内部爆炸作用下钢筒变形过程的电探针测量技术

为了研究圆柱形爆炸容器在炸药爆炸作用下的变形过程,设计了电探针测量内部爆炸作用下钢筒变形的方法。采用数值模拟方法进行预估,在钢筒的中心进行了120g TNT和180g TNT当量球形装药下的爆炸加载实验,获得了爆炸不同时刻钢筒径向位移随时间的变化关系,电探针测量钢筒最大变形与实验后钢筒变形测量结果较好吻合。     

新型发射药爆炸TNT当量系数的实验研究

TNT当量系数是危险品工程抗爆设计和安全距离确定的重要依据。为确定H1和H2两种新型高能发射药的TNT当量系数,分别开展了10 kg TNT和新型发射药的空气自由场静爆实验。基于修正的当量系数计算方法和测量得到的不同爆心距离处冲击波超压时程曲线,确定了不同比例距离处两种高能发射药的超压和比冲量TNT当量系数。研究结果表明,发射药爆炸产生的冲击波传播规律与TNT炸药爆炸产生的冲击波传播规律相同,符合爆炸相似律,相同质量发射药爆炸产生的冲击波超压和比冲量都显著高于TNT的。随着比例距离的增大,H1的超压当量系数先增大后减小,最大值为1.34;H2的超压当量系数逐渐减小,最大值为1.26。两种新型发射药的比冲量TNT当量系数均随比例距离的增大先减小后增大,H2的比冲量TNT当量系数大于H1的,最大值为1.38。本文中修正的计算方法能更准确计算被试样品的TNT当量系数,实验结果可为提高抗爆结构安全性设计提供参考。     

爆炸荷载下沉箱重力式码头模型毁伤效应

在野外条件下开展了不同爆炸荷载条件下沉箱重力式码头模型毁伤效应实验，得到了沉箱重力式码头模型在1 kg TNT当量空中爆炸、水下爆炸以及结构内部爆炸后的毁伤模式，并针对不同毁伤模式给出了相应的抢修建议。实验结果表明:空中爆炸荷载下码头仅面板局部破坏形成爆坑；水下爆炸荷载下码头迎爆面及相近区域形成大量裂缝；结构内部爆炸荷载下码头仓格大变形破坏且中间面板被掀飞；从横向对比来看，在相同爆炸当量下空中爆炸荷载下码头毁伤程度最小，结构内部爆炸荷载下码头毁伤程度最大。     

内部爆炸薄圆板的变形及有效载荷

为了研究内爆炸薄圆板的失效与作用载荷特性，在双圆筒装置内开展了铝质、钢质薄圆板内爆炸实验，分析了圆板破坏模式及比冲量载荷特性，并基于相同变形下载荷相等原理，得到了钢质圆板极限变形下的有效比冲量及作用时间，提出了该工况下圆板变形的预估模型。结果表明:在内爆炸载荷作用下，薄圆板的夹持边界和几何中心是应力集中区，产生了塑性大变形、拉伸撕裂、剪切断裂3种破坏模式；圆板的比冲量载荷由初始的波浪式增长逐渐转化为线性增长，30～80 g某温压装药使1 mm厚钢质圆板产生极限变形的有效比冲量作用时间在2.26～2.93 ms之间，经验证，圆钢板变形预估模型得到的装药质量与实验装药质量偏差小于13.3%。     

固态燃料空气炸药空爆实验研究

通过四组无约束固态燃料空气炸药(FAE)装置与等质量的TNT在野外开放空间的一次起爆对比实验,测得了不同配方组份FAE装置在不同距离的爆炸超压分布,FAE装置峰值超压比相同距离的TNT高1.14~1.6倍;并运用空气冲击波峰值超压公式计算出了FAE的等效爆炸TNT当量随距离的变化关系,在爆炸场边缘区,FAE装置爆炸当量达到了3.88倍TNT当量;通过高速摄影的图片得到了爆炸产生火球的持续时间和最大作用范围,与等质量TNT爆炸火球相比,FAE的优势明显;运用粉尘爆炸下极限浓度估算了云雾爆轰区半径,并分析了测量到的固态FAE爆炸场的压力分布单调衰减的原因;建议在保持超压不变的情况下,把提高爆温作为提高FAE爆炸性能的主要途径。     

用于柱形爆炸容器周向大变形历程测量的应变丝技术

为了测量柱形爆炸容器的动态周向大变形历程,开发了应变丝测量技术。选用性能良好的合金丝沿爆炸容器周向固定,容器膨胀变形驱动合金丝同步伸长,配合适当的电路,检测合金丝的电阻变化,从而获得容器的变形历程。在钢筒的中心进行了120 g TNT当量球形装药下的爆炸加载实验,获得了峰值超过20%的钢筒周向变形历程。测量结果与实验后钢筒变形实测结果及数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

FAE战斗部毁伤威力评价的试验研究

利用基于靶板毁伤效应和超压-冲量准则的FAE战斗部毁伤威力评价方法,分别对三种不同起爆方式和燃料配方的FAE战斗部进行了毁伤威力评价的试验,并计算得到了相应的TNT威力当量值。结果表明,1#云爆弹在炸距3.8 m之后靶板的变形挠度大于同药量的RDX/TNT装药,在炸距3.8～4.2 m之间的TNT当量约为2.0;在炸距13～18 m之间,采用新型固液混合燃料的2#云爆弹的靶板变形挠度约为传统环氧丙烷燃料的3#云爆弹的1.4倍,TNT当量分别为3.75和2.96。     

爆炸塔内120kgTNT当量爆炸载荷的数值分析

爆炸塔设计中常采用等当量集中装药估算爆炸塔内部载荷。为研究该方法的合理性,本文采用有限体积方法离散求解积分型Euler方程组;利用瞬时爆轰模型描述炸药爆炸初场,分别计算了乳化炸药和TNT集中装药爆炸对爆炸塔的内部加载情况;给出了塔体及封头内壁面9个特征点的压力时间曲线。结果表明:可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对爆心截面处的超压作用,但不可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对封头中心处的超压作用。因为在封头中心处乳化炸药爆炸会聚产生的超压极值约为TNT集中装药的2倍;塔体柱段的爆心截面处与封头中心处为超压作用最强的部位,两处冲量大致相当;压力最大值出现在封头中心处,由反射冲击波会聚产生。建议塔体建筑设计时对封头中心处和塔体爆心截面处采取相应的防护措施。     

小当量水中爆炸冲击波实验及数值模拟

在小当量(≤10g TNT)爆炸水箱装置中分别进行了0.125g、1.00g、3.37g、8.00g TNT当量PETN球形炸药水中爆炸实验.采用PCB压电型传感器测量水中爆炸冲击波压力脉冲,将实验数据拟合所得公式与文献的经验方程相比较,两者具有较好符合.另外,在小于20%的相对误差范围内,采用AUTODYN一维模拟计算能够预测和验证实验结果.因此,通过小当量水中爆炸实验获得的经验公式可推广到大当量水中爆炸实验.这样既能克服大当量水中爆炸实验耗费大、危险性高等困难,也能够较精确地预估峰值压力.     

爆炸载荷作用下铝蜂窝夹芯板动力响应研究

采用自行设计的冲击摆实验系统对铝蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸载荷作用下的动力响应进行了系统实验研究,给出了面板和铝蜂窝不同区域的不同变形模态,得到了不同炸药当量对铝蜂窝夹芯板动态响应的影响规律,证实了铝蜂窝夹芯板产生较大塑性变形时,比一般的结构具有更好的能量吸收特性.并利用LS-DYNA对其动力响应进行了数值仿真,考察了炸药起爆、接触界面及上表面接触力对夹芯板变形影响的全过程,得到了板中心的最终变形和芯层的变形模式,与实验结果吻合较好.     

TNT空爆载荷下WELDOX 700E钢变形行为研究

以WELDOX 700E钢为研究对象，研究了8 mm钢在6 kg球形TNT空爆载荷、12 mm钢在10 kg球形TNT空爆载荷下的抗爆轰变形行为，结合ABAQUS模拟计算软件建立了WELDOX 700E钢抗爆轰变形模拟计算模型。结果表明:材料强度是影响WELDOX 700E钢抗爆轰变形行为的关键因素之一，高强度WELDOX 700E钢在球形TNT空爆载荷条件下呈现均匀的拱形变形。在6 kg球形TNT空爆载荷下，8 mm WELDOX 700E钢板中点的最大动态位移为144 mm，永久挠度为124 mm，回弹为21 mm；在10 kg球形TNT空爆载荷下，12 mm WELDOX 700E钢板中点的最大动态位移为166 mm，永久挠度为143 mm，回弹为23 mm。在不考虑实验工装整体偏移的条件下，球形TNT空爆载荷下钢的抗爆轰变形模拟计算结果可准确反映WELDOX 700E钢的抗爆轰变形行为。WELDOX 700E钢在抗爆轰形变过程中存在显著的厚度减薄现象并伴随一定的应变硬化行为，应变硬化行为主要为WELDOX 700E钢马氏体晶粒内部位错増殖的表现，8 mm和12 mm WELDOX 700E钢中心区域的位错密度较边部分别增加80.31%和151.76%。     

横向爆炸载荷下薄壁圆管的动态响应

采用实验研究、理论分析和有限元模拟相结合的方法，研究了横向爆炸载荷作用下薄壁圆管的动态响应。利用弹道冲击摆锤系统，对圆管在爆炸载荷下的动力响应进行了实验研究，分析了薄壁圆管的变形模式；基于地基梁模型，建立了横向爆炸载荷作用下圆管跨中挠度的理论模型，并进行了无量纲化；通过有限元模拟，分析了圆管的几何参数对其变形模式和跨中挠度的影响，并与理论结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:随着TNT药量增加圆管的变形区域和跨中挠度增大；圆管的长径比、厚度及爆炸载荷参数对圆管的变形模式有较大影响；理论预测、有限元模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

Analysis of reflected blast wave pressure profiles in a confined room

To understand the blast effects of confined explosions, it is necessary to study the characteristic parameters of the blast wave in terms of overpressure, impulse and arrival time. In a previous study, experiments were performed using two different scales of a pyrotechnic workshop. The main purpose of these experiments was to compare the TNT equivalent for solid and gaseous explosives in terms of mass to define a TNT equivalent in a reflection field and to validate the similitude between real and small scales. To study the interactions and propagations of the reflected shock waves, the present study was conducted by progressively building a confined volume around the charge. In this way, the influence of each wall and the origins of the reflected shock waves can be determined. The purpose of this paper is to report the blast wave interactions that resulted from the detonation of a stoichiometric propane-oxygen mixture in a confined room.     

内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒的动态响应

为评估内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒结构的防护效果,考察多层钢筒结构动态响应和变形吸能特征,采用两端开口、总厚度为50 mm的4层圆柱形Q345钢筒,在8.90~18.18 kg TNT药量下进行爆炸实验,并在容器外壁进行应变电测。实验后钢筒结构爆心局部发生塑性变形,内层钢筒变形最大,但未发生破坏。根据研究得到初步认识:采用爆心单位环面变形吸能的设计方法,可以较好地预估给定药量下所需钢筒的厚度;不同药量下,轴向距离超过多层钢筒结构的1/4内径后,其外壁环向变形峰值约减小为爆心截面环向应变峰值的1/2。     

沙墙吸能作用对爆炸冲击波影响的实验研究

在爆炸冲击波作用下沙墙快速飞散,爆炸能量转换为沙粒动能和细化沙粒的摩擦做功,因此由沙袋堆积起来组成的沙墙对强冲击波具有消波吸能作用,对爆炸实验结构起到防护作用.本文利用366gTNT当量的球形药球中心起爆,进行了沙墙消波吸能作用下密闭柱形容器承受栽荷的实验.实验结果表明:沙墙使冲击波峰值超压降低最高可达6倍,到时也明显...     

轻质金属泡沫夹芯曲板的抗爆炸冲击响应研究

夹芯结构具有高比强度、高比刚度和优异的吸能能力,已经被广泛应用于工程结构用来抵御高强度的爆炸冲击载荷。本文采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了爆炸载荷作用下四边固支夹芯曲板的动力响应。比较了同等质量下夹芯曲板、夹芯平板、实体曲板和实体平板四种结构的抗爆炸冲击性能,讨论了不同曲率和非对称因子对结构动力响应的影响,得到了使得夹芯曲板抗爆炸性能最佳的非对称因子。研究结果表明：夹芯曲板的抗爆炸冲击性能优于等质量的夹芯平板、实体曲板和实体平板结构,增大夹芯曲板的曲率能够提高结构的抗爆炸冲击性能。     

Sandwich Panel Cores for Blast Applications: Materials and Graded Density

Sandwich composites are of interest in marine applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and tailorable mechanical properties, but their resistance to air blast loading is not well understood. Full-scale 100 kg TNT equivalent air blast testing at a 15 m stand-off distance was performed on glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwich panels with polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polymethacrylimid (PMI); and styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) foam cores, all possessing the same thickness and density. Further testing was performed to assess the blast resistance of a sandwich panel containing a stepwise graded density SAN foam core, increasing in density away from the blast facing side. Finally a sandwich panel containing compliant polypropylene (PP) fibres within the GFRP front face-sheet, was subjected to blast loading with the intention of preventing front face-sheet cracking during blast. Measurements of the sandwich panel responses were made using high-speed digital image correlation (DIC), and post-blast damage was assessed by sectioning the sandwich panels and mapping the damage observed. It was concluded that all cores are effective in improving blast tolerance and that the SAN core was the most blast tolerant out of the three foam polymer types, with the DIC results showing a lower deflection measured during blast, and post-blast visual inspections showing less damage suffered. By grading the density of the core it was found that through thickness crack propagation was mitigated, as well as damage in the higher density foam layers, thus resulting in a smoother back face-sheet deflection profile. By incorporating compliant PP fibres into the front face-sheet, cracking was prevented in the GFRP, despite damage being present in the core and the interfaces between the core and face-sheets.     

Optical measurement and scaling of blasts from gram-range explosive charges

Laboratory-scale experiments with gram-range explosive charges are presented. Optical shadowgraphy and high-speed digital imaging are used to measure the explosive-driven shock-wave position as a function of time. From this, shock Mach number-versus-distance from the explosion center can be found. These data then yield the peak overpressure and duration, which are the key parameters in determining the potential damage from an explosion as well as the TNT equivalent of the explosive. Piezoelectric pressure gage measurements of overpressure duration at various distances from the explosive charges compare well with theoretical calculations. A scaling analysis yields an approach to relate the gram-range blast to a large-scale blast from the same or different explosives. This approach is particularly suited to determining the properties and behavior of exotic explosives like triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Results agree with previous observations that the concept of a single TNT equivalence value is inadequate to fully describe an explosive yield, rather TNT equivalence factor and overpressure duration should be presented as functions of radius.      

Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges

Schlieren photographs and shadowgrams have been evaluated to provide the radius-time histories of the shocks generated by explosions of silver azide charges with masses in the milligram range. Series of photographs of the flow field produced by a single explosion were obtained with an image converter camera, to yield a time history of the shock trajectory. These data were used to determine the shock Mach number and subsequently the peak hydrostatic overpressure as a function of radius. The pressure-radius profile was compared with that from a unit charge of TNT to determine the TNT equivalence of silver azide as a function of peak pressure and of distance from the centre of a silver azide charge. The shock radius and time were also determined from single-shot visualizations of silver azide explosions. A new method of analysis was developed so that the charge mass and the TNT equivalence of an explosion could be derived from such a single radius-time measurement. The TNT equivalence factor for silver azide was shown to vary from 0.3 to 1.4, depending on the distance from the centre of the explosion. This agrees well with the generally reported equivalence factor of about 0.4 (Baker et al. 1983), which was probably based on the chemical composition of the material. Procedures are described by which the TNT equivalence factor can be calculated at any specified distance from a silver azide charge of known mass, or from a measurement of the shock radius and time, even when the charge mass is not known. This factor can then be used to determine the physical properties of the TNT blast wave which best describe those from the silver azide charge at the specified distance. A further result of these studies was that the scaling laws for blast waves, whose validity has been verified for charge masses ranging from a few grams to hundreds of tons, i.e., for charge masses varying over more than nine orders of magnitude, also apply for charges with masses of the order of one milligram.Received: 7 April 2003, Accepted: 1 July 2003, Published online: 5 August 2003