退火处理对Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层的结构、硬度和摩擦学性能的影响

采用电刷镀技术,以Ni-Cr镀液制备了Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层并对其进行了退火处理;采用X射线衍射仪,扫描电子显微镜,能量色散谱仪分析了不同温度下退火处理的Ni-Cr纳米镀层的形貌以及结构;分别利用MH-5-VM型显微硬度计和CSM摩擦试验机测定了刷镀层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:镀层晶粒的大小均为纳米级,随温度变化不大,介于10~20 nm之间,在500℃以下,Cr以固溶体形式存在于Ni的晶格中,500℃以上Cr从Ni的晶格中析出;镀层的耐磨性随退火温度的变化与镀层的硬度随温度的变化大致相同:Ni-Cr刷镀层在400℃退火处理时,硬度最大,磨损率最小.     

电沉积方式对纳米晶钴镀层的结构和摩擦学性能影响研究

采用不同电沉积方式制备了不同结构和晶粒尺寸的纳米晶钴(Co)镀层.采用扫描电镜和X-射线衍射仪分别分析了镀层表面形貌、晶相结构与晶粒尺寸.采用MV-2T显微硬度计测试镀层的硬度.最后采用UMT-3M多功能摩擦磨损试验机对镀层的摩擦和磨损性能进行了评价,并用扫描电镜对其磨损表面进行了观察分析.结果表明:电沉积方式对制备的纳米Co镀层的晶相结构、晶粒尺寸、镀层形貌和摩擦磨损性能影响显著;采用双脉冲制备的纳米Co镀层具有最小的晶粒尺寸、最高的硬度及较好的耐磨性能;采用单双脉冲混合电镀制备的纳米Co镀层表面针孔孔洞直径最小,结构最致密,耐磨性能最好.这些研究结果说明可通过优化电沉积方式来提高镀层的结构致密性,改善其硬度和耐磨性能.     

纳米SiO2颗粒增强镍基复合镀层的组织与微动磨损性能研究

采用电刷镀技术在45#钢表面制备了纳米SiO2颗粒增强镍基复合镀层,用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察分析了复合镀层的表面形貌和微观组织形貌,用纳米压痕仪测试了复合镀层的微观力学性能,并采用PLINT型高温微动疲劳试验机考察了复合镀层在室温至500 ℃下的微动磨损行为.结果表明:纳米SiO2颗粒促进了镀层的晶粒细化,提高了镀层的力学性能,复合镀层的硬度和弹性模量分别比镍镀层提高了2.01GPa和5 GPa,从而改善了镀层的微动磨损性能;复合镀层的耐磨性能约为镍镀层的2倍,这是由于纳米SiO2颗粒对复合镀层具有超细晶强化、硬质点弥散强化以及高密度位错强化机制所致.     

Nano-WC/PTFE-Ni复合电刷镀层的磨损性能研究

采用电刷镀技术在Q235钢基材上制备含纳米WC和PTFE的镍基复合镀层,采用S-2700型扫描电子显微镜观察镀层表面形貌及其显微组织,采用HX-1型显微硬度计测定镀层的显微硬度,采用WS-2005型涂层附着力自动划痕仪测定镀层与基体的结合强度,采用HT-500型销-盘高温摩擦磨损试验机测量镀层的滑动磨损性能.结果表明:镀液中同时加入纳米WC和PTFE可以得到表面形貌平整、纳米粒子分布均匀的纳米复合镍镀层;复合镀层的硬度随WC含量的增加而增大,随PTFE含量的增加而减小;含有2种纳米粒子的复合镍镀层的耐磨性比镍镀层和含单一WC或PTFE的镍镀层的耐磨性优良;当镀液中WC和PTFE含量分别为3.0 g/L和7.5 mL/L时,复合镍镀层的显微硬度较镍镀层提高约30%,耐磨性较镍镀层提高7倍.     

化学镀Ni-P-PTFE镀层的摩擦学性能研究

本文以CuSO_4作为镀液稳定剂、氟碳表面活性剂作为分散剂制备了Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层,并且考察了热处理温度对镀层的摩擦磨损行为、硬度、相组成和微结构的影响。结果表明,200℃热处理对镀层的硬度、微结构及耐磨性都没有明显的影响,300—400℃热处理之镀层的硬度和耐磨性均明显提高,当热处理温度为360℃时,镀层产生明显的晶化,400℃热处理的镀层具有最高硬度、最低摩擦系数和最佳耐磨性。     

电刷镀镍/镍包纳米Al_2O_3颗粒复合镀层微动磨损性能研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有镍包纳米 Al2 O3颗粒的镍基复合镀层 .与快速镍镀层对比考察了该复合镀层高温硬度的变化 ,同时还从微动磨损角度考察了该复合镀层耐磨性和摩擦系数的变化 .结果表明 :与快镍镀层相比 ,镍 /镍包纳米 Al2 O3复合镀层具有更高的高温硬度和更好的抗微动磨损性能 ;复合镀层在 40 0℃左右表现出较明显的强化趋势 ,具有较好的综合性能 ;纳米 Al2 O3颗粒使复合镀层的结构致密和细化 ,在磨损过程中起到了一定的减轻粘着和降低摩摩的作用 ;复合镀层的微动磨损机理主要为粘着磨损 .     

Ni-P-纳米金刚石黑粉化学复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能

通过非均匀形核法,在纳米金刚石黑粉颗粒表面包覆一层Al2O3,采用包覆后颗粒制备了Ni-P-纳米金刚石黑粉化学复合镀层.通过沉降法分析了包覆前后纳米颗粒悬浮液的分散稳定性;研究了金刚石质量浓度、搅拌转速及粉体热处理工艺对复合镀层显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响;利用SEM和EDS分析了镀层微观形貌和组分.结果表明:颗粒表面包覆氧化铝可以显著提高其在分散介质中的悬浮稳定性;综合考虑摩擦磨损特性,其最优工艺参数为金刚石质量浓度4 g/L,搅拌转速500 r/min,复合粉体经100℃下热处理4h;与Ni-P镀层相比,复合镀层摩擦系数降低58％,耐磨性能提高59％.     

电刷镀镍／镍包纳米Al2O3颗粒复合镀层微动磨损性能研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有镍包纳米Al2O3颗粒的镍基复合镀层。与快速镍镀层对比考察了该复合镀层高温硬度的变化,同时还从微动磨损角度考察了该复合镀层耐磨性和摩擦系数的变化。结果表明：与快镍镀层相比,镍／镍包纳米Al2O3复合镀层具有更高的高温硬度和更好的抗微动磨损性能;复合镀层在400℃左右表现出较明显的强化趋势,具有较好的综合性能;纳米Al2O3颗粒使复合镀层的结构致密和细化,在磨损过程中起到了一定的减轻粘着和降低摩擦的作用;复合镀层的微动磨损机理主要为粘着磨损。     

热处理温度对Fe—Ni—P非晶合金镀层显微硬度和耐磨性的影响

测定了电沉积Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶合金镀层在不同温度下热处理后的硬度，在环－块磨损试验机上对镀层的耐磨性进行了研究，对镀层的显微组织和磨损表面作了观察与分析，就其强化机理和磨损机理作了分析与探讨．镀层的硬度和耐磨性均随热处理温度上升而提高，４００℃时都达到极大值，最高硬度为ＨＶ１１．２ＧＰａ；在４００℃以上，镀层的硬度和耐磨性均随温度升高而降低，此时镀层的含磷量越多，硬度越高，耐磨性越好；在５００℃以下热处理后镀层的磨损机理主要为点蚀和剥落，剥落坑随着温度的升高而减少；６００℃以上热处理镀层发生的是磨粒磨损．     

含污染物油润滑条件下n-Al2O3/Ni复合电刷镀层的摩擦学性能研究

采用电刷镀技术制备了n-Al2O3／Ni复合镀层，在T-11型球一盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对比考察了快速镍镀层及纳米复合刷镀层在含污染物油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能．结果表明，由于纳米颗粒的强化作用，n-Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的硬度及含污染物油润滑条件下的耐磨性比快速镍镀层分别提高了60％和30％，其磨损机理在低载下以磨粒磨损为主，在高载下以粘着磨损为主。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).