声弹性应力测量

本文简要评述了声弹性应力测量方法的理论、实验技术和应用等方面的发展概况。平面声弹性技术已取得进展。声弹性用于三维应力和残余应力测量仍有不少困难。     

弱正交异性材料残余应力测量的声弹性方法

为了适应工程材料的残余应力无损测量的要求,本文将横波和纵波声弹性相结合,建立适用於弱正交异性材料的平面声弹性残余应力测量方法,并应用该方法及自行研制的横波换能器对焊接试件的二维残余应力进行了测试。     

一个新的声应力系数及其确定

为建立声焦散线与平面应力条件下裂尖应力强度因子的关系,定义了一个新的声应力系数——声程差随应力线性变化的比例系数,该系数的大小既取决于材料常数又取决于耦合介质及声束的传播历程.借助6061-T6铝、EPTI钢两种材料的实验结果,说明了确定新的声应力系数的方法与步骤.所得结论是:只要确定了平面应力条件下超声纵波速度相对变化与主应力和之比,便可确定新的声应力系数.     

一个新的声应力系数及其确定

 为建立声焦散线与平面应力条件下裂尖应力强度因子的关系，定义了一个新的声应力系 数------声程差随应力线性变化的比例系数, 该系数的大小既取决于材料常数又取决于 耦合介质及声束的传播历程. 借助6061-T6铝、EPTI钢两种材料的实验结果，说明了确 定新的声应力系数的方法与步骤. 所得结论是：只要确定了平面应力条件下超声纵波 速度相对变化与主应力和之比，便可确定新的声应力系数.     

一种新实验应力分析方法——声弹性实验应力分析方法简介

1940年S.OKA发现了应力引起的声双折射现象.此后,随着发射和检测超声波技术的进展,近年来有人提出各种方法用来测定应力引起的声双折射、声速和声频谱变化.测出这些变化便能定出施加在物体上的外力和残余应力.目前,超声波应力分析方法引起了人们的广泛注意,并开始形成一门与光弹性力学相类似的新学科——“声弹性力学”.     

光弹性—数字散斑相关混合法在光弹条纹主应力分解中的应用

光弹性法是研究结构内部应力分布问题的一个有效方法.光弹性实验中,通常可以方便地得到等色线条纹图.确定了等色线条纹级数以后,为获得平面模型中任意点的应力完全解,需要借助其它方法给出一个补充方程.本文将光弹性法与数字散斑相关法相结合,提出一种用于光弹性法分离主应力的新方法:光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法.在理论研究的基础上,设计了光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法实验系统,并通过相应的三点弯曲实验对该方法和实验系统的有效性做出分析和论证.该研究为光弹全场应力分解以及动态光弹性-数字散斑相关混合法提供了理论和实验基础.     

应力边界元法解平面弹性问题

本文提出了求解平面弹性问题的应力边界元法。简述了边界积分方程的建立,给出了常单元离散化时求系数的解析式。这种方法适用于应力边界值问题。边界积分方程中的一个边界函数就是边界点法向应力和切向应力之和,因此计算孔边应力非常方便。作为数值算例,计算了有孔无限板的孔边应力。应力边界元法也可应用于平面热弹性问题和平板弯曲问题。     

一维六方准晶带裂纹的弹性半平面无摩擦接触问题研究

利用平面弹性复变函数方法,讨论了工程实际中一维六方准晶带裂纹的弹性半平面无摩擦接触问题.通过合理的应力函数分解,将接触问题归结为解析函数的复合边值问题,进而转化为可解的Riemann边值问题,最后得到封闭形式的解,并给出裂纹尖端的应力强度因子及压头下方接触应力的分布.当不计相位子场及它与声子场的耦合作用时,所得结论可退化为各向同性弹性材料的对应结论,从而验证本文推导的正确性.     

固体声弹性理论、实验技术及应用研究进展

固体的声弹性对于固体的应力状态超声无损测量具有极其重要的作用.康奈尔大学的鲍亦兴教授曾经总结了1984年以前的固体声弹性理论、实验技术及工程应用方面的研究成果.系统总结了最近20多年来固体声弹性的基本理论、实验技术及其在材料科学、岩土工程等领域应力状态超声无损检测应用方面的研究进展.      

确定平面问题应力函数的一种方法

用应力解法求解弹性平面问题关键而困难的问题在于确定应力函数.一般弹性力学教科书主要采用半反逆解法介绍各种经典问题或简单问题的解答,但是对于怎样寻找应力函数都没有给出一个大致可循的方 ...     

Hybrid experimental-numerical stress analysis

The hybrid experimental-numerical stress-analysis technique, which saw limited applications during the 1950's, has been resurrected with the vastly improved numerical techniques of the 1970's. By inputing the experimental results as initial and boundary conditions, modern computer codes are executed in its generation and application modes to yield results which are unobtainable when only one of the two techniques is used. The hybrid technique thus exemplifies the complementary role of the experimental and numerical techniques.     

Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review

Optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) are now routinely used in experimental fluid mechanics to investigate pure fluids or dilute suspensions. For highly concentrated particle suspensions, material turbidity has long been a substantial impediment to these techniques, which explains why they have been scarcely used so far. A renewed interest has emerged with the development of specific methods combining the use of iso-index suspensions and imaging techniques. This review paper gives a broad overview of recent advances in visualization techniques suited to concentrated particle suspensions. In particular, we show how classic methods such as PIV, LDV, particle tracking velocimetry, and laser induced fluorescence can be adapted to deal with concentrated particle suspensions.     

Basic theory and experimental techniques of the strain-gradient method

The theories of presently used experimental methods of stress and deformation analysis which employ radiant energy as a detector are based on the assumption that light propagates rectilinearly within both undeformed and deformed bodies which are initially homogeneous and isotropic when diffraction phenomena are negligible. This assumption is not correct: light propagation within deformed bodies is nonrectilinear in a general case. Although this has already been observed and applied practically by some researchers in photoelasticity, it has not so far been generally acknowledged and accepted in experimental mechanics. On the basis of empirical data produced by the authors in the period 1948–1983, we present theories and foundations of the techniques of a new experimental method which is based on the relations between stress/strain gradients and curvatures of light beams. This method is called the strain-gradient method or, less rigorously, gradient photoelasticity.     

Transient and statistical measurement techniques for two-phase flows: A critical review

Much work has been expended in the study of two-phase, gas-liquid flows. While it has been recognized superficially that such flows are not homogeneous in general, little attention has been paid to the inherent discreteness of the two-phase systems. It has been a relatively recent development that fluctuating characteristics of two-phase flows have been studied in detail. As a result, new experimental devices and techniques have been developed for use in obtaining measurements of quantities previously ignored. This paper reviews and summarizes these methods in an effort to emphasize the importance of the fluctuating nature of these flows and as a guide to further research in this field.     

Characterization of hypersonic roughness-induced boundary-layer transition

The flow-field structure in the vicinity and in the wake of an isolated 3D roughness element has been studied. Different experimental techniques have been coupled and supported by CFD simulation for a good understanding of the flow-field topology. The results have shown strong flow-field similarities for different roughness elements. A model describing the flow structure and interaction mechanisms has been proposed. This model is in good agreement with experimental and CFD results as well as the literature.     

Experimental techniques employed for photoelastic analysis of cellular shells

The search for a shell construction superior to the usual ring-stiffened shells in strength and stability under external pressure with minimum weight has led to consideration of several other shell wall constructions.¹ The cellular-shell structure is one of the most promising designs of shells because of its ability to withstand high-pressure loading while maintaining a high degree of material efficiency. The analytical treatment of cellular shells has been undertaken only recently² and limited experimental study of these shells has been conducted. Thus, for obtaining reliable design formulas for the cellular-shell construction, these studies were undertaken. The cellular-shell construction may be visualized as two concentric thin cylinders spaced radially by a series of thin rings along their common longitudinal axis. The optimum wall thickness, rib thickness and rib spacing for a cellular shell of a given diameter and material which will result in the most efficient utilization of the material when the shell is placed under external pressure is the information required for shell design. The experimental techniques described in this paper have been employed to assist in the determination of the necessary design parameters.     

Critical defect size distributions in concrete structures detected by the acoustic emission technique

Extensive research and studies on concrete fracture and failure have shown that concrete should be viewed as a quasi-brittle material having a size-dependent behavior. Numerous experimental techniques have been employed to evaluate fracture processes, and a number of modeling approaches have been developed to predict fracture behavior. A non-destructive method based on the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique has proved to be highly effective, especially to assess and measure the damage phenomena taking place inside a structure subjected to mechanical loading. In this paper, comparing AE frequency-magnitude statistics in solids subjected to damage processes with defect size distributions for disordered materials, critical parameters defining instability conditions for monitored structures are found. In addition, an experimental investigation conducted on concrete and RC structures by means of the AE technique is described. Experimental results confirm the described theories.     

Recent Applications of Moiré Interferometry

Moiré interferometry has been a valuable experimental technique for the understanding of the mechanical behavior of materials and structures. Over the last decade less emphasis has been placed on the development of the technique and more towards applications. This paper is a review article on recent applications using moiré interferometry in the fields of microelectronics devices, material characterization, micromechanics, residual stress, composite materials, fracture mechanics, and biomechanics. The general principles of moiré interferometry and advancement of techniques will not be discussed in this text, but references will be provided.     

Vibrational analysis for surge precursor definition in gas turbines

Compressor behaviour analysis in critical working conditions, such as incipient surge, represents a significant aspect in the turbomachinery research field. Turbines connected with large-size volumes present critical issues related to surge prevention especially during transient operations. Investigations based on acoustic and vibrational measurements appear to provide an interesting diagnostic and predictive solution by adopting suitable quantifiers calculated from microphone and accelerometer signals. For this scope a wide experimental activity has been conducted on a T100 microturbine connected with different volume sizes. A machine dynamical characterisation has been useful for better interpretation of signals during its transient to the surge. Hence, different possible methods of incipient surge identification have been developed through the use of different signal processing techniques in time, frequency and angle domain. These results will be useful for control system development to prevent compressor failures.

     

Theoretical and experimental vibration analysis of an oblique space frame

This paper has the general objectives of relating analytical and experimental techniques for analysis of indeterminate spatial frames under dynamic loading. The model used has been made as general as possible to explore validity for nonstereotyped configurations. A highly redundant oblique four-bar space frame was selected having a lowest natural frequency of 42.1 cps. Recent success of the finite-element-matrix method and progress in the field of nonlinear optimization provides a rational basis for the synthesis of space frames; however, the validity of the discretization, both for strength-stiffness analysis and dynamic analysis, has not been explored for this type of configuration. The flexibility influence coefficients, the natural frequencies and the steady-state vibration amplitudes were experimentally determined and compared with theoretical values. Influence coefficients had an “error” of between four and 10 percent; the six lowest natural frequencies were in agreement within 15 percent when rotary inertia was considered. Steady-state amplitudes were in good agreement at frequencies not too close to resonance.