铝粉－空气混合物燃烧转爆轰（DDT）过程的实验研

在水平粉尘爆轰管上分别对２ｍ、５ｍ和１３ｍ三种粒径的铝粉－空气混合物进行了弱点火条件下燃烧转爆轰的实验研究。实验分别考察了粉尘浓度、颗粒尺度及扬尘方法等因素对爆轰特性（如爆轰速度、最大压力等）的影响。结果表明，２ｍ球形铝粉最大爆轰压力达７．８ＭＰａ、稳态爆速达１．９５ｋｍ／ｓ；５ｍ铝粉亦有爆轰特征，但状态较弱；１３ｍ的铝粉达不到爆轰。混合物的浓度对爆轰参数有影响，并存在最优浓度，在此浓度下，爆轰参数取得最大值，而且最优浓度的值随粉尘颗粒直径增加而增大。扬尘方法对爆轰特性有影响，预混粉尘与激波卷扬粉尘对比实验表明，其压力与速度的典型差别分别高达３００％与７４％。     

铝粉－空气混合物燃烧转爆轰（DDT）过程的实验研究

在水平粉尘爆轰管上分别对２μｍ、５μｍ和１３μｍ三种粒径的铝粉－空气混合物进行了弱点火条件下燃烧转爆轰的实验研究。实验分别考察了粉尘浓度、颗粒尺度及扬尘方法等因素对爆轰特性（如爆轰速度、最大压力等）的影响。结果表明，２μｍ球形铝粉最大爆轰压力达７．８ＭＰａ、稳态爆速达１．９５ｋｍ／ｓ；５μｍ铝粉亦有爆轰特征，但状态较弱；１３μｍ的铝粉达不到爆轰。混合物的浓度对爆轰参数有影响，并存在最优浓度，在此浓度下，爆轰参数取得最大值，而且最优浓度的值随粉尘颗粒直径增加而增大。扬尘方法对爆轰特性有影响，预混粉尘与激波卷扬粉尘对比实验表明，其压力与速度的典型差别分别高达３００％与７４％。     

大型水平爆轰管中悬浮铝粉爆炸过程的实验研究

铝粉的燃烧与爆轰性能是粉尘爆炸领域研究的热点.利用长29.6m,内径199mm,配有40套喷粉扬尘系统的水平爆轰管,在40J电火花点火条件下,实现了悬浮铝粉-空气混和物火焰加速、爆燃、爆轰及其转捩过程,测得了爆炸波传播过程中的压力信号,并且观察到了爆轰波的稳定传播现象.实验结果表明,当铝粉浓度为300 g/m3时,在距离点火端10.15m(长径比L/D=51)处发生了DDT,测得的爆轰波传播过程中管内的最大爆速为1840m/s,最大峰值超压为10.5MPa.铝粉尘爆炸波在爆轰管内的传播过程可分为爆燃段、爆燃转爆轰(DDT)、爆轰增强以及稳态爆轰四个阶段.     

气流特征对水平长管内石松子粉尘爆炸火焰结构的影响

为探索气流特征对水平长管内粉尘爆炸火焰结构的影响, 对采用加压送气传输方式形成的石松子粉尘云经静电引燃后其火焰在水平长管内的传播特性进行实验。利用热线风速仪测量不同气流条件下沿管径方向的速度分布和湍流强度分布, 采用高速摄像系统记录了火焰在水平管道内的传播过程。实验观察到, 即使管内石松子粉尘质量分数相同, 仍然会出现2种不同类型的火焰结构:一种类型火焰轮廓规则、清晰, 火焰中心为连续的黄色发光区并由红色边缘火焰包裹; 另一种类型火焰空间离散, 火焰发光区局部存在, 散乱地呈现不规则状态。详细分析不同气流条件对火焰结构的影响。     

粉尘等容燃烧容器内扬尘系统诱导湍流特性的实验研究

采用热线风速仪与系统平均法测定和研究了三种圆柱形封闭容器内的扬尘诱导湍流衰减特性,并与球形爆炸容器内已测定的扬尘诱导湍流衰减特性进行了比较。探讨了扬尘装置、容器体积、形状对扬尘诱导湍流瞬态特性的影响。实验结果显示,在粉尘等容燃烧容器内扬尘诱导湍流强度随时间的衰减特性具有一定相似性,它们均呈负指数关系。     

粉尘云激波点火现象实验研究

利用新型两相激波管成功地研究了中等强度入射激波诱导的均匀悬浮粉尘间断面点火现象。平均直径为１０ｍ的玉米粉尘由流化床均匀地分散在氧气或空气中。悬浮粉尘间断面激波点火过程由纹影法连续拍摄。结果表明:颗粒浓度对点火延迟时间影响不大，空气中的玉米粉尘点火延迟大于氧气中的值，低马赫数激波条件下尤为明显。     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

沉积粉尘的激波点火

采用瞬态阴影技术及红外光电传感器技术实验研究了沉积玉米粉的激波点火过程，并对此进行了理论分析。实验与理论分析结果表明，激波掠射沉积粉尘床后，粉尘颗粒先上扬到一定高度后才点火，颗粒的点火延迟时间与激波波前马赫数、气相氧气含量等因素有关。另外，沉积粉尘的激波点火延迟时间比相同条件下的悬浮粉尘激波点火延迟时间长。     

塑料导爆管在燃烧转爆轰过程中的火焰结构及爆轰波生成机理

本文系统地研究了塑料导爆管从点火起至稳定爆轰时各个阶段的管内的火焰结构及火焰传播速度,分析了爆轰波的生成过程。高速扫描摄影技术证实了塑料导爆管在电火花引爆下确实存在燃烧转爆轰(DDT)过程,并显示出火焰阵面及火焰内部结构的多种变化性。发现,在燃烧阶段有一个暗区存在于火焰之中,并且火焰只是集中在管中心。清楚地观察到管内有气、固二相流动。证实了铝粉的敏化作用。在实验基础上,本文提出了一个比较符合实际情况的DDT模型及爆轰波结构。     

基于CE/SE方法模拟空气中RDX-Al悬浮粉尘的两相爆轰

通过CE/SE方法模拟了空气中炸药-铝粉尘的两相爆轰过程, 研究了双粉尘爆轰过程中粒子不同密度对爆轰波速度、压力的影响, 得到密度与波速、爆压间的线性关系。模拟得到悬浮粉尘在复杂通道中的爆轰波传播过程, 研究了双粉尘爆轰的流场演化过程, 选取流场中的一些点对该处流场的压力及温度随时间的变化进行重点研究, 对比了单铝粉尘在同种条件下的爆轰过程, 发现双粉尘爆轰明显提高了爆轰波波速和流场的压力及温度。模拟结果表明CE/SE方法可以成功模拟双粉尘的爆轰过程, 可为多粉尘爆轰的研究提供参考。     

Combustion tube studies of dust flame acceleration

A new pneumatic dispersion system for obtaining a good quality uniform dust suspension in a horizontal dust combustion tube was developed. The effect of three different dispersion techniques on self-sustained dust flame acceleration in such a combustion tube was examined. The importance of the dispersion quality in the test tube for maintaining a self-sustained dust flame acceleration was demonstrated. A combustion tube for studies of flame acceleration in fine aluminum dust-air mixture and its transition to detonation under industrial ignition conditions was constructed in the course of the present study. It consists mainly of an initiation section and a test section. The initiation section must be equipped in a well-developed dispersion system for creating a good dispersion condition in the test tube. The length of this section is 3 meters. The test tube requires only to distribute uniformly the dust over the bottom of the tube prior to the experiment. The aluminum dust spherical in shape with 6 μm in diameter was used for tests. Experimental results demonstrated that the increase in flame velocity is roughly linear through the entire length of the test tube. The highest flame propagation velocity in fine aluminum dust-air mixture approaches some 1200m/s at a distance of 4.8m from the ignition plane.     

The discrete heat source approach to dust cloud combustion

In the present paper, combustion of dust clouds from the discrete point heat source method has been addressed. Time-place temperature profile generated by single particle burning has been obtained to study the dust combustion. The summation of the temperature profiles of burned and burning particles predict the temperature in the preheating zone so that the ignition time of layer in flame front can be determined. Consequently the flame propagating speed was obtained based on the dust concentration corresponding to particles spacing and particle diameter. This method has been validated with aluminum dust cloud combustion. Decrease in the dust concentration leads to the lean limit of dust combustion. Increase in particles diameter or reduction in the dust concentration causes higher lean limit and also reduction in the flame propagating speed. Adding the ignition energy as igniter to this system, provides the path to study the effects of ignition energy in the dust combustion.     

A high-speed photographic study of the transition from deflagration to detonation wave

Experiments were conducted to investigate the DDT process of the oxyhydrogen gas in the rectangular detonation tube of 3 m long. The repeated obstacle was installed near the ignition plug and the effects of the obstacle on the DDT process were investigated. The behaviour of the combustion and detonation wave were visualized utilizing Imacon high-speed camera with the aid of Schlieren optics. As a result, DDT process was visualized, i.e. (i) multiple shock waves were induced by the expanding combustion wave, because the combustion flame played a role as a piston and compressed the unburned gases. (ii) The acceleration of the combustion wave was occurred and the distance between the shock wave and the combustion flame became shorter. (iii) Eventually, the local explosion was occurred and cause overdriven detonation wave to propagate at the velocity of about 3 kms⁻¹. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 15th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Boulder, Colorado, from July 30 to August 4, 1995     

悬浮RDX炸药和铝颗粒混合粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

采用两相流方法对炸药颗粒直径为20.0 m时与铝颗粒混合物的爆轰波的发展与传播过程及爆轰波参数进行了数值计算。结果表明,在炸药粉尘中加入铝颗粒,可以大大提高爆轰波参数。当铝颗粒直径为3.4 m时,尽管铝颗粒的直径较炸药颗粒直径小,但由于炸药颗粒的点火温度低,二者的点火时间相差不多。如果铝颗粒的直径为7.0 m,由于铝颗粒的点火滞后于炸药颗粒的点火,混合颗粒粉尘中可能形成双波阵面的爆轰波。     

Combined effects of vortex flow and the Shchelkin spiral dimensions on characteristics of deflagration-to-detonation transition

The objective of this investigation was to achieve the shortest possible distance for the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) for a pulse detonation engine without losing the engine’s simplicity. The effects of rapid flame propagation, rotating velocity, and Shchelkin spiral dimensions in the vortex flow (VF) on DDT characteristics were examined. A VF field was established in the ignition and transition domains of a detonation tube using a VF-type injector. The flame propagation in the ignition domain was observed by a high-speed video camera and the detonation propagation process was observed by measuring the pressure and ionization current in the detonation tube. The DDT distance in the VF could be shortened by 50–57 % of that in the counterflow by optimizing the VF and the Shchelkin spiral dimensions. The shortening effect became remarkable as the rotating velocity increased. The governing factors for this effect are considered to be the formation of an area of higher energy density in the ignition domain of the tube, as well as flame acceleration due to rapid flame propagation in the VF and turbulence promotion near the tube wall by the rotating velocity and the Shchelkin spiral in the transition domain of the tube. However, the combined effects of VF and the Shchelkin spiral on the shortening of the DDT distance were deteriorated in very strong turbulence. It is necessary to optimize the rotating velocity and dimensions of the Shchelkin spiral to achieve the shortest possible distance of DDT in the VF.     

铝粉湍流火焰诱导激波现象的实验研究

粉尘湍流火焰诱导激波问题是工业灾害研究中的重要课题．本文在自行设计的大型卧式燃烧管内，对铝粉火焰诱导激波现象进行了实验研究，测试了湍流火焰阵面前压缩波到激波的转捩过程，并将实验结果与数值模拟结果进行了比较．     

Global modelling of heat release during initiation and propagation of detonation and deflagration waves in methane-air-particle systems

In the present paper the direct initiation of a self supporting detonation and propagation of a low-speed combustion in methane-air-coal particles mixtures are solved. For particles, a heterogeneous regime of combustion is used, for methane one overall chemical reaction is taken into account: CH + 2O = CO + 2HO. The heat release rate is assumed to be defined as a delay time based on the well-known thermal theory of Frank-Kamenetsky (1967). The proposed model allows one to investigate the influence inert particles or coal dust on the explosion limits of methane-air mixtures. It is shown that the addition of a limited quantity of particles leads to detonation stability. In low speed combustion problems this method allows one to get a good correlation between theoretical and experimental velocities of steady flame propagation in carbon-hydrogen gaseous mixtures. Coal dust influence on gasdynamics of a methane-air mixture combustion is investigated in an unsteady problem by using of the global modelling. It is shown that limited coal dust concentration increases the flame wave intensity in lean methane-air mixtures in contrast to inert particles. In stoichiometric gas mixtures, sand and coal dusts decrease a flame velocity. Far from the ignition point flame, the velocity is largely defined by the dust mass concentration and not by the size of particles. Received 5 July 1997 / Accepted 13 July 1998     

Behavior of detonation waves at low pressures

With respect to stability of gaseous detonations, unsteady behavior of galloping detonations and re-initiation process of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures are studied using a detonation tube of 14 m in length and 45 mm i.d. The arrival of the shock wave and the reaction front is detected individually by a double probe combining of a pressure and an ion probe. The experimental results show that there are two different types of the re-initiation mechanism. One is essentially the same as that of deflagration to detonation transition in the sense that a shock wave generated by flame acceleration causes a local explosion. From calculated values of ignition delay behind the shock wave decoupled from the reaction front, the other is found to be closely related with spontaneous ignition. In this case, the fundamental propagation mode shows a spinning detonation. Received 10 March 1997 / Accepted 8 June 1997