大气环境下YBa_2Cu_3O_7薄膜的摩擦行为和表面形貌

利用球 -盘摩擦试验装置考察了大气环境下 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜和多晶硅薄膜同蓝宝石球及钢球对摩时的摩擦行为 ,并用原子力显微镜对其表面形貌进行了分析 .结果表明 :表面相对较粗糙的 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的摩擦系数低于多晶硅薄膜 /蓝宝石球的摩擦系数 ;而 2种薄膜与钢球对摩时的摩擦系数相当 ;YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的启动摩擦非常稳定 ,而多晶硅薄膜的启动摩擦很不稳定 ;与钢球对摩时两者的启动摩擦则都比较稳定 .对 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜的磨损表面形貌分析研究表明 ,其表面突出物结合疏松 ,容易从基体表面磨损脱落 .     

基于LuGre摩擦模型的接触约束法旋转柔性梁斜碰撞研究

基于接触约束法和LuGre摩擦模型对在重力场作用下作大范围旋转运动的柔性梁系统和斜坡发生含摩擦斜碰撞的动力学问题进行研究. 首先运用刚柔耦合的多体系统动力学理论对大范围运动的柔性梁进行离散化和动力学建模, 在碰撞时采用冲量动量法求出跳跃速度, 其次在法向上引入接触约束求解出碰撞力, 在切向上采用LuGre摩擦模型分两种方式求解摩擦力, 第一种是在滑动时摩擦力由摩擦系数和碰撞力计算得出, 黏滞状态下引入切向约束计算拉格朗日乘子反应实际摩擦力, 根据黏滞/滑动切换判断计算出碰撞过程摩擦力(与Coulomb摩擦模型计算摩擦力一致); 第二种根据LuGre摩擦模型摩擦系数和法向碰撞力计算其摩擦力, 从而在碰撞时无需黏滞/滑动切换, 采用相同的摩擦力计算公式. 通过与Coulomb摩擦模型对比发现, LuGre摩擦模型描述碰撞切向摩擦过程更精确, LuGre摩擦模型黏滞时建立约束方程和碰撞采用统一的摩擦力公式这两种建模方式描述的斜碰撞动力学特性没有区别, 进而说明采用法向接触约束和LuGre摩擦模型具有满足碰撞非嵌入情况、避免黏滞/滑动切换、描述摩擦力相对准确的优势.      

Friction force model and rolling dynamics for a ball on a rough surface with presliding displacement taken into account

A model of sliding and spinning friction forces for a ball in the form of finite relations obtained by integrating the tangential stresses over the contact area whose parameters are determined by Hertz’s theory for the “ball-rough horizontal surface” tribological conjunction pair is supplemented with a model of rolling friction torques. The combined model is peculiar in that the presliding displacement effect in rolling and spinning friction torques is taken into account. It is shown that the ball motions in the presliding displacement zone are of quasilinear character and, under shock perturbations, have the form of damping vibrations in the three orientation angles. The numerical parameters of the rolling and spinning friction model are experimentally determined for the presliding displacement zones, while the sliding friction parameters and partly the spinning friction parameters are calculated. Mathematical modeling permits one to discover new properties of the ball, namely, its deceleration in rolling, the onset of damping vibrations at the beginning and end of motion, and the transient process parameters.     

类金刚石涂层在不同载荷和湿度下的摩擦特性

利用磁过滤阴极弧等离子体沉积装置在单晶硅基底上制备了类金刚石涂层，采用原子力显微镜和纳米压痕仪测定了其表面形貌及硬度，在DF－PM型动－静摩擦系数精密测定仪上考察了涂层在不同载荷及湿度下同GCr15钢对摩时的摩擦性能。结果表明，在不同环境湿度条件下DLC涂层的摩擦性能明显不同，这主要归因于转移膜形成机理的不同；在3N载荷下，DLC涂层同GCr15钢对摩时的摩擦系数相对较小，且较为稳定；当环境湿度增大至100％时，摩擦系数显著增大，并发生类似于含氢类金刚石涂层的灾难性磨损。     

与冲蚀有关的粘着与犁沟摩擦系数

提出一种与冲击磨损有关的有效摩擦系数，它被定义为冲击过程中，每一瞬间的切向有效摩擦力与法向载荷之比．有效摩擦力被表示为剪切项与犁沟项之组合．剪切项依赖于剪切金屑接合点的状态——滑移或滚动．犁沟项依赖于冲击物在冲击途中使靶材料发生移动的状态．此有效摩擦系数被应用于研究刚性球自由斜冲击延性靶问题．在忽略剪切项仅计及犁沟项的情况下，研究表明，Hutchings实验中的有效冲击摩擦系数是冲击过程与初始冲击角的函数，就时间平均而言，大于Hutchins为拟合计算与实验结果所取的摩擦系数常值0.05．有迹象表明，对于与固粒延性冲蚀有关的刚性球自由斜冲击延性靶问题，在一定条件下，有效摩擦系数主要由犁沟效应确定．     

Dynamic Deformation Behavior of a Golf Ball during Normal Impact

The normal impact between a golf ball and a rigid steel target was studied to examine ball deformation and the contact force during the impact. Using high-speed video images, the normal and tangential compression ratios of the ball were measured to analyze the ball deformation quantitatively. In addition, the inbound and rebound ball velocities, contact time, and coefficient of restitution were determined as basic parameters of the impact. As the inbound ball velocity increased, the maximum normal compression ratio increased while the maximum tangential compression ratio, contact time and coefficient of restitution decreased. The ball center displacements during the impact were measured to determine the ball center velocity and acceleration, and the contact force was calculated by the product of the mass and acceleration. The contact force increased almost linearly with the inbound ball velocity, and its relationship agreed well quantitatively with the results from a load-cell, and also agreed well qualitatively with Hertz contact theory.     

硬脂酸钾固体润滑薄膜的制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用浸渍-提拉法制备出硬脂酸钾薄膜,用DF-PM型静-动摩擦磨损试验机和UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机考察了在低速滑动和高速滑动条件下硬脂酸钾薄膜的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线能量色散谱仪观察分析了薄膜及偶件磨损表面的形貌及其典型元素的面分布情况.结果表明,以GCr15钢球为偶件在高速滑动和以氮化硅球作为偶件在高、低速滑动条件下,薄膜具有较好的摩擦磨损性能.由于钢球和氮化硅陶瓷球表面粗糙度及其化学状态存在差异,硬脂酸钾更容易在氮化硅球表面形成转移膜,从而具有更低的摩擦系数和更长的耐磨寿命.     

Impact friction test method by applying stress wave

To understand the dynamic response of two bodies in contact, kinetic friction during impact presently is focused on. A new testing technique, which provides the normal and the tangential impact force independently, is developed by modifying the split Hopkinson pressure bar method. Normal and torsional stress wave propagation in a one-dimensional framework of an axial impact of an input tube on a rotating output tube is analyzed and is experimentally verified. Kinetic friction of brass was clarified at a high rate of sliding up to 5 m/s and is found to be almost constant independent of normal force and sliding velocity. The present technique provides direct measurement of kinetic friction with simple configuration and data analysis.     

干气密封滑动摩擦界面切向接触刚度分形模型

为揭示干气密封滑动摩擦界面高频微幅自激摩擦振动规律，用分形参数表征摩擦界面形貌特性，根据重新建立的微凸体接触变形方式，以及对非协调弹性体在切向力作用下初始滑动问题的研究，建立了干气密封滑动摩擦界面切向接触刚度分形模型. 通过数值对切向接触刚度的影响因素进行了分析，研究结果表明:切向接触刚度随分形维数、真实接触面积和材料特性系数的增大而增大；切向接触刚度随特征尺度、摩擦系数的增大逐渐减小. 相比于分形维数、特征尺度和材料特性系数对切向接触刚度的影响，摩擦系数的影响相对较小. 这些研究结果为进一步研究干气密封高频微幅自激摩擦振动奠定了基础.      

New method for oblique impact dynamics research of a flexible beam with large overall motion considering impact friction force

A flexible beam with large overall rotating motion impacting with a rigid slope is studied in this paper. The tangential friction force caused by the oblique impact is analyzed. The tangential motion of the system is divided into a stick state and a slip state. The contact constraint model and Coulomb friction model are used respectively to deal with the two states. Based on this hybrid mod-eling method, dynamic equations of the system, which include all states (before, during, and after the collision) are obtained. Simulation results of a concrete example are compared with the results obtained from two other models: a nontangential friction model and a modified Coulomb model. Differences in the results from the three models are discussed. The tangential friction force cannot be ignored when an oblique impact occurs. In addition, the results obtained from the model proposed in this paper are more consistent with real movement.     

考虑摩擦因素的结合面切向接触刚度分形预估模型及其仿真分析

为建立更完善和精确的结合面接触刚度模型,本文根据分形理论和摩擦学原理,从微观角度建立了考虑摩擦因素的结合面切向接触刚度分形预估模型.通过数值仿真分析研究了接触载荷、分形维数、摩擦系数和接触面积等因素对结合面切向接触刚度的影响.分析结果表明:结合面切向接触刚度随法向载荷和分形维数的增加而增大,而随分形尺度参数的增大而减小;摩擦系数对结合面切向接触刚度的影响较大,不同实际接触面积下的切向刚度相差较大;当分形维数较小时,摩擦系数对结合面切向刚度的影响将降低.这些研究对于进一步开展结合面的动力学特性研究具有重要意义.     

Contact stresses: a short survey of models and methods of computations

Contact stresses are identified as normal and tangential forces between contacting solids. The normal stresses are modeled using unilateral and complementary conditions, elastic response and normal compliance. Friction laws describe the tangential traction. Friction of materials depends on pressure, sliding velocity, surface temperature, time of contact, surface roughness and presence of wear debris. Phenomenological, micro-mechanical and atomic-scale models as well as non-classical models of anisotropic and heterogeneous friction are important steps in the development of friction modeling. Sophisticated friction models are desirable in vibrating systems, materials processing, rolling contacts, rubber and polymers, geomechanics, bioengineering and living systems. Main numerical methods in contact mechanics are: finite element method, boundary element method and discrete element method. To include specific contact constraints, the following computing techniques are applied: Lagrange multipliers, penalty function, perturbated and augmented Lagrangian methods, mathematical programming methods. The advances of adhesion and impact modeling are outlined in this paper.     

三方程线性弹性-阻尼DEM模型及碰撞参数确定

建立了一种考虑法向接触力、切向接触力(含静滑动摩擦力及动滑动摩擦力)和力矩(含由切向力产生的力矩及静滚动摩擦力矩和动滚动摩擦力矩)的三方程线性弹性-阻尼离散单元模型,并将该模型应用到颗粒物料的三维数值模拟中,讨论了模型中几个重要碰撞参数--刚性系数、阻尼系数及摩擦系数的选择及其对计算结果的影响,同时也探讨了时间步长等计算参数对模拟结果的影响.为了验证算法和参数选择的正确性,本文对几个有代表性的颗粒系统进行了数值试验研究,并对计算结果进行了细致的分析,验证了新模型和参数选择的正确性.     

单晶硅表面等离子体基离子注入碳纳米薄膜的摩擦学特性

用等离子体基离子注入(PBII)技术在单晶硅表面制备了碳纳米薄膜,考察了薄膜在不同载荷及速度下同Si3N4球对摩时的摩擦学性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了磨痕表面形貌.结果表明,所制备的碳纳米薄膜光滑致密,为高硬度富弹性的类金刚石碳(DLC)膜,薄膜通过C-Si键合作用而同硅片表面形成牢固结合,且成分及结构呈现某种梯度变化特征,单晶硅经改性后摩擦学性能大幅度改善:在低载荷(0.5 N)下其耐磨寿命达3 h以上,摩擦系数处于0.10～0.30之间,磨痕不明显;在高载荷(4 N)下其耐磨寿命及摩擦系数(0.03～0.20之间)均明显降低.这是由于较高载荷或滑动速度导致DLC薄膜石墨化加剧所致.     

A Device Enhancement for the Dry Sliding Friction Coefficient Measurement Between Steel 1080 and VascoMax with Respect to Surface Roughness Changes

An enhancement of an existing tribometer device developed by Philippon et al. (Wear 257:777–784, 2004) is presented in this work. This experimental device is made up of a dynamometer ring and a specific load sensor allowing to apply an apparent normal force on specimens and to measure frictional forces respectively. A set of strain gauges are added to the upgraded dynamometer ring in this new configuration. The apparent normal force can be recorded accurately during the sliding process. The setup is adapted on a hydraulic testing machine to carry out steel-on-steel dry sliding tests. The first set of standard Steel on standard Steel specimens (XC 38 French standard steel) with two apparent normal pressures are imposed (8 and 80 MPa) as the range of sliding velocities varies from 0.12 to 3.72 m/s for the same contact conditions. The main set of experiments with low sliding velocities (varying from 0 to 3 m/s) for the Steel 1080 on Steel VascoMax are performed in the same tested setup. The recordings of normal and tangential forces leading to the friction coefficient determination are discussed. The values of dry friction coefficient μ according to the experimental parameters are in good agreement with those observed in the literature. Using this new configuration, the effects of the sliding velocity on the surface roughness changes and on the dry fiction coefficient are also investigated. Additionally the surface roughness changes are also investigated. Performing the scans with use of the scanning electron microscope in particular locations of the specimens show the roughness decrease and reveal the occurrence of the wear phenomenon. Moreover, very interesting relations between wear and sliding velocity are observed.     

刚性椭球对固定面的三维摩擦碰撞

讨论刚性椭球对固定面的三维摩擦碰撞．以法向冲量为自变量，建立碰撞过程中接触点切向速度的微分方程．利用相平面的奇点理论对碰撞过程中切向滑动的全局性态作定性分析，并导出切向滑动的解析积分．     

单晶硅表面全氟聚醚润滑膜的制备及摩擦特性研究

利用浸涂技术在单晶硅基片上成功地制备出极性全氟聚醚润滑膜,在DF－PM型动－静摩控系数精密测定装置上考察了润滑膜的摩擦特性,并采用接触角测定仪和X射线光电子能谱仪对润滑膜的表面性质和化学状态进行了表征。结果表明,与基片相比,经烘烤处理后的全氟聚醚润滑膜同钢对摩擦系数显著降低,经60次摩擦后,摩擦系统迅速增大到0．22左右,此时润滑膜被磨穿;此后摩擦系数缓慢增加,当摩擦次数达到200次左右时,摩擦系数稳定于0．42附近,低于单晶硅片相应的摩擦系数,这可能是由于基片表面的全氟聚醚在滑动过程中向钢球表面发生转移所致。     

On the sliding instabilities at rough surfaces

In this paper, the onset of sliding between two elastic half-spaces in contact, subjected to a tangential force, is studied within the framework of critical phenomena. First, it is shown that the contact domain between two rough surfaces is a lacunar set and that the distribution of contact stresses is multifractal. By applying an increasing tangential force, under constant normal load, the so-called regime of partial-slip comes into play. However, the continuous and smooth transition to full sliding, predicted by the classical Cattaneo-Mindlin theory, is not confirmed by the experiments, which show marked frictional instabilities. A numerical multi-scale procedure is proposed, taking into account the redistribution of stress, consequent to partial-slip, among the contact areas at all scales. It is shown that the lacunarity of the contact domain delays the onset of instability, when compared to compact Euclidean domains. Independently of the assumptions made for the frictional behaviour at the scale of the asperities (Coulomb friction for meso-scale asperities, adhesion for micro-scales), renormalization permits the critical value of the tangential force which provides the instability to be found. Moreover, the multifractal analysis of the domains where the shear resistance is activated captures the size-scale effects on the friction coefficient, currently evidenced by the experiments.     

Dynamic Contact Behavior of a Golf Ball during Oblique Impact: Effect of Friction between the Ball and Target

The oblique impact between a golf ball and a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target with smooth transparent surfaces was studied using a high-speed video camera. Video images of the impact were recorded from the backside of the target and were used to determine the contact time, contact area, and the displacement and rotation of the ball along the target. The average tangential and angular velocities were determined as functions of the inbound ball velocity. As the inbound ball velocity increased, the contact area and average tangential and angular velocities also increased while the contact time decreased. An oiled PMMA target was used to study the effect of reduced friction between the ball and target. The results were compared with earlier data for a steel target with relatively rough surfaces. The contact area and time were unaffected by friction, but the average tangential velocity increased while the average angular velocity decreased as the friction decreased.