电沉积Ni—PSZ复合镀层摩擦磨损行为的研究

用沉降法在ＧＣｒ１８钢球表面制备了电沉积Ｎｉ－ＰＳＺ复合镀层，并且对镀层的摩擦磨损性能进行了试验研究，用描述电子显微镜对其磨损表面进行了观察与分析，同时还就镀层的磨损２机理作了探讨。结果表明：随着ＰＳＺ含量的增大，镀层的耐磨性提高，摩擦因数降低，但当镀层所含ＰＳＺ的体积分数达到３８．５％时，其耐磨性急剧降低；热处理能改善镀层的耐磨性，而且热处理温度愈高，耐磨性愈好，但对摩擦性能的影响甚微；随着环境     

化学镀Ni-P-PTFE镀层的摩擦学性能研究

本文以CuSO_4作为镀液稳定剂、氟碳表面活性剂作为分散剂制备了Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层,并且考察了热处理温度对镀层的摩擦磨损行为、硬度、相组成和微结构的影响。结果表明,200℃热处理对镀层的硬度、微结构及耐磨性都没有明显的影响,300—400℃热处理之镀层的硬度和耐磨性均明显提高,当热处理温度为360℃时,镀层产生明显的晶化,400℃热处理的镀层具有最高硬度、最低摩擦系数和最佳耐磨性。     

电刷镀镍纳米镀层的结构和磨损性能

应用电刷镀技术,以快速镍镀液制备了镍纳米镀层;用X射线衍射仪和原子力显微镜分析了经不同温度下热处理后的镍刷镀层的结构和晶粒尺寸,并测定了刷镀层的显微硬度和耐磨性能.结果表明:镀层的晶粒大小随热处理温度的升高先降低而后增大,经300 ℃热处理后的镍纳米镀层的晶粒尺寸小于30 nm;镍镀层在300 ℃左右热处理时表现出较明显的强化趋势,相应镀层的晶粒尺寸最小、硬度最大;而镀层的耐磨性随热处理温度的变化与镀层的硬度略有不同,经200 ℃热处理后的镍镀层的耐磨性能最好.     

冷阴极离子镀TiN薄膜的空蚀磨损特性研究

采用自制磁致伸缩式空蚀磨损试验机考察了冷阴极离子镀TiN薄膜的空蚀磨损性能，分析了TiN镀层的空蚀磨损过程及机理，探讨了TiN镀层硬度和厚度对其空蚀磨损性能的影响．结果表明：TiN镀层具有优异的抗空蚀磨损性能；其空蚀磨损过程可以划分为孕育、镀层磨损、混合磨损及基体磨损等4个阶段；空蚀磨损从软质点开始，软质点剥落形成凹坑，凹坑边缘发生剥落或断裂；TiN镀层的抗空蚀磨损性能随其硬度和厚度增加而提高．     

Mg—PSZ陶瓷在不同环境温下的摩擦磨损行为与机制研究

研究了氧化镁部分稳定氧化锆陶瓷（Ｍｇ－ＰＳＺ）在不同环境温度下的摩擦磨损行为与机制。结果表明：室温时,Ｍｇ－ＰＳＺ陶瓷的磨损机制主要是微观犁削和微观断裂,温度为２００℃时陶瓷磨损表面形成的针（轴）状磨损呈现“滚动轴承”效应,表现出最低的摩擦系数和磨损率;随着温度的进一步升高磨损率增大;４００℃以上可使偶件的磨损率急剧上升,其磨损机制则转变为脆性断裂和晶粒剥落。     

新型Ni－Fe－W－S合金刷镀层耐磨性的研究

镀铬是用于提高材料常温耐磨性的有效方法。但是，铬镀层在摩擦温升的作用下，其硬度和耐磨性却都下降，而且镀铬还会污染环境和对人体造成损害．为了克服铬镀层和镀铬工艺的这些缺点，研究了一种新型的Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ－Ｗ－Ｓ合金刷镀层，摩擦磨损试验结果表明，在于摩擦时于高速（７１ｍ／ｍｉｎ）和重载（８０Ｎ）条件下，这种合金刷镀层的耐磨性能明显地比铬镀层的好，磨痕形貌的扫描电子显微镜观察发现，前者发生的是应变疲劳磨损，而后者已经发生了严重的粘着磨损．同时，通过对高速重载干摩擦条件下平均温度和闪温的计算，并且利用Ｘ射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜等对磨损前后镀层的相结构及显微组织的分析，探讨了Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ－Ｗ－Ｓ合金刷镀层在如此苛刻条件下具有较高硬度和良好耐磨性能的机理，指出这是在摩擦热的作用下合金刷镀层中部分非晶向晶态转化前发生微观结构畸变并形成了更多硬质相的结果．     

酚醛塑料化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的显微结构与摩擦磨损性能

用化学镀方法在酚醛塑料基底上沉积了Ni-P合金镀层,采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法研究了反应温度(80～95℃)对Ni-P合金镀层的相组成和显微结构的影响,采用激光弯曲法和显微硬度仪测试镀层内应力和显微硬度,采用M-2000摩擦磨损仪测试Ni-P合金镀层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了磨损机理.研究结果表明:随着反应温度升高,Ni-P合金镀层中磷含量降低,镀层由非晶→非晶+纳米晶→纳米晶转变,晶粒长大,镀层表面粗糙度和硬度增大,镀层内部应力由压应力转变为拉应力,并且拉应力逐渐增大.在酚醛塑料基体上的化学镀Ni-P合金镀层能明显地提高其耐磨性.镀层的耐磨性与其硬度不是完全的正相关,耐磨性不仅与硬度有关还与内部应力、显微结构等因素有关,反应温度为92℃的Ni-P合金镀层耐磨性最高.Ni-P合金镀层的磨损机制主要发生了轻微黏着磨损→严重黏着磨损→脆性脱落的转变.     

n-ZrO2/Ni复合电刷镀层的微动磨损行为

利用电刷镀技术制备n-ZrO2/Ni复合镀层,研究复合镀层与GCr15配副从室温到500 ℃的微动磨损行为,探讨了复合镀层的微动磨损机理.结果表明:随着试验温度升高,由于磨损表面发生摩擦氧化反应,形成具有固体润滑作用的氧化物保护层,使得其摩擦系数逐渐降低,当试验温度为500 ℃时,氧化物保护层大面积脱落导致摩擦系数上升;复合电刷镀层的显微硬度随温度升高而显著下降,导致其抗磨损性能降低;复合电刷镀层在室温下的微动磨损失效机理主要以剥层磨损为主,在200 ℃以上主要为剥层磨损,并伴有一定程度的粘着磨损.     

Ni—P—BNw化学复合镀层的组织与耐磨性

将ＴＮＴ炸药爆炸石墨型六方氮化硼转化成的纤锌矿型密排六方氮化硼（ＢＮｗ）微粉与Ｎｉ－Ｐ合金液相共沉积制备了Ｎｉ－Ｐ－ＢＮｗ化学复合镀层．研究结果表明，Ｎｉ－Ｐ－ＢＮｗ化学复合镀层具有比Ｎｉ－Ｐ化学镀层更小的胞状组织，ＢＮｗ微粒未改变Ｎｉ－Ｐ的非晶态特征，但却降低了它的晶化温度，明显地提高了它的硬度和耐磨性，Ｎｉ－Ｐ－ＢＮｗ复合镀层的磨损失效形式为磨粒磨损．     

退火处理对Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层的结构、硬度和摩擦学性能的影响

采用电刷镀技术,以Ni-Cr镀液制备了Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层并对其进行了退火处理;采用X射线衍射仪,扫描电子显微镜,能量色散谱仪分析了不同温度下退火处理的Ni-Cr纳米镀层的形貌以及结构;分别利用MH-5-VM型显微硬度计和CSM摩擦试验机测定了刷镀层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:镀层晶粒的大小均为纳米级,随温度变化不大,介于10~20 nm之间,在500℃以下,Cr以固溶体形式存在于Ni的晶格中,500℃以上Cr从Ni的晶格中析出;镀层的耐磨性随退火温度的变化与镀层的硬度随温度的变化大致相同:Ni-Cr刷镀层在400℃退火处理时,硬度最大,磨损率最小.     

大学物理《力学》中的自由度分析

对《力学》中的物体自由度进行多方面分析,以深化教学、提高学生正 确分析物理问题的能力.使用实际教学分析的研究方法,在《力学》范围内讨论自由度与坐标、 自由与约束的关系并得以下结论: (1) 同一物体的自由度随其所在的``空间'不同而不同, 不因坐标系的选取不同而 异, 在同类参考系中不因参考系的动静而有别;(2)自由度遵循叠加原理. 讨论了质点系的总自由度及相关计算问题,并指出研究《力学》中自由度的意义.     

Development and design of new methods of measurement of state of strain of structures

The present paper deals with development and design of new methods utilizing Wiedemann's effect for determination of state of strain in building structures. Wiedemann's effect and some features of torsional strain of magnetic field are the basis of new experimental method. Especially the point electromagnetic strain gages using the effect of pure torsion of electromagnetic field to enable universal examination. For strain-gage measurements, almost all physical quantities are used which can be related to the variation in length of the structures. From the electric strain measurements, the most commonly used methods are the measurements by resonance-wire strain gages or by electric-resistance strain gages. In this paper, electromagnetic strain gages are discussed using the Wiedemann effect, and the author describes some new measuring equipment and his own suggestions and methods based on an application of this effect.     

Calculation of aerodynamic characteristics of arrays of profiles of arbitrary shape

It is well known that the problem on nonseparating potential flow of an incompressible fluid about an array of profiles reduces to an integral equation for a certain real function, determined on the contours of the profiles of the array. As such a function one can take, as was done, for instance, in [1–5], the relative velocity of the fluid on the profiles of the array. For arrays of profiles of arbitrary shape it is necessary to solve the corresponding integral equation numerically. In the particular examples of the calculation of aerodynamic arrays that are available [1–3] the numerical methods used were based on the approximate evaluation of contour integrals by rectangle formulas. As investigations showed, sizeable errors arose thereby in the approximate solution obtained, these being especially significant in the case of curved profiles of relatively small bulk. In the present paper a method for the numerical solution of the integral equation obtained in [5] is proposed. The method is based on the replacement of a profile of the array with an inscribed N polygon, the length of whose sides is of the order N^–1 and whose internal angles are close to . Convergence with increasing N of the numerical solution to an exact solution of the integral equations at the reference points is demonstrated. Examples of the calculation are given.Novosibirsk. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 105–112, March–April, 1972.     

Method of constructing estimates of the solution of equations of filtration of an aerated liquid

The exact solutions of the nonlinear equations of filtration of an aerated liquid have been obtained in [1–3]. In [4] the system of equations of an aerated liquid have been reduced to the heat-conduction equation under certain assumptions. An approximate method of computing the nonsteady flow of an aerated liquid is given in [5], where the real flow pattern is replaced by a computational scheme of successive change of stationary states. In [6] the same problem is solved by the method of averaging. In the present article estimates of the solution of the equations for nonstationary filtration of an aerated liquid in one-dimensional layer are constructed under certain conditions imposed on the desired functions. These estimates can be used as approximate solutions with known error or for the verification of the accuracy of different approximate methods. We note that the use of comparison theorem for the estimate of solutions of equations of nonlinear filtration is discussed in [7–9]. The methods of constructing estimates of solutions of various problems of heat conduction are given in [10, 11]