The discrete heat source approach to dust cloud combustion

In the present paper, combustion of dust clouds from the discrete point heat source method has been addressed. Time-place temperature profile generated by single particle burning has been obtained to study the dust combustion. The summation of the temperature profiles of burned and burning particles predict the temperature in the preheating zone so that the ignition time of layer in flame front can be determined. Consequently the flame propagating speed was obtained based on the dust concentration corresponding to particles spacing and particle diameter. This method has been validated with aluminum dust cloud combustion. Decrease in the dust concentration leads to the lean limit of dust combustion. Increase in particles diameter or reduction in the dust concentration causes higher lean limit and also reduction in the flame propagating speed. Adding the ignition energy as igniter to this system, provides the path to study the effects of ignition energy in the dust combustion.     

Spherical combustion clouds in explosions

This study explores the properties of spherical combustion clouds in explosions. Two cases are investigated: (1) detonation of a TNT charge and combustion of its detonation products with air, and (2) shock dispersion of aluminum powder and its combustion with air. The evolution of the blast wave and ensuing combustion cloud dynamics are studied via numerical simulations with our adaptive mesh refinement combustion code. The code solves the multi-phase conservation laws for a dilute heterogeneous continuum as formulated by Nigmatulin. Single-phase combustion (e.g., TNT with air) is modeled in the fast-chemistry limit. Two-phase combustion (e.g., Al powder with air) uses an induction time model based on Arrhenius fits to Boiko’s shock tube data, along with an ignition temperature criterion based on fits to Gurevich’s data, and an ignition probability model that accounts for multi-particle effects on cloud ignition. Equations of state are based on polynomial fits to thermodynamic calculations with the Cheetah code, assuming frozen reactants and equilibrium products. Adaptive mesh refinement is used to resolve thin reaction zones and capture the energy-bearing scales of turbulence on the computational mesh (ILES approach). Taking advantage of the symmetry of the problem, azimuthal averaging was used to extract the mean and rms fluctuations from the numerical solution, including: thermodynamic profiles, kinematic profiles, and reaction-zone profiles across the combustion cloud. Fuel consumption was limited to $\sim $ 60–70 %, due to the limited amount of air a spherical combustion cloud can entrain before the turbulent velocity field decays away. Turbulent kinetic energy spectra of the solution were found to have both rotational and dilatational components, due to compressibility effects. The dilatational component was typically about 1 % of the rotational component; both seemed to preserve their spectra as they decayed. Kinetic energy of the blast wave decayed due to the pressure field. Turbulent kinetic energy of the combustion cloud decayed due to enstrophy $\overline{\omega ^{2}} $ and dilatation $\overline{\Delta ^{2}} $ .     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

粉尘火焰加速现象的实验研究

粉尘火焰的发生、加速及由爆燃向爆轰转捩的机理是个至今尚未弄清的问题。需要解决的技术关键之一是在实验室实现弱点火条件下的粉尘火焰加速直至达到爆轰状态。着手发展了一种球形喷粉扬尘装置，令产生的扬尘湍流在水平实验管中形成空间均匀分布和维持秒级悬浮的粉尘云状态。采用以上扬尘装置的水平实验管，在６ｇ黑火药的六点平面点火条件下获得了微细铝粉火焰经５ｍ长的传播过程加速至１０００ｍ／ｓ的实验结果。给出了扬尘湍流强度、粉尘粒度与浓度、点火能量及方式等因素对粉尘火焰加速过程中所起作用，及变截面效应（由小变大）对粉尘火焰减速的影响。     

Experimental study of syngas combustion at engine-like conditions in a rapid compression machine

As the world energy demand and environmental concern continue to grow, syngas is expected to play an important role in future energy production. It represents a viable energy source, particularly for stationary power generation, since it allows for a wide flexibility in fossil fuel sources, and since most of the harmful contaminants and pollutants can be removed in the post-gasification process prior to combustion. In this work, two typical mixtures of H₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂ have been considered as representative of the producer gas coming from wood gasification, and its turbulent combustion at engine-like conditions is made in a rapid compression machine in order to improve current knowledge and provide reference data for modeling and simulation of internal combustion engines. Methane as main constituent of the natural gas is used as reference fuel for comparison reasons. Single compression and compression- expansion events were performed as well direct light visualizations from chemiluminescence emission. There is an opposite behavior of the in-cylinder pressure between single compression and compression-expansion strokes. For single compression, peak pressure decreases as the ignition delay increases. In opposite, for compression-expansion the peak pressure increases as the ignition delay increases. This opposite behavior has to do with the combustion duration under constant volume conditions. Conclusion can be drawn that higher pressures are obtained with methane-air mixture in comparison to both typical syngas compositions. These results could be endorsed to the heat of reaction of the fuels, air to fuel ratio and burning velocity. Another major finding is that syngas typical compositions are characterized by high ignition timings due to its low burning velocities. This could compromise the use of typical syngas compositions on high rotation speed engines.     

点火延迟时间对铝粉爆炸特性参数的影响

为了研究装置点火延迟时间对不同浓度粉尘爆炸压力和压力上升速率的影响,以铝粉为介质在5L圆柱形爆炸装置中进行系列爆炸实验。结果表明:装置点火延迟时间对铝粉爆炸压力和压力上升速率有十分显著的影响,且存在一个最佳点火延迟时间,此时最大爆炸压力最大;随着铝粉浓度的增加,最佳点火延迟时间先增加后保持不变。最佳点火延迟时间下的最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率明显高于点火延迟时间固定为60s时的。相对粉尘不同浓度均采用固定点火延迟时间,不同浓度时采用最佳点火延迟时间,所测得的粉尘最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率明显符合实际。     

锆金属粉尘云的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形爆炸实验系统对锆粉尘云的爆炸特性开展了实验研究,分别分析了初始点火能量、点火延迟时间、粉尘云浓度3种因素对锆粉尘云爆炸强度的影响,揭示了锆粉尘云在密闭容器中的爆炸特性。在本实验条件下,结果表明:初始点火能量对锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力有显著影响,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力随初始点火能量的增大而增大;随点火延迟时间的增加,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳点火延迟时间;随粉尘云浓度的增大,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳锆粉尘云浓度,得到锆粉尘云的爆炸下限为18~20 g/m3。     

再生式喷雾燃烧过程中着火延迟期的影响特性

对液体药火炮中的再生式喷雾燃烧过程进行了大量的实验研究，发现了着火延迟期对再生式喷雾燃烧过程的重要影响。建立了反映着火后燃烧室内压力状态与着火延迟期间各参量之间关系的分析模型；结果表明，随着着火延迟期的延长，延迟期间液体药堆积量不断增加，进而导致着火后压力升高率急剧增大。运用零维数学模型对整个再生喷雾燃烧过程进行了模拟，模拟结果进一步证实了分析模型结论，较好地再现了正常燃烧过程和非正常燃烧过程的基本特征，阐明了着火延迟期对再生喷雾燃烧过程影响的物理本质。     

Experimental and numerical studies on the burning of aluminum micro and nanoparticle clouds in air

An experimental study has been conducted to determine flame propagation velocities in clouds of micro- (4.8 μm) and nano- (187 nm) aluminum particles in air at various concentrations. The experimental results show faster flame propagation in nanoparticle cloud with respect to the case of microparticles. Maximum flame temperature has been measured using a high-resolution spectrometer operating in the visible range. Analysis of combustion residual shows that nanoparticles combustion is realized via the gas-phase mechanism. A three-stage particle combustion model has been proposed based on these observations. Model parameters have been fitted to match the experimental results on the flame velocity and maximum temperature. Particle burning time is estimated from the flame simulations.     

点火能量对粉尘爆炸行为的影响

为防控工业粉尘爆炸和完善粉尘爆炸测试方法,在Siwek20L球形爆炸测试系统内,实验研究了 不同点火能量下高、低挥发性粉尘的爆炸行为。对粉尘爆炸猛度(最大爆炸压力、最大升压速率和燃烧持续时 间)、敏感度(爆炸下限)及惰性介质的抑爆效力随点火能量的变化规律进行了重点探讨。结果表明,增加点火 能量能提高粉尘云爆炸能量和燃烧速率,低挥发性粉尘爆炸行为受点火能量的影响更显著。低挥发性粉尘在 低质量浓度下无法被低点火能量充分引燃,爆炸不良效应显著;随着粉尘质量浓度的增加,爆炸不良效应不 断减弱直至消失。低挥发性粉尘爆炸下限随点火能量增加急剧下降,而高挥发性粉尘爆炸下限受点火能量影 响较小。惰性介质抑爆效力随点火能量增加而下降。建议采用5~10kJ点火能量考察低挥发性粉尘爆炸下 限及惰性介质对粉尘爆炸的抑制效力。研究结果有助于理解粉尘爆炸规律、完善测试方法和安全设计。     

20L近球形容器中微米级铝粉的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形粉尘爆炸实验系统,探究微米级铝粉在不同点火延迟时间、粉尘粒径及粉尘浓度下的爆炸特性规律。结果表明:当点火延迟时间在20~120 ms范围内,铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率先增大后减小,随铝粉粒径增大,最佳点火延迟时间增大;在任一点火延迟时间下,粒径大于8.12 μm的铝粉最大爆炸压力随粉尘粒径的减小呈增大的变化趋势;粒径大于8.12 μm的铝粉,在80~440 g/m3粉尘浓度范围内,铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率先增大后减小,且铝粉粒径越小,对应的最猛烈爆炸粉尘浓度越低。     

RDX基含铝炸药爆轰波结构实验研究

为了获得含铝炸药爆轰反应区附近铝粉的反应情况,对两种RDX/Al炸药和一种RDX/LiF炸药的爆轰波结构进行了测量。实验过程中,利用火炮加载产生一维平面波,通过光子多普勒测速仪测量炸药/LiF窗口的界面粒子速度。结果表明:含铝炸药爆轰波的结构与理想炸药的差异较大,其界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点;反应初期,由于气相产物与添加物之间温度的非平衡性,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度低于RDX/LiF炸药的;随后,由于铝粉反应放能,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度高于RDX/LiF炸药的;微米尺度铝粉在CJ面前几乎不发生反应;2、10 μm等两种粒度铝粉的反应延滞时间小于0.8 μs;在本文中,两种粒度铝粉的反应度为16%~31%。     

基于光学诊断的某新型含铝推进剂燃烧特性分析

为探究某新型含铝固体推进剂燃烧特性和规律，在模拟固体发动机的高压条件下，采用可调功率激光器结合高速摄影、发射光谱等光学诊断技术对该新型含铝固体推进剂开展了系统的点火及燃烧过程研究。通过对该推进剂的点火延迟、退移速率、燃烧温度以及团聚物颗粒尺寸的定量测量和分析，明确了该推进剂的点火延迟量级；证实此推进剂的退移速率严格遵循Summerfield燃速公式；判断出其最高燃烧温度高于3 300 K，且随压力增大而升高；通过对燃烧过程中发光凝聚相产物面积的量化分析得出推进剂产物中团聚物粒径尺寸受环境参数的影响规律。     

多元混合PBX炸药冲击起爆的多元Duan-Zhang-Kim反应速率模型研究

提出了多元混合PBX炸药孔隙塌缩热点模型新的处理方法，构建了新的细观反应速率模型，系列数值模拟结果与实验结果均一致，表明该细观反应速率模型可较好地描述和预测炸药组分配比及颗粒度对多元混合PBX炸药冲击起爆过程的影响。PBX炸药冲击起爆过程主要受热点点火过程和燃烧反应过程共同作用:HMX占主导成分的PBXC03炸药，起爆压力低，冲击起爆过程受热点点火影响较明显，热点点火后的燃烧反应速度较快，表现为加速反应特性；TATB占主导成分的钝感PBXC10炸药，起爆压力高，冲击起爆过程主要受点火后的燃烧反应过程控制，且点火后燃烧反应速度较慢，表现为稳定反应特性。     

Numerical Simulation of Delft-Jet-in-Hot-Coflow (DJHC) Flames Using the Eddy Dissipation Concept Model for Turbulence–Chemistry Interaction

In this paper, we report results of a numerical investigation of turbulent natural gas combustion for a jet in a coflow of lean combustion products in the Delft-Jet-in-Hot-Coflow (DJHC) burner which emulates MILD (Moderate and Intense Low Oxygen Dilution) combustion behavior. The focus is on assessing the performance of the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) model in combination with two-equation turbulence models and chemical kinetic schemes for about 20 species (Correa mechanism and DRM19 mechanism) by comparing predictions with experimental measurements. We study two different flame conditions corresponding to two different oxygen levels (7.6% and 10.9% by mass) in the hot coflow, and for two jet Reynolds number (Re = 4,100 and Re = 8,800). The mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy predicted by different turbulence models are in good agreement with data without exhibiting large differences among the model predictions. The realizable k-ε model exhibits better performance in the prediction of entrainment. The EDC combustion model predicts too early ignition leading to a peak in the radial mean temperature profile at too low axial distance. However the model correctly predicts the experimentally observed decreasing trend of lift-off height with jet Reynolds number. A detailed analysis of the mean reaction rate of the EDC model is made and as possible cause for the deviations between model predictions and experiments a low turbulent Reynolds number effect is identified. Using modified EDC model constants prediction of too early ignition can be avoided. The results are weakly sensitive to the sub-model for laminar viscosity and laminar diffusion fluxes.     

Al/Mg波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构超高速撞击特性研究

波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构具有优异的防护性能。本文的目的是研究Al/Mg波阻抗梯度材料加强型Whipple结构在5.0 km/s撞击速度下的超高速撞击特性，以及除具有高阻抗的迎撞击面在弹丸中产生更高的冲击压力和温升外，影响波阻抗梯度材料防护性能的主要因素。本文中提出一种由铝合金表层和镁合金基底组成的面密度等效于1.5 mm厚铝合金的新型波阻抗梯度防护屏，采用二级轻气炮在5.0 km/s的撞击速度下对Al/Mg波阻抗梯度材料加强型和铝合金Whipple结构进行了初步超高速撞击对比实验，研究了超高速撞击防护屏穿孔、碎片云和后墙损伤特性。与铝合金防护结构相比，Al/Mg防护结构具有防护屏穿孔翻边更明显、后墙损伤较轻微、碎片云扩散半角大和撞击坑细化程度高4个主要特征。本文中开展了理论分析与计算，研究了冲击耦合过程、波传播特性和热力学状态等。结果表明:不受面密度影响，Al/Mg防护屏能改变冲击波在靶中的传播特征，使弹丸破碎程度更高，并且提升了防护屏中的内能转化率，具有优异的动能耗散特性。因此，与同等面密度的铝合金Whipple结构相比，Al/Mg结构具有更优异的防护性能。     

不同粒径PMMA粉尘云火焰温度特性研究

为揭示粒径分布对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（polymethyl methacrylate，PMMA）粉尘云火焰温度的影响，本文分别采用热电偶和高速比色测温法测量了开敞空间不同粒径PMMA粉尘云的火焰温度特性。结果表明:相比30 μm粉尘粒子，100 nm粉尘粒子热解/挥发速率较快，燃烧更加充分，粉尘云火焰的最高温度可达1 551℃，而30 μm粉尘云火焰最高温度仅为1 108℃；在微米尺度，随着PMMA粉尘粒径的增大，火焰最高温度和高温火焰区面积先增大后减小；20 μm粉尘粒子由于其分散性较好，裂解气化特征时间尺度与燃烧反应特征时间尺度较接近，燃烧反应充分，火焰最高温度和高温火焰区面积均最大。     

矩形管道中微米级铝粉爆炸实验

在矩形管道粉尘爆炸装置中开展系列实验,系统研究了点火延迟时间、粉尘粒度及粉尘浓度对铝粉尘爆炸过程中最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率的影响。研究结果表明:不同的点火延迟时间对铝粉尘爆炸压力有显著影响,随着点火延迟时间由小变大,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且不同粒径的铝粉尘最大爆炸压力对应有不同点火延迟时间。随铝粉粒度的减小,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率会呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律。铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率随浓度的增加均表现为先变大后减小的趋势,即铝粉浓度在特定数值时会使其爆炸威力最强。     

Shock tube studies of thermal radiation of diesel-spray combustion under a range of spray conditions

A tailored interface shock tube and an over-tailored interface shock tube were used to measure the thermal energy radiated during diesel-spray combustion of light oil, α-methylnaphthalene and cetane by changing the injection pressure. The ignition delay of methanol and the thermal radiation were also measured. Experiments were performed in a steel shock tube with a 7 m low-pressure section filled with air and a 6 m high-pressure section. Pre-compressed fuel was injected through a throttle nozzle into air behind a reflected shock wave. Monochromatic emissive power and the power emitted across all infrared wavelengths were measured with IR-detectors set along the central axis of the tube. Time-dependent radii where soot particles radiated were also determined, and the results were as follows. For diesel spray combustion with high injection pressures (from 10 to 80 MPa), the thermal radiation energy of light oil per injection increased with injection pressure from 10 to 30 MPa. The energy was about 2% of the heat of combustion of light oil at P _inj = about 30 MPa. At injection pressure above 30 MPa the thermal radiation decreased with increasing injection pressure. This profile agreed well with the combustion duration, the flame length, the maximum amount of soot in the flame, the time-integrated soot volume and the time-integrated flame volume. The ignition delay of light oil was observed to decrease monotonically with increasing fuel injection pressure. For diesel spray combustion of methanol, the thermal radiation including that due to the gas phase was 1% of the combustion heat at maximum, and usually lower than 1%. The thermal radiation due to soot was lower than 0.05% of the combustion heat. The ignition delays were larger (about 50%) than those of light oil. However, these differences were within experimental error.

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An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 18th Int. Symposium on Shock Waves at Sendai, Japan during July 21 to 26, 1991 and at the 19th Int. Symposium on Shock Waves at Marseille, France during July 26 to 30, 1993.