PBX-9404的化学反应速率方程及起爆特性

通过对炸药化学反应速率方程的分析,建立了基于Kim弹粘塑性球壳塌缩热点模型原理的三项式化学反应速率方程模型。运用遗传算法确定了反应速率方程相关参数,通过与Forest-Fire反应速率模型数值模拟结果的对比对所建模型的合理性进行了验证。将所建反应速率方程模型嵌入有限元程序对PBX-9404炸药起爆过程进行数值模拟,根据模拟结果分析了炸药遭受冲击加载后炸药孔隙率、颗粒尺寸等变化对炸药冲击起爆过程的影响。     

Explosively driven particle fields imaged using a high speed framing camera and particle image velocimetry

A high speed framing camera and a particle image velocimetry instrument were used to determine the properties of explosively driven particle fields in early microsecond and later millisecond times. Test items were configured in a two inch long cylindrical shape with a half inch diameter core of organic explosive. The core was surrounded by a particle bed of aluminum or tungsten powder of a specific particle size distribution. Position data from the leading edge of the particle fronts for each charge was recorded with a high speed framing camera at early time and with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) instrument at later time to determine particle velocity. Using a PIV image, a velocity gradient along the length of the particle field was established by using the mean particle velocity value determined from three separate horizontal bands that transverse the particle field. The results showed slower particles at the beginning of the particle field closest to the source and faster ones at the end. Differences in particle dispersal, luminescence, and agglomeration were seen when changes in the initial particle size and material type were made. The aluminum powders showed extensive luminescence with agglomeration forming large particle structures while the tungsten powder showed little luminescence, agglomeration and no particle structures. Combining velocity data from the high speed framing camera and PIV, the average drag coefficient for each powder type was determined. The particle field velocities and drag coefficients at one meter showed good agreement with the numerical data produced from a computational fluid dynamics code that takes advantage of both Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers to track individual particles after a set post detonation time interval.     

Development of a portable laser sheet

A portable laser sheet illumination source for flow visualization experiments has been developed utilizing fiber optic cable and standard optical bench components. This technique improves the convenience and safety aspects of using laser light by containing the concentrated laser energy inside a flexible and shielded fiber cable. Transmission efficiencies up to seventy-five percent have been obtained with a twenty meter long fiber cable and careful alignment of optical components. The current optical configuration can transmit a two-watt Argon-ion laser beam and produce a sheet one-half by one meter in size and approximately two to three millimeters in thickness.     

Dynamic fragmentation of blast mitigants

Experimental evidence from a wide range of sources shows that the expanding cloud of explosively disseminated material comprises “particles” or fragments which have different dimensions from those associated with the original material. Powders and liquids have often been used to surround explosives to act as blast mitigants, and this is the main driver for our research. There are also many other areas of interest where an initially intact material surrounding an explosive charge is dynamically fragmented into a distribution of fragment sizes. Examples of such areas include fuel air explosives and enhanced blast explosives as well as quasi-static pressure mitigation systems, and our studies are thus also relevant to these applications. In this paper, we consider the processes occurring as an explosive interacts with a surrounding layer of liquid or powder and identify why it is important to model these processes as a multiphase material problem as opposed to a single phase, single material velocity problem. We shall present results from this class of numerical modelling. In this paper we shall explore what determines the particle or fragment size distribution resulting from explosive dissemination of a layer of material and discuss reasons why clouds from disseminated liquids and powders look similar. We shall support our analysis with results from recent explosives trials and introduce early results from some ongoing small scale explosive mitigation experiments.     

爆炸复合中起爆区不定常段的确定

对2岩石炸药的定常爆轰形成过程进行了实验研究;对起爆端稀疏波效应进行了计算。实验结果表明,距起爆端约10倍装药厚度以内为不定常爆轰区。距离起爆端小于5倍装药厚度时,飞板速度及碰撞角增幅较大,5～10倍装药厚度,两者增幅趋缓,10倍装药厚度以后,爆速、飞板速度及碰撞角逐步进入定常状态。飞板碰撞角的工程计算与实验结果的一致性较好。     

含能微球敏化乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性研究

将内部含有烷烃的含能微球引入乳化基质,得到一种新型乳化炸药。采用水下爆炸实验探究微球质量分数对乳化炸药水下爆炸性能的影响,得到含能微球质量分数为0.2%～7%的乳化炸药水下爆炸冲击波压力-时程曲线。依据压力结果,通过公式计算和分析得到炸药的水下冲击波峰值压力、比气泡能、比冲击波能以及比爆炸能等水下爆炸参数。实验结果表明:含能微球质量分数0.2%的乳化炸药的峰值压力最大,并且随着微球质量分数增大而下降;乳化炸药的比气泡能随着含能微球质量分数的增大先上升再下降,微球质量分数为4%的比气泡能最大;乳化炸药的爆速、比冲击波能以及比爆炸能均随着含能微球质量分数的增大而下降。     

亚微米炸药的感度选择性

采用亚微米粉体炸药 (0 .1～ 1 m )与普通粉体炸药 (1 0 m )进行了落锤撞击感度和冲击片 (高压短脉冲 )起爆感度对比试验 ,发现亚微米粉体炸药有在常见环境力 (一般的撞击、摩擦 )条件下比较安全 ,而在特定激励 (冲击片 )作用下起爆可靠性提高的感度选择性特点 ,并从理论上对上述特性进行了探讨。研究表明 ,亚微米粉体炸药具有非常好的应用前景。     

Dynamic fragmentation of powders in spherical geometry

Experimental evidence from a wide range of sources shows that the expanding cloud of explosively disseminated material comprises of “particles” or fragments which have different dimensions from those associated with the original material. Photographic evidence shows jets or fingers behind these expanding fragments. Powders and liquids have often been used to surround explosives to act as blast mitigants; this is the main driver for our research. Other examples of areas where these features are observed include fuel air explosives and enhanced blast explosives as well as quasi-static pressure mitigation systems. In this paper, we consider the processes occurring when an explosive interacts with a surrounding layer of powder in spherical geometry. Results from explosive experiments designed to investigate the effects of powder grain size and powder fill-to-burster charge mass ratio ( \(F\) / \(B\) ) are presented and compared with results from numerical modelling to explore what determines the primary fragment size distribution resulting from explosive dissemination of a layer of material and when this process begins. The evidence clearly shows that the process starts during the first wave transit period of the powder material and, despite the surrounding material initially being a loose powder, shows the characteristics of a brittle fracture mechanism. Later time video evidence shows the same number of jets or fingers as are identified by X-rays of the early, primary fragmentation process. The number of fragments is only a very weak function of the initial grain size of the powder.     

火球动态模型在温压炸药热毁伤效应评估中的应用

根据红外热成像仪所测的某温压炸药和TNT爆炸火球的表征参量数据,分析了火球热辐射的动态模型,对爆炸火球变化规律进行了定量描述.以具有时间属性的爆炸火球热辐射动态模型为基础,比较了温压炸药和TNT装药爆炸火球热毁伤效应.研究结果表明,温压炸药的热辐射剂量可达TNT热辐射剂量的3.6～4.8倍,温压炸药具有明显的高温毁伤优...     

矩形管道中微米级铝粉爆炸实验

在矩形管道粉尘爆炸装置中开展系列实验,系统研究了点火延迟时间、粉尘粒度及粉尘浓度对铝粉尘爆炸过程中最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率的影响。研究结果表明:不同的点火延迟时间对铝粉尘爆炸压力有显著影响,随着点火延迟时间由小变大,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且不同粒径的铝粉尘最大爆炸压力对应有不同点火延迟时间。随铝粉粒度的减小,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率会呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律。铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率随浓度的增加均表现为先变大后减小的趋势,即铝粉浓度在特定数值时会使其爆炸威力最强。     

大幅板爆炸焊接界面质量的板幅尺寸效应研究

摘要：由于爆炸焊接工艺过程的特殊性,大幅板爆炸焊接中存在的结合面焊接缺陷问题产生的原因一直未能得到明确揭示,本文利用非线性动力数值模拟,考察了3.5m~7.0m钛钢大幅板爆炸焊接质量问题产生的原因,发现大幅板爆炸焊接过程中复板存在褶皱变形现象,指出褶皱变形的出现与所用板幅尺寸比例密切相关,随着板幅尺寸比例的变化,褶皱变形持续时间、影响范围置以及最大褶皱深度存在规律性变化。     

Simulation of impulse effects from explosive charges containing metal particles

The propagation of an explosive blast wave containing inert metal particles is investigated numerically using a robust two-phase methodology with appropriate models to account for real gas behavior, inter-phase interactions, and inter-particle collisions to study the problem of interest. A new two-phase Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation is proposed that can handle the dense nature of the flow-field. The velocity and momentum profiles of the gas and particle phases are analyzed and used to elucidate the inter-phase momentum transfer, and its effect on the impulsive aspects of heterogeneous explosive charges. The particles are found to pick up significant amounts of momentum and kinetic energy from the gas, and by virtue of their inertia, are observed to sustain it for a longer time. The impulse characteristics of heterogeneous explosives are compared with a homogeneous explosive containing the same amount of high explosive, and it is observed that the addition of solid particles augments the impulsive loading significantly in the near-field, and to a smaller extent in the far-field. The total impulsive loading is found to be insensitive to the particle size added to the explosive charge above a certain cut-off radius, but the individual impulse components are found to be sensitive, and particles smaller than this cut-off size deliver about 8% higher total impulse than the larger ones. Overall, this study provides crucial insights to understand the impulsive loading characteristics of heterogeneous explosives.     

燃爆冲击作用下岩石初始破坏区形成机制与主控因素

为揭示燃爆冲击作用下井周岩石破坏区的形成机制,并分析影响初始破坏区(破碎区和初始裂隙区)的主控因素,开展了两种岩样在不同加载速率下的冲击破坏实验, 分析了岩石冲击破坏模式及岩石对加载速率的响应, 借助基于Von Mise准则建立的岩石冲击破坏的破碎区和初始裂隙区计算模型可知:加载速率低于190 GPa/s时,可依据冲击峰值压力引导的应力分布确定破碎区和初始裂隙区作用范围;燃爆压裂在近井地带主要产生破碎区和裂隙区,破碎区直径为井眼直径的1~3倍,初始裂隙区直径为井眼直径的5~7倍;冲击载荷作用下,初始破坏区与加载速率、脆性指数呈正相关,且受脆性指数影响更显著。研究结果可提高对燃爆压裂过程中岩石的破坏模式及其主控因素的认识深度,为燃爆压裂冲击条件设计提供指导。     

Microscope activation near the wall during explosive boiling

The inception process of nucleation in explosive boiling systems is theoretically investigated. With the effect of pulse heating or sudden cooling, the temperature distribution near the surface during explosive boiling is calculated. The liquid near the wall can maintain a stable layer induced by strong attractive force, and there exists maximum supersaturation beyond this stable layer. As the surface temperature and temperature gradient are high enough, the critical distance of maximum supersaturation can be larger than the radius of critical bubble, and the homogeneous nucleation will dominate the inception boiling process. For explosive boiling induced by pulse heating, homogeneous nucleation forms after a short time; while homogeneous nucleation can dominate the initial explosive boiling induced by sudden cooling.     

构型弹体跌落冲击载荷及结构响应特性

为深入认识跌落冲击条件下构型弹体内部的载荷传递规律及结构响应特征,促进战斗部装药安定性评估和结构设计,结合数值模拟和应力波分析手段,研究了构型弹体在跌落过程中的冲击响应特征,主要关注内部药柱的变形和损伤特性,并讨论跌落姿态、装药构型和跌落高度等因素的影响。结果表明,在跌落冲击条件下,构型弹体装药的变形并非由药柱同壳体的直接撞击作用主控,而主要受到弹体内部应力波传播的影响。装药结构最大变形和损伤区域并不位于药柱外侧同壳体相接触的位置,而位于内部区域。冲击应力波在壳体和药柱之间的透射特征、在壳体和装药内部的反射和叠加特性等决定了药柱的主要变形区域及其变形程度。跌落姿态对药柱的响应特征和变形形貌具有重要影响,导致装药安定性风险从高到低排序的跌落姿态依次为尾部向下垂直跌落、水平跌落、头部向下垂直跌落和倾斜跌落。药柱构型也具有重要作用,其中药柱分段界面容易使得药柱变形程度增大,但对装药过载以及变形分布特征的影响相对较小;隔板结构则容易增大装药过载,同时导致药柱的局域变形位置和变形程度均发生改变。跌落高度对药柱变形区域分布特征的影响较小,对载荷幅值、变形程度和分布范围大小等则具有重要作用,随跌落高...     

不锈钢-普碳钢的双面爆炸复合

为了解决现行爆炸复合装药方式落后及炸药爆炸的能量利用率极低的问题，使用了一种保证装药质量的蜂窝结构炸药，并将该蜂窝结构炸药应用于一次起爆可复合二块复合板的双面爆炸复合技术。进行了7 mm厚的蜂窝结构炸药用于3 mm厚的不锈钢板和16 mm厚的Q235钢板的双面爆炸复合实验；并计算得到了复板碰撞速度的上下限及2组实验中复板的碰撞速度。由于受到蜂窝材料和双面复板的多向约束，炸药的临界厚度显著降低，乳化炸药在5 mm厚度时仍可以稳定爆轰。研究结果表明:和现行的单面爆炸复合相比，在复合相同数量复合板的情况下，采用蜂窝结构炸药的双面爆炸复合技术中，炸药的使用量节省了77%，炸药的能量利用率得到显著提高；计算与实验结果一致性较好。     

爆炸载荷作用下铀气溶胶形成机理研究

针对铀材料在爆炸载荷作用下形成放射性气溶胶的过程,采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法开展了数值模拟和实验研究。通过将颗粒动力学和SPH方法结合,建立了炸药爆轰作用于铀金属壳的数值模拟模型,以铀材料比内能为气溶胶转化判据,获得了铀材料转化为气溶胶的物理过程,得到了在相同爆炸当量下,不同质量铀材料的气溶胶转化效率,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。结果显示,铀材料在爆炸载荷作用下,当其比内能达到1.9 MJ/kg时,即可认为完全转变为气溶胶,对于本文中的爆炸装置结构形式,当炸药质量为铀材料质量的6倍时,转化率超过90%。实验验证了数值模拟结果,表明该方法能够对铀材料的气溶胶转化过程进行准确描述。     

Effect of inhomogeneities in an explosive on the critical detonation diameter

The effect of inhomogeneities in an explosive on the critical detonation diameter is theoretically analyzed. On the assumption that the inhomogeneities are centers of the reaction behind the detonation front, a formula is obtained for determining the critical diameter as a function of the concentration and size of the inhomogeneities. It is shown that when the inhomogeneities are particles of an inert substance added to the explosive, the dependence of the critical diameter on the mass fraction and size of the inert particles may have a minimum. The results of the theoretical analysis are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.In conclusion the author thanks R. Kh. Kurbangalina for formulating and discussing'the problem and L. N. Stesik for his useful remarks.     

Gas-dynamic signs of explosive eruptions of volcanoes. 1. Hydrodynamic analogs of the pre-explosion state of volcanoes, dynamics of the three-phase magma state in decompression waves

Experimental data and results of numerical simulations of the magma state dynamics in explosive eruptions of volcanoes are presented. The pre-explosion state of volcanoes and the cavitation processes developed in the magma under explosive decompression are studied under the assumption that the intensity of explosive volcanoes does not exert any significant effect on the eruption mechanisms. In terms of the structural features of the pre-explosion state, a number of explosive volcanic systems are close to hydrodynamic shock-tube schemes proposed by Glass and Heuckroth. High-velocity processes initiated by shock-wave loading of the liquid may be considered as analogs of natural volcanic processes, which have common gas-dynamic features and common kinetics responsible for their mechanisms, regardless of the eruption intensity. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 3–12, November–December, 2008.     

多元混合PBX炸药冲击起爆的多元Duan-Zhang-Kim反应速率模型研究

提出了多元混合PBX炸药孔隙塌缩热点模型新的处理方法，构建了新的细观反应速率模型，系列数值模拟结果与实验结果均一致，表明该细观反应速率模型可较好地描述和预测炸药组分配比及颗粒度对多元混合PBX炸药冲击起爆过程的影响。PBX炸药冲击起爆过程主要受热点点火过程和燃烧反应过程共同作用:HMX占主导成分的PBXC03炸药，起爆压力低，冲击起爆过程受热点点火影响较明显，热点点火后的燃烧反应速度较快，表现为加速反应特性；TATB占主导成分的钝感PBXC10炸药，起爆压力高，冲击起爆过程主要受点火后的燃烧反应过程控制，且点火后燃烧反应速度较慢，表现为稳定反应特性。