用于柱形爆炸容器周向大变形历程测量的应变丝技术

为了测量柱形爆炸容器的动态周向大变形历程,开发了应变丝测量技术。选用性能良好的合金丝沿爆炸容器周向固定,容器膨胀变形驱动合金丝同步伸长,配合适当的电路,检测合金丝的电阻变化,从而获得容器的变形历程。在钢筒的中心进行了120 g TNT当量球形装药下的爆炸加载实验,获得了峰值超过20%的钢筒周向变形历程。测量结果与实验后钢筒变形实测结果及数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒的动态响应

为评估内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒结构的防护效果,考察多层钢筒结构动态响应和变形吸能特征,采用两端开口、总厚度为50 mm的4层圆柱形Q345钢筒,在8.90~18.18 kg TNT药量下进行爆炸实验,并在容器外壁进行应变电测。实验后钢筒结构爆心局部发生塑性变形,内层钢筒变形最大,但未发生破坏。根据研究得到初步认识:采用爆心单位环面变形吸能的设计方法,可以较好地预估给定药量下所需钢筒的厚度;不同药量下,轴向距离超过多层钢筒结构的1/4内径后,其外壁环向变形峰值约减小为爆心截面环向应变峰值的1/2。     

水中爆炸加载金属板变形的实验研究

本文给出了研究抛体大变形的光学实验测试方法,用该方法测定了水中爆炸作用下的金属板的变形过程,得到了金属板上任意点随时间变化的位移曲线和速度曲线以及金属板变形过程的真实位移场。该方法比常用的测量抛体运动速度的电测探针法前进了一步。     

泡沫铝内衬对抗内部爆炸钢筒变形的影响

为提高承受内部爆炸载荷钢筒的抗爆性能，研究了泡沫铝内衬对钢筒变形的影响。首先通过对比实验，发现在本文的实验条件下，泡沫铝内衬导致钢筒变形增大，甚至发生了严重的破坏；进而建立有限元模型，研究了钢筒变形随爆炸当量、泡沫铝内衬厚度的变化机理和规律。结果表明，添加足够厚度的泡沫铝内衬能够减小钢筒变形，但泡沫铝厚度不足时，则可能起到相反的效果。对于固定尺寸的含泡沫铝内衬钢筒，随着爆炸当量增加，泡沫铝内衬对钢筒塑性变形的影响主要包含3种模式。模式1，泡沫铝可通过塑性变形吸收爆炸载荷，从而减小钢筒变形。模式2，泡沫铝内衬导致钢筒承受的载荷强度增大，钢筒塑性变形增大。模式3，泡沫铝对载荷强度的影响可忽略，泡沫铝通过增大结构质量减小钢筒塑性变形。     

小当量水中爆炸冲击波实验及数值模拟

在小当量(≤10g TNT)爆炸水箱装置中分别进行了0.125g、1.00g、3.37g、8.00g TNT当量PETN球形炸药水中爆炸实验.采用PCB压电型传感器测量水中爆炸冲击波压力脉冲,将实验数据拟合所得公式与文献的经验方程相比较,两者具有较好符合.另外,在小于20%的相对误差范围内,采用AUTODYN一维模拟计算能够预测和验证实验结果.因此,通过小当量水中爆炸实验获得的经验公式可推广到大当量水中爆炸实验.这样既能克服大当量水中爆炸实验耗费大、危险性高等困难,也能够较精确地预估峰值压力.     

滑移爆轰驱动下飞板运动姿态的连续电阻测试法

飞板运动姿态的测定是爆炸焊接机理研究的基础,针对传统电测方法存在干扰因素多、易产生弯曲波等缺陷,设计了一种适用于野外大当量下爆炸焊接飞板姿态实验的连续电阻测试方法。研制了3种不同结构的梯形支架型连续电阻探针元件,利用有限元程序分析了探针的导通压力和响应时间,在此基础上,对3种探针实施了爆炸焊接实验,实验结果表明:金属丝网型探针元件具有最优的导通效果,各段测试曲线光滑无毛刺。以该探针数据计算获得了待测飞板的运动姿态曲线,并与Richter简化模型下的近似计算公式结果进行了对比,两者基本一致。所述测试方法实现了炸药爆速和飞板变形曲线的连续、可靠和快速测量,为滑移爆轰驱动问题、爆轰产物状态方程等的研究提供了测试方法补充。     

水及盛水容器对近距离爆炸载荷影响的实验研究

为研究用水包围炸药的方式对爆炸载荷的作用机理,在两端开口的钢筒内进行了水直接包覆炸药的爆炸实验,利用光纤位移干涉仪获取了钢筒外壁的径向速度和动态变形。结果表明:不同于无水爆炸,爆轰产物通过水的“裂缝”在空气中形成冲击波,造成该冲击波出现时间更晚、强度更低、持续时间更长,并要求相应的数值模拟采用二维以上的计算模型;盛水结构的材料密度越低、厚度越小对爆炸载荷的影响越小。     

横向爆炸载荷下薄壁圆管的动态响应

采用实验研究、理论分析和有限元模拟相结合的方法，研究了横向爆炸载荷作用下薄壁圆管的动态响应。利用弹道冲击摆锤系统，对圆管在爆炸载荷下的动力响应进行了实验研究，分析了薄壁圆管的变形模式；基于地基梁模型，建立了横向爆炸载荷作用下圆管跨中挠度的理论模型，并进行了无量纲化；通过有限元模拟，分析了圆管的几何参数对其变形模式和跨中挠度的影响，并与理论结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:随着TNT药量增加圆管的变形区域和跨中挠度增大；圆管的长径比、厚度及爆炸载荷参数对圆管的变形模式有较大影响；理论预测、有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

内部爆炸作用下钢箱结构变形规律性实验

箱型结构内部爆炸能够造成比空爆更严重的破坏效果。本文中设计了3个边长600 mm、板厚4 mm的实验试件,并分别用98.4、194.7和355.8 g的TNT炸药进行了内部爆炸实验,得到了所有试件的变形特征。箱体壁板的变形都呈现向外凸出(鼓起)的特点,壁板中心的最终挠度随着爆炸TNT当量的增大而近似成线性增长,拟合了箱体壁板挠厚比与爆炸当量之间的经验公式。通过三维数字图像相关技术,得到了箱体壁板的动态响应过程:爆炸发生后,壁板中心最先产生向外鼓起;壁板中心随后变形增长,同时变形向四周传播;壁板中心变形达到最大值后,板的变形会产生一定量的振荡回缩。     

钢质圆柱壳在侧向爆炸荷载下的动力响应

将壁厚为2.75mm、外径为100mm的钢质圆柱壳置于75g裸装圆柱形压装TNT药柱产生的爆炸场中进行冲击实验,获得了不同装药条件下圆柱壳的变形破坏特征。实验表明:非接触爆炸条件下,壳壁迎爆面局部破坏呈现碟型凹陷,同时沿壳体轴线方向产生了整体屈曲变形,且装药距离较大或药柱轴线与壳体轴线垂直放置情况下对壳体损伤程度较大;而接触爆炸时,壳壁发生破裂形成破口及破片。利用动力有限元程序LS-DYNA及Lagrangian-Eulerian流固耦合方法对圆柱壳的非线性动态响应过程进行数值模拟,分析了壳壁的屈曲变形过程及迎爆曲面中心点速度、位移时程曲线,计算结果与实验吻合较好。并基于数值计算确定了壳壁发生破裂的临界装药距离。     

内部爆炸加载下柱壳的环周分裂数

基于有限长度柱壳的Gurney速度公式,以壳体平均半径估算平均应变率,同时考虑壳体剪切断裂时的断裂面长度与径向壁厚的差异,对Grady-Kipp方法进行了修正,得到柱壳剪切断裂模式下环周分裂数的完整表达式。利用修正方法分析得到的环周分裂数计算结果与实验数据分析结果符合更好。以20号低碳钢柱壳为例,对其在TNT爆炸加载下的膨胀断裂进行了三维数值模拟,得到的环周分裂数模拟结果与实验结果符合较好。     

Fracture behavior of explosively loaded spherical molded steel shells

Experimental and numerical works are made to study the fracture of explosively loaded spherical molded steel shells. The first series of experiments included three sawdust recovery shots to save fragments for examination. In this series, detonation was initiated from the center of the sphere. Results of the experiments show that two types of fractures are observed in spherical shells: radial and shear as in cylindrical shells. Spall fracture is also observed in spherical shells. To assist understanding of the experimental results, a computer simulation of expanding shells is performed to provide information on the stress, strain, strain rate and position of each element of the shell wall as a function of time after detonation. For t=7.5 μs after detonation, triaxial non-uniform strain prevails in the middle of the thickness of the wall. The peak of the stress equals to 6.5 GPa and exceeds the spall strength of carbon steel. In the second series of experiments, spall fracture is suppressed by displacing the point of detonation initiation from the center to periphery of HE charge.     

Dynamic elastic and plastic buckling of complete spherical shells

A theoretical investigation is undertaken into the dynamic instability of complete spherical shells which are loaded impulsively and made from either linear elastic or elastic-plastic materials. It is shown that certain harmonics grow quickly and cause a shell to exhibit a wrinkled shape which is characterized by a critical mode number. The critical mode numbers are similar for spherical and cylindrical elastic shells having the same R/h ratios and material parameters, but may be larger or smaller in an elastic-plastic spherical shell depending on the values of the various parameters. Threshold velocities are also determined in order to obtain the smallest velocity that a shell can tolerate without excessive deformation. The threshold velocities for the elastic and elastic-plastic spherical shells are larger than those which have been published previously for cylindrical shells having the same R/h ratios and material parameters.     

PERFORATION OF PLASTIC SPHERICAL SHELLS UNDER IMPACT BY CYLINDRICAL PROJECTILES

The objective is to study the perforation of a plastic spherical shell impacted by a cylindrical projectile. First, the deformation modes of the shell were given by introducing an isometric transformation. Then, the perforation mechanism of the shell was analyzed and an analytical model was advanced. Based on Hamilton principle, the governing equation was obtained and solved using Runge-Kuta method. Finally, some important theoretical predictions were given to describe the perforation mechanism of the shell. The results will play an important role in understanding the perforation mechanism of spherical shells impacted by a projectile.     

高速碰撞下圆柱壳自由梁的穿孔特性

利用二级轻气炮加载,进行了球状2A12铝弹丸垂直撞击圆柱壳自由梁实验。并进行了弹丸速度、圆柱壳直径和壁厚等因素对穿孔直径影响的数值模拟,数值模拟结果和实验结果基本吻合。通过量纲分析和数值模拟结合,推导了穿孔直径与相关影响参数的经验关系式。研究结果表明:当圆柱壳直径和厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径在径向和轴向都随着弹丸速度增大而增大;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径随着圆柱壳自由梁直径的增大而减小;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳直径不变时,穿孔直径随着圆柱壳厚度的增大而减小。     

Geometrically non-linear transient analysis of laminated,doubly curved shells

A dynamic, shear deformation theory of a doubly curved shell is used to develop a finite element for geometrically non-linear (in the von Karman sense) transient analysis of laminated composite shells. The element is employed to determine the transient response of spherical and cylindrical shells with various boundary conditions and loading. The effect of shear deformation and geometric non-linearity on the transient response is investigated. The numerical results presented here for transient analysis of laminated composite shells should serve as references for future investigations.     

Fracture behavior of brittle plates and cylindrical shells subjected to concentrated impulse loading

The influence of impact velocity and geometry in the fracture patterns produced by a concentrated impulse loading on brittle plates and cylindrical shells has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were performed by impacting plates and cylindrical shells made of plaster with a steel ball. The fracture behavior was photographed by a camera with a flash. The crack-initiation time was measured using a memoriscope. The fracture behavior is explained using the theory of flexural motion of a plate and a cylindrical shell. With the addition of impact-fracture criteria to these theories, the fracture patterns of brittle plates and cylindrical shells are predicted and the resemblance is discussed.     

TNT空爆载荷下WELDOX 700E钢变形行为研究

以WELDOX 700E钢为研究对象，研究了8 mm钢在6 kg球形TNT空爆载荷、12 mm钢在10 kg球形TNT空爆载荷下的抗爆轰变形行为，结合ABAQUS模拟计算软件建立了WELDOX 700E钢抗爆轰变形模拟计算模型。结果表明:材料强度是影响WELDOX 700E钢抗爆轰变形行为的关键因素之一，高强度WELDOX 700E钢在球形TNT空爆载荷条件下呈现均匀的拱形变形。在6 kg球形TNT空爆载荷下，8 mm WELDOX 700E钢板中点的最大动态位移为144 mm，永久挠度为124 mm，回弹为21 mm；在10 kg球形TNT空爆载荷下，12 mm WELDOX 700E钢板中点的最大动态位移为166 mm，永久挠度为143 mm，回弹为23 mm。在不考虑实验工装整体偏移的条件下，球形TNT空爆载荷下钢的抗爆轰变形模拟计算结果可准确反映WELDOX 700E钢的抗爆轰变形行为。WELDOX 700E钢在抗爆轰形变过程中存在显著的厚度减薄现象并伴随一定的应变硬化行为，应变硬化行为主要为WELDOX 700E钢马氏体晶粒内部位错増殖的表现，8 mm和12 mm WELDOX 700E钢中心区域的位错密度较边部分别增加80.31%和151.76%。     

Optimal design of axisymmetric plastic shallow shells of von Mises material

An optimal design technique developed earlier for axisymmetric plates and circular cylindrical shells is accommodated for shallow spherical shells subjected to uniform transverse pressure. Material of the shells is assumed to be rigid-plastic obeying the von Mises yield condition and the associated deformation law. The post-yield behaviour of the shells is taken into account. The weight minimization is performed under the condition that the maximal deflection of the shell of variable thickness coincides with the deflection of the reference shell of constant thickness. The problem is transformed into a non-linear boundary value problem which is solved numerically.