轮轨滚动摩擦温升分析

利用有限元法,考虑轮轨间非稳态热传导、与环境的热对流以及热辐射的影响,建立了轮轨滚动接触热耦合计算模型来模拟轮轨滚滑摩擦温升;在模拟轮轨纯滑动条件下,计算分析了由磨损引起的滑动接触斑的尺寸增大对轮轨温度场的影响;在模拟轮轨接触斑部分滑动工况时,针对不同蠕滑率、摩擦系数以及轴重对轮轨温度场的影响进行了相应的计算分析.结果表明:接触斑材料的磨损速度只影响磨损过程中的温度场分布,其稳态温度场分布基本一致;热载荷随着纵向载荷、蠕滑率以及摩擦系数的增大而增大,进而影响轮轨滚动接触热疲劳.     

轮轨滚动接触力学的发展

轮轨滚动接触力学主要研究轮轨滚动接触过程中的作用行为。由于其研究的复杂性,目前在该领域的研究已基本形成既独立又关联的六个分支,它们分别是轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率/力理论、轮轨粘着、接触表面波浪形磨损、轮轨滚动疲劳、脱轨和轮轨噪音。本文综述了这几个方面研究的发展历史和现状。由于轮轨滚动接触作用的研究又是以轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率/力理论为基础的,故本文着重评述目前常用于车辆/轨道动力学和轮轨关系研究中几个经典滚动接触理论模型的优缺点。根据实际工程中轮轨作用存在的严重问题,并提出轮轨滚动接触理论及其试验在今后的研究方向和所要考虑的有关重要因素。      

两种型面轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率和摩擦功

采用数值分析方法详细分析了2种型面轮对与轨道在滚动接触过程中的接触几何、蠕滑率和摩擦功。在摩擦功分析计算中利用了Kalker三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论,并考虑了轮轨的结构变形的影响。分析计算表明,在轮对运动相同的情况下,磨耗型轮对与轨道之间的蠕滑率和摩擦功与锥型轮对轨道之间的蠕滑率和摩擦功相差甚大。数值分析结果表明,现行铁路中正在推广使用的磨耗型轮对并不能减少轮轨接触表面之间的磨损,磨损型车轮的型面与钢轨尺寸的匹配还有待进一步改进。     

谐波型波磨激扰下轮轨系统接触蠕滑特性

将钢轨波浪形磨耗理想化为三种波长和波深组合的连续谐波激扰，通过多体动力学软件UM，分析不同波长和波深工况下谐波激扰对轮轨接触蠕滑特性的影响。研究表明，当波长固定、波深增大时，钢轨轮对垂向振动加速度和纵向蠕滑率/力的平均值均增大，横向蠕滑率/力平均值均减小。当波深固定、波长增大时，钢轨轮对垂向振动加速度平均值和纵向蠕滑率/力平均值均减小，横向蠕滑率/力平均值均增大。纵横向蠕滑率/力均含有与初始不平顺频率值相接近的特征频率成分，纵向蠕滑率/力特征频率随着波深的增大趋向高频段发展，横向蠕滑率/力特征频率集中在低频段，且随着波深增大逐渐减小。当波深为0.3 mm时，纵横向蠕滑率/力强度相当，能量主要集中在低频，频率比较单一；当波深达到0.6 mm和0.9 mm时，蠕滑率/力以纵向蠕滑率/力为主，表现出多频率特征。在波长相同的条件下，随着运营时间的增加，磨耗量在低频段增加较小，在中高频段增加较大。     

轮轨横向接触过程时域计算模型的建立与分析

为研究轮轨横向接触过程稳定性对曲线啸叫噪声的影响,利用改进的新型摩擦系数模型计算了轮轨接触面上的摩擦力变化,在考虑车轮横向、垂向动力学特性的基础上建立了轮轨横向接触系统时域模型。针对S型辐板辗钢整体车轮分析了横向蠕滑量和车轮阻尼对该系统的稳定性影响。结果表明,轮轨接触面上动静摩擦力之间的落差引起的粘滞一滑动形式的自激振动是引起曲线啸叫噪声的主要原因,增大车轮模态阻尼使其大干等效阻尼的临界值,或减小轮轨问横向蠕滑量使其小于0．0024可以使系统稳定,轮轨间的垂向刚度和阻尼会使系统不稳定频率与车轮模态频率产生偏移。     

应用于高速轮轨滚动接触的蠕滑理论算法对比研究

运用多体动力学仿真软件UM建立了车辆-轨道多体动力学模型，并基于轮轨滚动蠕滑理论对比分析了FASTSIM算法与CONTACT算法两者在稳态和瞬态滚动状态中轮轨动态作用力之间的差异.计算结果表明:列车以稳态滚动状态行驶在直线轨道和曲线轨道上时通过FASTSIM算法计算得出的横、纵向轮轨蠕滑力与CONTACT算法的计算值存在的差异值较小，达到了10%~15%，而在瞬态滚动状态下尤其是在大蠕滑以及考虑风阻等比较恶劣的工况下行驶时计算得出的横、纵向蠕滑力与CONTACT算法的计算值存在较大的误差，差值达到了25%，并且随着车速的增加，最大差异值达到了30%，这表明CONTACT算法在瞬态滚动工况下进行蠕滑力计算上相比于FASTSIM算法更加精准，更适用于作出对列车运行时的安全性方面的评价.      

考虑材料温度相关性的二维轮轨弹塑性滑动接触温升分析

轮轨滑动接触温升的准确预测对于轮轨的磨耗和疲劳研究均具有重要意义. 目前的轮轨温升解析或半解析模型通常考虑Hertz弹性接触压力分布和单一材料属性的温度相关性, 与实际的轮轨传热状态尚有一定偏差, 因此在轮轨滑动温升计算模型中考虑接触压力的塑性修正和多种材料属性的温度相关性, 有望提高温升预测结果的准确性. 基于弹塑性接触理论, 同时考虑热导率、比热容和摩擦系数的温度相关性, 通过基尔霍夫变换方法以热导率温度相关性函数的积分作为待求量, 将复杂的非线性Fourier导热方程转化成含单个变系数的简单偏微分方程形式, 从而构建了一种不限制材料温度相关性函数形式的统一隐式差分求解格式, 分别讨论了对流换热系数、法向载荷、蠕滑率以及行车速度对钢轨表面滑动温升的影响. 结果表明, 当列车高速行驶时, 对流换热系数对轮轨滑动温升的影响甚微; 蠕滑率和行车速度的增大, 均会引起摩擦功率的增大, 进而导致钢轨表面温度的升高; 钢轨表面滑动温升的峰值随法向载荷的增大而近似线性上升. 此外, 在轮轨滑动温升计算模型中考虑材料属性的温度相关性可有效避免对滑动温升的过分高估, 且摩擦系数的温度相关性对温升的影响要显著强于热导率和比热容.      

基于高频轮轨作用的波浪型磨损研究

对高频轮轨相互作用下轨道的波浪形磨损问题进行了考察。通过引入轮轨的灵敏度，得到了轮轨间蠕滑力的波动同轨道表面不平顺幅值和表面曲率的波动关系；通过引入摩擦功计算了轨道表面的磨损，得到了磨损率的计算公式。结果表明，钢轨的磨损率同轨道的垂向动力行为密切相关；轨道表面不同点在不同激振频率下的磨损率不同。     

钢轨轨缝接触-冲击的有限元分析

基于弹性点支承梁模型，采用三维非线性动力分析有限元程序ANSYS／LS-DYNA3D，建立了轮轨轨缝处接触一冲击有限元分析模型，通过模拟车轮经过轨缝时冲击钢轨接头的过程，研究了冲击过程中轨头的应力分布情况．结果表明：车轮冲击钢轨接头时，轮轨间最大垂向接触力出现在冲击开始后0．5ms左右，约为静载时的2．6倍，且在一定时间段里，轮轨间出现瞬时脱离现象．同时，轮轨间接触力及各种最大应力均随着轴重的增加成正比增大；当车轮冲击轨端瞬时，最大Von Mises等效应力出现在轨端头部，约为静接触时的3倍；最大剪应力发生在离轨顶面5mm处．研究结果对于揭示轨头的冲击破坏机理和改善铁路轨缝连接方式具有指导作用．     

高频轮轨相互作用下钢轨的波磨

对高频轮轨相互作用下轨道的波浪形磨损问题进行了考察．通过引入轮轨的灵感度，得到了轮轨间蠕滑力的波动同轨道表面不平顺幅值和表面曲率的波动关系；通过引入摩擦功计算了轨道表面的磨损，得到了磨损率的计算公式．结果表明，钢轨的磨损率同轨道的垂向动力行为密切相关；在不同激振频率下轨道表面不同点的磨损率不同．     

轨下支承失效对直线轨道动态响应的影响

建立了基于Timoshenko梁模型的车辆/轨道耦合动力学模型,分析轨下支承失效对直线轨道动态响应的影响. 钢轨被视为连续弹性离散点支承上的无限长Timoshenko梁,通过假设轨道系统刚度沿纵向分布发生突变来模拟轨下支承失效状态. 推导了考虑钢轨横向、垂向和扭转运动的轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率计算公式. 利用Hertz法向接触理论和沈氏蠕滑理论计算轮轨法向力及轮轨滚动接触蠕滑力. 采用移动轨下支承模型的车辆/轨道耦合系统激振模式,考虑轨枕离散支承对系统动力响应的影响. 通过新型显式积分法求解车辆/轨道耦合动力学系统运动方程,由数值分析计算得到不同轨下支承失效状态下直线轨道的动态响应. 结果表明,轨下支承失效对直线轨道变形及加速度有显著的影响,随着失效轨下支承个数的增加,轮轨相互作用力和轨道部件的位移、加速度将会急剧增大,将加速失效区段线路状况的恶化.      

曲线半径对钢轨磨损影响的数值计算与试验分析

用数值计算方法详细分析了静态接触情况下,轮轨接触质点间蠕滑力、黏滑区的分布和摩擦功随曲线半径的变化,利用模拟试验研究了曲线半径对钢轨试样磨损特性的影响.结果表明:钢轨磨损量随曲线半径的增大呈非线性减小,在小于1 200 m的小曲线半径范围内,钢轨磨损量值随曲线半径的减小而急剧增大;随着曲线半径的增大,轮轨接触斑中最大滑动量逐渐减小,滑移区的面积减小,而黏着区的面积增大;轮轨接触斑上摩擦功随曲线半径的增大呈非线性的减小.     

Computer simulation of the interaction between a wheel and a corrugated rail

The paper discusses the problems of modelling and simulation of the wheel/rail contact in the case when geometrical irregularities of the rail are taken into account. The iterative method for determining the geometrical relationship between the profile of a rigid rail and the trajectory of the centre of a rigid wheel is presented. The computer code that implements this method is a part of the computer model of the wheel/rail system. The model allows the case when the wheel loses contact with the rail and afterwards hits the rail. Simulation analysis is focused on the question as to whether the wheel bouncing off and on the rail may occur under normal operation conditions. The other question is how this bouncing influences the pressure forces between the wheel and the rail, and how it influences the stress distribution within the contact zone.     

On the Computer Formulations of the Wheel/Rail Contact Problem

In this investigation, four nonlinear dynamic formulations that can be used in the analysis of the wheel/rail contact are presented, compared and their performance is evaluated. Two of these formulations employ nonlinear algebraic kinematic constraint equations to describe the contact between the wheel and the rail (constraint approach), while in the other two formulations the contact force is modeled using a compliant force element (elastic approach). The goal of the four formulations is to provide accurate nonlinear modeling of the contact between the wheel and the rail, which is crucial to the success of any computational algorithm used in the dynamic analysis of railroad vehicle systems. In the formulations based on the elastic approach, the wheel has six degrees of freedom with respect to the rail, and the normal contact forces are defined as function of the penetration using Hertzs contact theory or using assumed stiffness and damping coefficients. The first elastic method is based on a search for the contact locations using discrete nodal points. As previously presented in the literature, this method can lead to impulsive forces due to the abrupt change in the location of the contact point from one time step to the next. This difficulty is avoided in the second elastic approach in which the contact points are determined by solving a set of algebraic equations. In the formulations based on the constraint approach, on the other hand, the case of a non-conformal contact is assumed, and nonlinear kinematic contact constraint equations are used to impose the contact conditions at the position, velocity and acceleration levels. This approach leads to a model, in which the wheel has five degrees of freedom with respect to the rail. In the constraint approach, the wheel penetration and lift are not permitted, and the normal contact forces are calculated using the technique of Lagrange multipliers and the augmented form of the system dynamic equations. Two equivalent constraint formulations that employ two different solution procedures are discussed in this investigation. The first method leads to a larger system of equations by augmenting all the contact constraint equations to the dynamic equations of motion, while in the second method an embedding procedure is used to obtain a reduced system of equations from which the surface parameter accelerations are systematically eliminated. Numerical results are presented in order to examine the performance of various methods discussed in this study.     

非理想,非完整约束轮对动力学

推导了铁道车辆轮轨接触的非完整约束方程,考虑动坐标系产生的惯性力和轮对转子的陀螺力矩效应,用绝对坐标法建立了任意曲线轨道动坐标系下轮对的动力学方程,通过迭代Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ乘子同时得到接触点法向力（理想约束反力）和蠕滑力（非理想约束反力）针对两点接触引起的数值积分不稳定,提出了等铲一点接触模型,最后通过验算了Ｐａｓｃａｌ考题和仿真自由轮对的蛇行运动,验证了本文轮轨模型的正确性,为开发通用车辆动力学     

Track dynamic behavior at rail welds at high speed

As a vehicle passing through a track with different weld irregularities, the dynamic performance of track com- ponents is investigated in detail by using a coupled vehi- cle-track model. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 35 degrees of freedom, and a Timoshenko beam is used to model the rails which are dis- cretely supported by sleepers. In the track model, the sleepers are modeled as rigid bodies accounting for their vertical, lat- eral and rolling motions and assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the study of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the Hertizian contact theory and the theory proposed by Shen-Hedrick-Elkins are, respectively, used to calculate normal and creep forces between the wheel and the rails. In the calculation of the normal forces, the coefficient of the normal contact stiffness is determined by transient contact condition of the wheel and rail surface. In the calcu- lation of the creepages, the lateral, roll-over motions of the rail and the fact that the relative velocity between the wheel and rail in their common normal direction is equal to zero are simultaneously taken into account. The motion equations of the vehicle and track are solved by means of an explicit integration method, in which the rail weld irregularities are modeled as local track vertical deviations described by some ideal cosine functions. The effects of the train speed, the axle load, the wavelength and depth of the irregularities, and the weld center position in a sleeper span on the wheel-rail impact loading are analyzed. The numerical results obtained are greatly useful in the tolerance design of welded rail pro- file irregularity caused by hand-grinding after rail welding and track maintenances.     

Experimental Investigation of Wheel/Rail Rolling Contact at Railhead Edge

Wheel-rail rolling contact at railhead edge, such as a gap in an insulated rail joint, is a complex problem; there are only limited analytical, numerical and experimental studies available on this problem in the academic literature. This paper describes experimental and numerical investigations of railhead strains in the vicinity of the edge under the contact of a loaded wheel. A full-scale test rig was developed to cyclically apply wheel/rail rolling contact load to the edge zone of the railhead. An image analysis technique was employed to determine the railhead vertical, lateral and shear strain components. The vertical strains determined using the image analysis method have been validated with the strain gauge measurements and used for the calibration of a 3D nonlinear Finite Element Model (FEM) that simulates the wheel/rail contact at the railhead edge and use suitable boundary conditions commensurate to the experimental setup. The FEM was then used to determine other states of strains.     

不同轮轨接触模型在车桥耦合振动中的比较

以工程实例为研究对象,建立了整车-整桥系统耦合振动数值分析模型。考虑车轮的跳轨和挤密情况,建立了单边弹簧-阻尼系统弹性轮轨接触模型。采用基于多体系统动力学和有限元法结合的联合仿真技术,计算了两种轮轨接触时动车组列车以不同车速通过大跨度连续桥梁的耦合振动响应。数值计算结果表明:两种轮轨接触模型的桥梁动力响应比较接近;列车的横向轮轨力、轮重减载率和脱轨系数相差较大,当速度为350km/h时,横向轮轨力增大了46.5%,轮重减载率增大了130.8%,脱轨系数增大了24.66%;用单边-弹簧阻尼系统弹性轮轨接触模型更符合实际。