵向轮轨蠕滑力与CONTACT算法的计算值存在的差异值较小，达到了10%~15%，而在瞬态滚动状态下尤其是在大蠕滑以及考虑风阻等比较恶劣的工况下行驶时计算得出的横、纵向蠕滑力与CONTACT算法的计算值存在较大的误差，差值达到了25%，并且随着车速的增加，最大差异值达到了30%，这表明CONTACT算法在瞬态滚动工况下进行蠕滑力计算上相比于FASTSIM算法更加精准，更适用于作出对列车运行时的安全性方面的评价.      

一种基于轮轨竖向刚性接触的车-桥空间耦合振动建模方法

车辆-桥梁耦合振动研究具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值,耦合系统运动方程的建立是研究开展的关键。本文将车辆-桥梁作为一个整体系统,采取轮轨竖向刚性接触方式,考虑轨道竖向、横向不平顺及其一、二阶导数,和轮对侧滚惯性力以及自旋角动量的影响,车辆采用弹簧阻尼连接的多刚体模拟,桥梁采用空间梁单元离散,基于Kalker线性蠕滑理论结合Shen-Hedrick-Elkins修正理论计算轮轨蠕滑力,运用弹性系统动力学总势能不变值原理及其对号入座法则,推导了车辆-桥梁耦合系统空间有限元形式的运动方程,该运动方程可采用逐步积分法直接求解得到车辆和桥梁的动力响应。最后,本文给出了典型的数值算例进行了分析计算。     

钢轨横向不均匀支撑刚度对钢轨波磨的影响

建立了钢轨波浪形磨损计算模型，模型中考虑车辆轨道垂向横向耦合动力学行为、轮轨三 维滚动接触力学行为和轮轨材料摩擦磨损的循环相互作用关系. 发展了相应的计算程序，并 用1: 1试验装置验证了理论模型. 详细分析了实际线路上由轨枕离散支撑导致的钢轨横向不均匀刚度和不同行车速度对曲线钢轨接触表面不均匀磨损的影响. 通过数值分析可知： (1)列车通过曲线钢轨时，轨枕离散支撑导致的钢轨横向不均匀刚度易引发曲线钢轨波磨的形 成和发展；(2)这类钢轨波磨具有与轨枕间距几乎相等的波长和28~35mm的短波长，这个短波长不均匀磨损主要是由轮轨高频接触振动引起；(3)同一个转向 架4个车轮作用下形成的钢轨波磨最大深度波谷的分布是不同的；(4) 改变过车速度不能有效地抑制轨枕离散支撑导致的钢轨波磨形成和发展速度.     

高速列车车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨冲击力学响应有限元模拟

车轮踏面剥离是轨道车辆车轮非圆化损伤的常见形式之一。轮轨滚动接触过程中,车轮踏面剥离会循环冲击钢轨,诱发异常大的轮轨动态相互作用,严重影响高速列车运行平稳性和安全性。基于三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型,模拟了高速列车车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨冲击力学响应,分析了轮轨冲击过程中的轮轨接触力/压力、接触斑及黏/滑特性、钢轨表面节点速度分布和应力/应变状态等响应特征,讨论了列车速度、剥离长度和剥离深度等关键参数对轮轨冲击响应的影响。结果发现,车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨动态垂向接触力随列车速度的提高呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在列车速度为300 km/h出现最大值,约为轮轨准静态垂向接触力的1.35倍;随着剥离长度的增大,轮轨动态接触力、轮/轨von Mises应力和等效塑性应变均显著增大;随着剥离深度的增大,仅车轮von Mises应力和等效塑性应变显著增大。     

轮轨滚动摩擦温升分析

利用有限元法,考虑轮轨间非稳态热传导、与环境的热对流以及热辐射的影响,建立了轮轨滚动接触热耦合计算模型来模拟轮轨滚滑摩擦温升;在模拟轮轨纯滑动条件下,计算分析了由磨损引起的滑动接触斑的尺寸增大对轮轨温度场的影响;在模拟轮轨接触斑部分滑动工况时,针对不同蠕滑率、摩擦系数以及轴重对轮轨温度场的影响进行了相应的计算分析.结果表明:接触斑材料的磨损速度只影响磨损过程中的温度场分布,其稳态温度场分布基本一致;热载荷随着纵向载荷、蠕滑率以及摩擦系数的增大而增大,进而影响轮轨滚动接触热疲劳.     

两种型面轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率和摩擦功

采用数值分析方法详细分析了2种型面轮对与轨道在滚动接触过程中的接触几何、蠕滑率和摩擦功。在摩擦功分析计算中利用了Kalker三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论,并考虑了轮轨的结构变形的影响。分析计算表明,在轮对运动相同的情况下,磨耗型轮对与轨道之间的蠕滑率和摩擦功与锥型轮对轨道之间的蠕滑率和摩擦功相差甚大。数值分析结果表明,现行铁路中正在推广使用的磨耗型轮对并不能减少轮轨接触表面之间的磨损,磨损型车轮的型面与钢轨尺寸的匹配还有待进一步改进。     

基于逆虚拟激励法的垂向轨道不平顺功率谱识别

提出一种识别轨道垂向不平顺功率谱的新方法.采用定点激励的垂向车辆-板式轨道耦合动力学模型.车辆简化为多刚体模型,板式轨道考虑为3层梁模型,并通过线性轮轨力耦合车辆模型和轨道模型.以轴箱加速度作为测量对象,采用逆虚拟激励法识别垂向轨道不平顺的功率谱,并研究了测量误差和车辆运行速度对垂向轨道不平顺的识别精度的影响.数值结果表明,本文方法能够较为准确地识别垂向轨道不平顺功率谱,为列车运行环境载荷识别与评估提供了新的途径.     

高速铁路碎石道砟振动的离散元模拟

道砟振动对其磨损、破碎和道床累积变形有显著影响,为揭示高速车辆移动荷载作用下道砟动态响应特性,建立有砟道床离散元模型,开展车辆-轨道耦合动力学计算得到离散元模型输入荷载,模拟分析高速车辆以不同速度通过时有砟道床的振动响应,并与车辆-轨道耦合动力学计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,轨枕、道砟和道床块振动位移波形相似,位移幅值沿道床深度方向减小,道床块振动位移与轨枕底面以下0.3m处道砟的振动位移相当;轨枕、道床块振动速度与加速度随行车速度提高而增大;受道砟颗粒间复杂相互作用的影响,道砟振动加速度会出现突变。道床离散元模型能合理反映道砟颗粒的振动响应特性,道床块模型体现了道床层在有砟轨道结构中的动力传递与减振特性,两种道床模型的计算结果具有一定的相似性。     

车-桥-线竖平面振动及其能量转化机制精细建模

建立了考虑车-桥(线)纵向振动及其能量相互转化机制的竖平面内精细耦合运动方程.将车-桥(线)视为一个整体系统,车辆各剐体的纵向运动均作为独立的自由度,考虑到车-桥(线)纵向振动及其能量相互转化机制,车辆驱动或制动作用采用轮轨间的纵向相互作用力和轮对作用力矩模拟,桥梁、线路结构采用梁单元离散,线路与桥梁之间的钢轨基础采用竖向和纵向的均布弹簧阻尼连接,建立了竖平面内精细耦合运动方程,它可合理模拟车桥(线)间能量相互转化的过程.简支梁桥算例表明:车辆在桥上无驱动或制动运行过程中,不考虑轨道结构时车速先增加后减小,而考虑轨道结构时车速只有减小的趋势,轮对还发生了高频的纵向振动,且车体和轮对的纵向振动对轨道竖向不平顺较为敏感;此外,考虑轮轨滚动碾压作用和能量转化机制时,钢轨加速度响应略偏大.本文研究可为实际车辆动态变速运行的模拟和更精细空间耦合模型的建立提供研究基础.     

Track dynamic behavior at rail welds at high speed

As a vehicle passing through a track with different weld irregularities, the dynamic performance of track com- ponents is investigated in detail by using a coupled vehi- cle-track model. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 35 degrees of freedom, and a Timoshenko beam is used to model the rails which are dis- cretely supported by sleepers. In the track model, the sleepers are modeled as rigid bodies accounting for their vertical, lat- eral and rolling motions and assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the study of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the Hertizian contact theory and the theory proposed by Shen-Hedrick-Elkins are, respectively, used to calculate normal and creep forces between the wheel and the rails. In the calculation of the normal forces, the coefficient of the normal contact stiffness is determined by transient contact condition of the wheel and rail surface. In the calcu- lation of the creepages, the lateral, roll-over motions of the rail and the fact that the relative velocity between the wheel and rail in their common normal direction is equal to zero are simultaneously taken into account. The motion equations of the vehicle and track are solved by means of an explicit integration method, in which the rail weld irregularities are modeled as local track vertical deviations described by some ideal cosine functions. The effects of the train speed, the axle load, the wavelength and depth of the irregularities, and the weld center position in a sleeper span on the wheel-rail impact loading are analyzed. The numerical results obtained are greatly useful in the tolerance design of welded rail pro- file irregularity caused by hand-grinding after rail welding and track maintenances.     

Interface damage and its effect on vibrations of slab track under temperature and vehicle dynamic loads

This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element model to investigate the interface damage occurred between prefabricated slab and CA (cement asphalt) mortar layer in the China Railway Track System (CRTS-II) slab track system. In the finite element model, a cohesive zone model with a non-linear constitutive law is introduced and utilized to model the damage, cracking and delamination at the interface. Combining with the temperature field database obtained from the three-dimensional transient heat transfer analysis, the interface damage evolution as a result of temperature change is analyzed. A three-dimensional coupled dynamic model of a vehicle and the slab track is then established to calculate the varying rail-supporting forces which are utilized as the inputs to the finite element model. The non-linearities of the wheel–rail contact geometry, the wheel–rail normal contact force and the wheel–rail tangential creep force are taken into account in the model. Setting the maximum interface damaged state calculated under temperature change as the initial condition, the interface damage evolution and its influence on the dynamic response of the slab track are investigated under the joint action of the temperature change and vehicle dynamic load. The analysis indicates that the proposed model is capable of predicting the initiation and propagation of cracks at the interface. The prefabricated slab presents lateral warping, resulting in severe interface damage on both the sides of the slab track along the longitudinal direction during temperature drop process, while the interface damage level does not change significantly under vehicle dynamic loads. The interface damage has great effects on the dynamic responses of the slab track.     

车辆/轨道相互作用理论研究进展及发展趋势

车辆与轨道之间的动力学相互作用问题,是铁路轮轨系统中最基本的问题．高速、重载铁路的发展,加速了车辆／轨道相互作用研究进程,也提出了更多更新的课题．在回顾轮轨相互作用研究历史的基础上,着重阐述了近二十多年来国内外在该领域所取得的研究进展,并对车辆与轨道相互作用研究趋势以及今后需重点开展的研究课题,提出了作者的观点．      

Experimental Investigation on Dynamic Railway Sleeper/Ballast Interaction

In ballasted railway tracks, one of the important components that supports the rails and distributes wheel/rail loading onto the ballast supporting formation is a railway sleeper (sometimes is also called a “railway tie”). This paper presents results of an experimental modal analysis of prestressed concrete sleepers in both free-free and in-situ conditions, incorporating the dynamic influence of sleeper/ballast interaction. Dynamic interaction between concrete sleepers and ballast support is crucial for the development of a dynamic model of railway track capable of predicting its responses to impact loads due to wheel flats, wheel burns, irregularities of the rail, etc. In this study, four types of prestressed concrete sleepers were in-kind provided by the Australian manufacturers. The concrete sleepers were tested using an impact hammer excitation technique over the frequency range of interest, 0–1600 Hz. Frequency response functions (FRFs) were measured using PULSE modal testing system. The FRFs were processed using STAR modal analysis package to identify natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes for the sleepers. The conclusions are presented about the effect of the sleeper/ballast interaction on the dynamic properties of prestressed concrete sleepers and their use for predicting railway track dynamic responses.     

A modular algorithm for linear, periodic train-track models

Summary  An algorithm is presented which can be used for the investigation of a large variety of train-track models. These models only have to fulfil the requirements of linearity and periodicity with respect to the track length direction. A steady-state solution is obtained for a vehicle moving on a tangent track with constant velocity. The algorithm itself can be split into three modules: one for the whole train-track system, one for the track, and one for a single rail support. These modules and their interfaces are described in detail. The article demonstrates the applicability of the algorithm by means of four examples. The first example shows the influence of the sleeper elasticity on the sleeper motion. The second one illustrates the effect of an advanced subsoil model on the wheel/rail contact force. Subsequently, as a further example, the compliance frequency-response functions of a ballasted track and a rigid track are compared. The last example deals with the sleeper passing excitation. Here, it is shown that even in the case of resonance, the wheel/rail contact-force fluctuations remain below ten percent of the static value. Received 17 January 2000; accepted for publication 18 August 2000     

铁路车辆/轨道耦合系统在竖向冲击载荷作用下动态响应的计算机模拟研究

车辆与轨道的动态相互作用,是铁路轮轨接触式运输系统中最基本的问题之一,它直接制约着铁路运营速度的提高和运载重量的增加,也影响着铁路安全运行。本文采用有限元方法,对我国C61型运煤货车,按照车辆/轨道系统的实际几何形状、材料性质和边界条件建立了包括车辆和轨道系统的有限元模型,应用大型非线性动力分析程序LS-DYNA3D来模拟车辆通过轨道错牙接头时的轮/轨动态响应过程。计算结果表明车轮和轨道之间的竖向动态接触力大约是静轮载的2倍,与已有的现场试验结果基本吻合。因此应用有限元方法研究车辆/轨道耦合系统是可行和可靠的。     

基于有限元法的轮轨蠕滑特性研究

轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率／力理论是轮轨相互作用一系列问题研究的基础．现有的几种计算蠕滑力的理论模型均建立在Hertz接触条件和半空间假设的基础上，已经无法完成对复杂的接触问题的进一步研究．使用有限元参数二次规划法来求解轮轨的三维弹性／弹塑性接触问题，得出了在不同的轴重、牵引力矩、摩擦系数、踏面形状、横向力条件下的轮轨接触力．提出用轮轨接触的轮周位移计算蠕滑率的新方法，并对在各种参数下所得到的蠕滑率进行了分析比较．