A CONSOLIDATION MODEL OF GROUP WELLS ON COMPOSITE FOUNDATION1)

针对复合地基固结问题,考虑井阻和土体径竖向渗流的影响,建立 以"桩-土-桩"为单元的复合地基群井计算模型,采用解析解法,推导出瞬时载荷作用下复合地基群井固结解析解,讨论了复合地基固结特点和孔压等的变化规律。研究表明,复合地基群井固结模型为复合地基固结理论的研究提供了一种新思路,在井径比大于5 时,基于中心桩、边桩流量相等假设,复合地基群井固结理论所求固结度和传统固结理论所求固结度相差很小,可忽略不计;桩体渗透系数、内外扰动区土体径向渗透系数、土体竖向渗透系数越大,复合地基固结速率越快;堆载越大,最终达到稳定时的沉降量和竖向应变越大;地基表层土体的孔压消散速率和竖向应变速率大于地基深部土体。     

Numerical analysis of one-dimensional nonlinear large-strain consolidation by the finite element method

The nonlinear partial differential equation model of Gibson et al. which governs one-dimensional large-strain consolidation is solved numerically using a semi-discrete formulation involving a Galerkin weighted residual approach. The use of quadratic Lagrange basis functions usually complicates the task of solving the system of time-dependent ordinary differential equations that are obtained with the semi-discrete Galerkin procedure. However, an efficient algorithm has been discovered yielding the advantages of quadratic interpolation without undue computational burden.Although considerable effort has already been made to solve the PDE of large-strain consolidation by numerical methods, a satisfactory set of benchmarks is still needed to assess accuracy. To fill this need, three procedures are reported which allow numerical solutions of the large-strain model to be reliably evaluated. One involves the use of perturbation methodology to provide a solution when only self-weight effects are present. A second utilizes an analytical solution developed by Philip when self-weight effects are absent and the third involves the exact calculation of the discharge flux through the upper boundary of a deposit consolidating through self-weight effects alone. All three are restricted to early-time consolidation and are illustrated in the context of the finite element method.     

排水固结法加固软基变形简化计算分析

插板和砂井堆载预压是处理软基有效方法之一,现有的沉降变形计算方法大部分采用轴对称理论的解析解和以太 沙基或比奥固结理论为基础的数值解,仍较为复杂。根据软基排水固结机理,采用固结度等效原理,对渗透系数进行调整,把 砂井(插板)地基简化为均质成层地基。运用有限元对某软土路基处理工程进行简化计算,并和监测结果进行对比分析,对简 化计算方法进行验证。发现具有较好的准确性,为实际软基处理工程的沉降变形分析提供了一种简单实用的方法。     

BIOT’S CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS FOR CYLINDRICAL SOIL-SAMPLE BASED ON HANSBO’S FLOW1)

诸多黏性土渗流试验表明,在低水力梯度下渗流会出现明显偏离Darcy定律的现象. 为了分析渗流的非Darcy特性对固结过程 的影响,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述圆柱土样内的渗流,重新推导轴对称条件下的Biot固结方程,并给出方程的Crank--Nicolson有限 差分格式. 通过与Darcy渗流条件下轴对称Biot固结方程解析解的对比,验证计算方法的有效性. 然后分析Hansbo模型参数对圆柱 土样固结过程的影响. 计算结果表明：与Darcy渗流相比,Hansbo渗流会延缓圆柱土样的固结过程. 随着Hansbo渗流参数m或I¹的增大,在固结前期,Mandel--Cryer效应会更加显著,即孔隙水压力峰值将提高,且达到该峰值的时间 会延迟;在固结中后期,孔压消散滞后的现象也更加明显. 不过,Hansbo渗流对位移的影响很小.     

考虑桩体内径向渗流的复合地基固结解

考虑了桩体内径竖向组合渗流和涂抹区土体水平渗透系数的两种变化模式,得到了此类固结问题的控制方程.采用新的初始条件,得到了控制方程的解答,给出了桩周土体和桩体内的平均孔压.在此基础上,把桩体的固结压缩引人对复合地基总平均固结度的定义中,分别给出了复合地基按应力和按应变定义的总平均固结度.结果表明:按应力和按应变定义的复合地基的总平均固结度相等;考虑桩体内径向渗流比不考虑桩体内径向渗流的复合地基固结度要小,而且随着桩间距的增大,两者之间的差值逐渐减小;考虑涂抹区水平渗透系数逐渐变化比假定涂抹区水平渗透系数保持不变的复合地基的总平均固结度大.     

A new analytical solution to axisymmetric Blot''s consolidation of a finite soil layer

A new analytical method is presented to study the axisymmetric Blot's consolidation of a finite soil layer. Starting from the governing equations of axisymmetric Blot's consolidation, and based on the property of Laplace transform, the relation of basic variables for a point of a finite soil layer is established between the ground surface (z= 0) and the depth z in the Laplace and Hankel transform domains. Combined with the boundary conditions of the finite soil layer, the analytical solution of any point in the transform domain can be obtained. The actual solution in the physical domain can be obtained by inverse Laplace and Hankel transforms. A numerical analysis for the axisymmetric consolidation of a finite soil layer is carried out.     

饱和土地基的非轴对称固结

固结问题是土力学的基础课题之一，现有的研究主要针对饱和土的平面固结和轴对称固结问题。本文应用Fourier展开、Laplace变换和Hankel变换求解了各向同性饱和土的Blot固结方程；讨论了半空间各向同性饱和土的非轴对称固结。借助数值计算，本文的方法可以用于分析各向同性饱和土的非轴对称固结问题。     

Semi-Analytic Axisymmetric Pressure Distribution in a Consolidating Porous Medium

A semi-analytic solution of the consolidation problem in a finite hollow axisymmetric elastic porous medium is given. According to Biot's theory, we have rigorously derived the consolidation equations and demonstrated that in the axisymmetric problems, the pore pressure diffusion equation can be uncoupled. In the problem of infinite domain, the uncoupled pressure diffusion equation is homogeneous and only the diffusion coefficient is changed. In the problem of finite domain, the uncoupled pressure diffusion equation is nonhomogeneous. In fact, it is a linear differential-integral equation. We solve it by the variables separation method in the time domain.     

Law of nonlinear flow in saturated clays and radial consolidation

It was derived that micro-scale amount level of average pore radius of clay changed from 0.01 to 0.1 micron by an equivalent concept of flow in porous media.There is good agreement between the derived results and test ones.Results of experiments show that flow in micro-scale pore of saturated clays follows law of nonlinear flow.Theoretical analyses demonstrate that an interaction of solid-liquid interfaces varies inversely with permeability or porous radius.The interaction is an important reason why nonlinear flow in saturated clays occurs.An exact mathematical model was presented for nonlinear flow in micro-scaie pore of saturated clays.Dimension and physical meanings of parameters of it are definite.A new law of nonlinear flow in saturated clays was established.It can describe characteristics of flow curve of the whole process of the nonlinear flow from low hydraulic gradient to high one.Darcy law is a special case of the new law.A math- ematical model was presented for consolidation of nonlinear flow in radius direction in saturated clays with constant rate based on the new law of nonlinear flow.Equations of average mass conservation and moving boundary,and formula of excess pore pressure distribution and average degree of consolidation for nonlinear flow in saturated clay were derived by using an idea of viscous boundary layer,a method of steady state in stead of transient state and a method of integral of an equation.Laws of excess pore pressure distribution and changes of average degree of consolidation with time were obtained.Re- suits show that velocity of moving boundary decreases because of the nonlinear flow in saturated clay.The results can provide geology engineering and geotechnical engineering of saturated clay with new scientific bases.Calculations of average degree of consolidation of the Darcy flow are a special case of that of the nonlinear flow.     

A new analytical solution to axisymmetric Biot＇s consolidation of a finite soil layer

A new analytical method is presented to study the axisymmetric Biot＇s consolidation of a finite soil layer. Starting from the governing equations of axisymmetric Blot＇s consolidation, and based on the property of Laplace transform, the relation of basic variables for a point of a finite soil layer is established between the ground surface （z= 0） and the depth z in the Laplace and Hankel transform domains. Combined with the boundary conditions of the finite soil layer, the analytical solution of any point in the transform domain can be obtained. The actual solution in the physical domain can be obtained by inverse Laplace and Hankel transforms. A numerical analysis for the axisymmetric consolidation of a finite soil layer is carried out.     

Finite element analysis for consolidation in interaction between structure and saturated soil foundation

The consolidation analysis of interaction between structure and saturated soil foundation is discussed. With the use of substructure technique, the structure is condensed onto the interface of the soil, and then the consolidation governing equations to describe the interaction between soil and structure are derived, The solution with non-iterative algorithm is proposed in this paper. The pressure Master-Slave relation method is used to deal with the non-permeability conditions on soil boundaries. A numerical example is illustrated. Based on this paper, the interactive consolidation analysis between large structure and soil has been more practical.     

Buoyant Flow with Viscous Heating in a Vertical Circular Duct Filled with a Porous Medium

Combined, forced, and free flow in a vertical circular duct filled with a porous medium is investigated according to the Darcy–Boussinesq model. The effect of viscous dissipation is taken into account. It is shown that a thermal boundary condition compatible with fully developed and axisymmetric flow is either a linearly varying wall temperature in the axial direction or, only in the case of uniform velocity profile, an axial linear-exponential wall temperature change. The case of a linearly varying wall temperature corresponds to a uniform wall heat flux and includes the uniform wall temperature as a special case. A general analytical solution procedure is performed, by expressing the seepage velocity profile as a power series with respect to the radial coordinate. It is shown that, for a fixed thermal boundary condition, i.e., for a prescribed slope of the wall temperature, and for a given flow rate, there exist two solutions of the governing balance equations provided that the flow rate is lower than a maximum value. When the maximum value is reached, the dual solutions coincide. When the flow rate is higher than its maximum, no axisymmetric solutions exist. E. Magyari is on leave from the Institute of Building Technology, ETH—Zürich.     

强夯作用下成层地基的表面接触应力分布特征

结合夯锤的刚体运动方程和成层弹性地基空间轴对称动力问题的传递矩阵法,导出了强穷的接触应力沿锤底的应力分布在变换域中的解析式,通过Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ－Ｈａｎｋｅｌ联合反交换求得了接触应力分布及沉降的时域解,确定了接触应力时间,并将数值结果与现场测试规律作了比较,结果表明：本文方法较好地解决了夯锤冲击成层地基的接触应力分布特征,为确定强夯的表面接触应力提供了帮助．     

考虑在地基固结和流变的上部结构和地基基础的共同作用问题

本文提出一种能同时考虑地基的瞬时变形,团结变形和流变的地基基础与上部结构共同作用的一种新的计算方法,在这种方法中,土的计算考虑了Biot固结理论和流变,上部结构利用子结构法进行凝聚可得边界刚度矩阵和边界力,利用位移协讯条件则可以得到共同作用的控制方程,对上述方程进行Laplace变换,可以得到Laplace变换域内的控制方程,在Laplace变换域内对上述方程进行数值求解并进行相应的Laplace逆变换则可以得到时间境内任意时刻的解。     

Combined forced and free convection in an axisymmetric stagnation flow on a vertical non-isothermal cylinder

Boundary layer solutions are presented to study the effects of buoyancy on forced convection in an axisymmetric stagnation flow over a vertical cylinder with arbitrary surface heat flux variations. Numerical solutions are given for the governing momentum and energy equations. Two flow regions, namely, the buoyancy-assisted and buoyancy-opposed cases are analyzed. It is observed that the wall shear stress and surface heat transfer rate increase or decrease with the buoyancy force parameter depending upon the flow regime being buoyancy-assisted or buoyancy-opposed.     

ONE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR CONSOLIDATION THEORY FOR SOFT GROUND WITH CONSIDERATION OF SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION1)

将软黏土变形分为有效应力变化引起的变形和次固结引起的变形,推导了软土新型应力应变关系。然后结合Davis固结理论,建立了考虑次固结的一维非线性固结控制方程,并对其进行解析求解。通过与数值方法对比,验证了解析解的可靠性。在此基础上,分析了次固结对软土地基固结沉降的影响。结果表明：考虑次固结的孔压消散速度与固结速度较不考虑次固结的慢;忽略次固结将低估软黏土地基的工后沉降。     

循环荷载作用下考虑Hansbo渗流的饱和黏土固结分析

针对传统一维Terzaghi固结理论的局限性,本文引入了考虑时间效应的UH (unified hardening)本构模型,将Hansbo渗流模型耦合到UH本构模型固结方程中,建立了几种典型循环荷载作用下基于UH模型和考虑Hansbo渗流模型的固结方程。采用FlexPDE软件进行了数值分析,将计算结果与已有文献结果对比,验证了该算法的可靠性。在此基础上,研究了饱和黏土在几种典型循环荷载作用下的渗流固结特性,分析了各模型参数对饱和黏土固结特性的影响。结果表明:在循环荷载作用下,地基的平均固结度、沉降量等始终处于循环状态;Hansbo渗流模型参数对平均固结度的影响相对于Darcy渗流参数影响程度较大,其中UH模型中次固结系数对固结过程影响程度较大。另外,Hansbo渗流参数及土的回弹指数和渗透指数等对固结过程的影响主要体现在中期,固结过程后期将处于稳定循环状态。     

解析法求解成层渗透各向异性地基Biot固结轴对称问题

采用解析法研究成层渗透各向异性地基,该法从渗透各向异性Ｂｉｏｔ固结轴对称问题的基本方程（静力平衡方程,物理方程及渗透连续方程）出发,利用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ～Ｈａｎｋｅｌ变换及有关矩阵理论等,得到Ｂｉｏｔ固结基本量不同深度之间的传递矩阵。利用传递矩阵,边界条件以及Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ～Ｈａｎｋａｌ逆变换技术可求解多层渗透各向异性地基体系,采用更为有效的Ｆ．Ｄｕｒｂｉｎ的方法实现Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ逆变换。编制了计算     

A new BEM formulation for transient axisymmetric poroelasticity via particular integrals

A simple particular integral formulation is presented for the first time in a purely axisymmetric poroelastic analysis. The axisymmetric elastostatic and steady-state potential flow equations are used as the complementary solution. The particular integrals for displacement, traction, pore pressure and flux are derived by integrating three-dimensional formulation along the circumferential direction leading to elliptic integrals.Numerical results for three axisymmetric problems of soil consolidation are given and compared with their analytical solutions to demonstrate the accuracy of the present formulation. Generally, agreement among all of those results is satisfactory if one uses a few interior points, in addition to the regular boundary points.     

直排式真空预压法加固软土地基的试验与研究

目前常规真空预压法加固软土是通过设置真空管网、水平向排水砂垫层和竖向排水体共同完成。为节省砂源和经费,设计了直排式真空预压法,它是对常规真空预压法的技术改进和创新。本文通过对直排式真空预压与常规真空预压现场试验区的监测与检测数据对比分析得出：直排式真空预压大幅度提高了真空预压的能效,即直排式真空预压在排水板不同深度内的真空压力比常规真空预压高出10％～50％,且深度越深效果越显著; 直排式真空预压的沉降速率比常规真空预压提高约30%,直排式真空预压比常规真空预压平均总沉降量提高493%,缩短了预压时间; 同时直排式真空预压法所加固的土体,其各项物理力学指标均好于常规的真空预压法,且不需中粗砂垫层,节省了材料,降低了工程造价。