硬球加强模型在CFD-DEM耦合计算中的验证与分析

针对CFD-DEM耦合计算中，颗粒计算时间步的选取影响颗粒碰撞计算精度和效率的问题。本文引入插值算法，将动量定理求解颗粒碰撞前后速度进行加权平均；根据弹性理论计算得到颗粒碰撞力，进行动力学方程求解；通过速度收敛准则修正初值速度并自动调整迭代求解次数，提出一种计算精度不受计算时间步长影响，无需对碰撞过程进行精细描述的高效率和高精度的加强硬球模型。对两个颗粒匀和变速碰撞算例进行数值模拟，碰撞后速度、碰撞力和碰撞时间与理论计算误差小于4%,与采用软球碰撞模型的DEM方法相比，颗粒碰撞计算精度不受计算时间步长影响，计算效率提高36.3%和36.8%。对单个颗粒在静水中沉降进行数值模拟，计算步长取10 s～5 s,颗粒与壁面即可得到精确解，计算效率提高33.5%。通过压力损失实验验证了该模型能够准确计算颗粒体积分数小于12%条件下两相流的压力损失。     

带自由表面水流与离散颗粒耦合模型研究

基于考察泥沙运动的细观行为特征,采用离散单元法(DEM)模拟泥沙颗粒运动,结合带自由表面的水动力学计算模型,建立了CFD-DEM耦合数值模型。计算程序开发基于Fortran语言来实现。耦合模型中实现了硬球模型和软球模型两种颗粒碰撞模型,应用范围较广。作为自由表面水流与泥沙颗粒流数值模型的初步研究,在模型建立的基础上,对模型做了基本的验证。分别通过单颗粒静水沉降和混合颗粒群分选两个计算工况,验证了模型的正确性及模拟精度。该耦合模型可进一步丰富带自由表面水流条件下泥沙运动的研究手段。     

Fokker-Planck方程有限解析/Monte Carlo数值模拟方法

对白噪声驱动随机系统的Fokker-Planck方程进行约化，求得约化方程的解析解，使 用局部解析解和Monte Carlo结合方法求解常系数Fokker-Planck方程，并与常系数Fokker-Planck方程的精确解 进行对比，之后求解了变驱动力系统的行为. 数值模拟结果表明，有限解析/Monte Carlo结合的方法，能成功求解一维Fokker-Planck方程，求解粒子数为10$^{5}$个，能获得 十分光滑的PDF分布曲线，计算颗粒在300个时，就能获得较好的均值. 其研究为两相 湍流PDF模型新计算方法研究提供基础.     

同位网格摄动有限体积格式求解浮力驱动方腔流

利用对流扩散方程的摄动有限体积格式，在Rayleigh数从10$^{3}$ 到10$^{8}$的范围内对浮力驱动方腔流动问题作了数值模拟. 对流扩散方程的摄动 有限体积格式具有一阶迎风格式的简洁形式，使用相同的基点，重构近似精度高，特别是两 相邻控制体中心到公共界面的距离相等或不相等，PFV格式公式相同等优点. 在数值模拟中， 无论均匀网格还是非均匀网格均获得与DSC方法、自适应有限元法、多重网格法等Benchmark 解相符较好的数值结果，证明UPFV格式对高Rayleigh数对流传热问题的适用性和有效性.     

浮力气泡对水平壁面的回弹动力学特性

黏性液体中的气泡浮升运动有趣而又复杂,而气泡与固壁边界的相互作用更是广泛存在于实际工程中.基于轴对称数值计算,模拟了浮力驱动下气泡在黏性液体中上升并与顶部水平固壁面碰撞、回弹的过程.采用考虑表面张力的不可压、变密度Navier-Stokes方程来描述气液两相流流动,并通过基于分级八叉树的有限体积法进行数值求解.为准确捕捉气泡在回弹过程中局部而迅速的拓扑变化,采用了动态自适应网格技术耦合流体体积法(volume of fluid,VOF)来重构气泡的形状. 从气泡对壁面的碰撞和回弹的基本现象入手,研究了伽利略数 Ga和接触速度$U_{a}$对气泡回弹动力学特性的影响, 分析了气泡碰撞过程中涡结构的变化.用回弹高度$H$、回弹周期$T$、长宽比{$A_{r}$}、浮升速度$U$、轴向位置$z$和回复系数$C_{r}$等参数来表征不同条件时气泡的运动和形状特性. 研究结果表明,气泡的回弹运动特性对 Ga十分敏感. Ga的增大可加剧气泡形变, 促进气泡的回弹运动, 增多回弹次数,增大回弹参数($T$和$H)$, 提升回复系数. 然而,接触速度并非决定气泡回弹动力学的控制参数, $U_{a}$的改变并不会改变回复系数.      

点载荷作用下密集颗粒物质的传力特性分析

利用颗粒离散元商业软件PFC3D, 模拟了在2m*1m*0.01m容器中直径分别为0.01m, 0.008m和0.006m的颗粒各1*10$^4$个, 受重力作用下的静态密集堆积; 以此为初始条件, 在表层随机选择7个颗粒分别施加5.2*10$^{ - 2}$N(100倍最大颗粒重量)的点载荷, 进行应力传播特点研究. 结果表明: 力的传递在局部范围内呈现很强的各向异性; 应力涨落随着距离的增加呈指数下降; 在大于5倍最大颗粒粒径时, 其分布可以使用弹性力学理论来计算. 探讨了摩擦系数$\mu =0$, 0.2, 1对应力传递的影响, 随着摩擦系数的增加, 各向异性范围减小.     

大霍尔系数下电离气体与磁场相互作用规律数值研究

通过洛伦兹力与焦耳热耦合流场N-S方程和电势场泊松方程, 实现对低磁雷诺数磁流体流场的数值模拟, 并考虑霍尔效应和外电路对计算结果的影响. 采用无虚拟时间步的LUSGS预处理BI-CGSTAB算法解决了大霍尔系数下泊松方程病态矩阵求解问题. 对霍尔系数10$^2$的量级的高超声速磁流体圆管绕流和进气道隔离段能量沉积两种现象的数值模拟表明, 外电路、电极冷却措施、等离子体均匀度对电磁力作用效果影响很大.      

水底管道抛石加固过程的DEM-SPH耦合分析

水底管道的抛石加固过程是典型的颗粒-流体耦合问题.采用DEM-SPH耦合方法模拟颗粒-流体系统,其中离散元方法(DEM)用于模拟落石,光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)用于模拟流体.通过三维Voronoi切割算法生成不规则形状的多面体,并基于闵可夫斯基原理构造扩展多面体形态的落石单元.通过SPH的边界排斥力模型计算颗粒与流体间的作用力,从而建立DEM-SPH耦合方法.采用该方法模拟溃坝与楔形块入水的过程,将计算结果与试验结果及其他数值结果进行对比分析,分别验证了 SPH与DEM-SPH耦合方法的合理性.建立锥形结构模拟卸料斗和水底管道,采用DEM-SPH耦合方法模拟落石通过卸料斗入水并与水底管道相互作用的过程,确定了落石和水对管道的作用力,并分析了卸料斗静止与运动时的落石堆积情况.以上研究表明,DEM-SPH方法可有效模拟颗粒材料、水和工程结构的相互作用,可进一步应用于水下抛石过程的结构和参数设计.     

基于离散元法的干湿颗粒系统仿真

介绍了基于离散元法的干湿颗粒系统仿真软件DEMSIM。对于干颗粒系统,DEMSIM可以分析二维和三维颗粒系统的弹性和塑性接触碰撞过程;对于湿颗粒系统,DEMSIM采用传统的液桥模型;对于颗粒-流体系统,DEMSIM采用CFD-DEM细观耦合模型模拟。一系列典型算例的模拟分析,验证了干湿颗粒系统仿真软件DEMSIM的精度和有效性。     

气固两相流介尺度LBM-DEM模型

LBM-DEM耦合方法通常是指一种颗粒流体系统直接数值模拟算法,即是一种不引入经验曳力模型的计算方法,颗粒尺寸通常比计算网格的长度大一个量级,颗粒的受力通过表面的粘性力与压力积分获得,其优点是能描述每个颗粒周围的详细流场,产生详细的颗粒-流体相互作用的动力学信息,可以探索颗粒流体界面的流动、传递和反应的详细信息及两相相互作用的本构关系,但其缺点是计算量巨大,无法应用于真实流化床过程模拟。本文针对气固流化床中的流体以及固体颗粒间的多相流体力学行为,建立了一种稠密气固两相流的介尺度LBMDEM模型,即LBM-DEM耦合的离散颗粒模型,实现在颗粒尺度上流化床的快速离散模拟。该耦合模型采用格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)描述气相的流动和传递行为,离散单元法(DEM)用于描述颗粒相的运动,并利用能量最小多尺度(EMMS)曳力解决气固耦合不成熟问题,以提高其模拟精度。通过经典快速流态化的模拟,验证了介尺度LBM-DEM耦合模型的有效性。模拟结果表明介尺度LBM-DEM模型是一种探索实验室规模气固系统的有力手段。     

An extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of fluid and non-spherical particles

This study develops an extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of the fluid–solid flow with non-spherical particles. The limitation of fluid grid size is discussed, by simulating the settling of a cylinder in a Newtonian fluid based on the resolved and unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method. Then, the calculation of porosity and the fluid–particle relative velocity based on the particle shape enlargement method for simulation of non-spherical particles is proposed. The availability of the particle shape enlargement method for the simulation of non-spherical particles with different sphericity is discussed in this work, by comparing it with the results from the equivalent diameter enlargement method. The limitation of the equivalent diameter enlargement method for non-spherical particles is revealed from the simulation results. Several typical cases are employed to elaborate and verify the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method based on particle shape enlargement method, by presenting a good consistency with the experimental results. It proves that the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method is suitable for different CFD grid size ratios, and consolidates that it is a universal calculation method for CFD-DEM coupling simulation.     

Numerical prediction of particle slip velocity in turbulence by CFD-DEM simulation

Turbulent environment improves the flotation recovery of fine particles by promoting the particle–bubble collision rate, which directly depends on the particle slip velocity. However, the existing slip velocity models are not applicable to fine particles in turbulence. The mechanism of turbulence characteristics and particle properties on the slip velocity of fine particles in turbulence was unclear. In this study, a coupled ANSYS FLUENT and EDEM based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) were used to simulate the slip velocity of fine particles in the approximately homogenous isotropic turbulence, which was excited by the grid. The reliability of the used CFD-DEM simulation method was validated against the slip velocity measured by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. In particular, the effects of the particle shapes, particle densities, and turbulence intensities on the slip velocity have been investigated with this numerical method. Numerical results show that particle shapes have no significant effect on fine particles between 37 and 225 μm. The slip velocity of the spherical particles increases with the turbulence intensity and particle density. Based on the simulated data, a model which has a correlation coefficient of 0.95 is built by using nonlinear fitting.     

考虑颗粒碰撞的多重Monte Carlo算法

从减少计算代价和改进碰撞算法出发, 提出了考虑颗粒碰撞的多重Monte Carlo算法, 它采用直接模拟Monte Carlo算法来考虑颗粒碰撞, 并与求解颗粒拉氏Langevin方程的Monte Carlo算法耦合起来, 跟踪比实际颗粒数目小得多的虚拟颗粒. 提出了时间步长选定标准、虚拟碰撞伙伴所在控制容积的判断准则、颗粒碰撞发生的判 断准则、虚拟碰撞伙伴的选择、基于随机碰撞角度的碰撞动力学, 构成了考虑颗粒碰撞的完整多重Monte Carlo算法. 对理想工况的细微颗粒流和粗重颗粒流进行了数值模拟, 颗粒碰撞率的模拟结果与理论分析解和DNS结果均符合很好, 颗粒场演变的细节信息, 如时间平均和特定时刻的颗粒数密度, 速度和颗粒湍动能等, 均与DNS结果符合很好. 数值模拟结果证明该算法不仅具有较低的计算代价, 而且能够达到足够的计算精度.     

Evaluation of coarse-grained CFD-DEM models with the validation of PEPT measurements

Computational Fluid Dynamics coupled with Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) is a commonly used numerical method to model gas-solid flow in fluidised beds and other multiphase systems. A significant limitation of CFD-DEM is the feasibility of the realistic simulation of large numbers of particles. Coarse-graining (CG) approaches, through which groups of multiple individual particles are represented by single, larger particles, can substantially reduce the total number of particles while maintaining similar system dynamics. As these three CG models have not previously been compared, there remains some debate, however, about the best practice in the application of CG in CFD-DEM simulations. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three typical CG methods based on simulations of a bubbling fluidised bed. This is achieved through the use of a numerical validation framework, which makes full use of the high-resolution 3D positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) measurements to rigorously validate the outputs of CFD-DEM simulations conducted using various different coarse-graining models, and various different degrees of coarse-graining. The particle flow behaviours in terms of the particle occupancy field, velocity field, circulation time, and bubble size and velocity, are comprehensively analysed. It is shown that the CG simulation starts to fail when the size ratio between the bed chamber and the particles decreases to approximately 20. It is also observed, somewhat surprisingly, that the specific CG approach applied to interparticle contact parameters does not have a substantial effect on the simulation results for the bubbling bed simulations across a wide range of CG factors.     

A stochastic approach for the simulation of collisions between colloidal particles at large time steps

This paper presents a new approach for the detection and treatment of colloidal particle collisions. It has been developed in the framework of Lagrangian approaches where a large number of particles is explicitly tracked. The key idea is to account for the continuous trajectories of both colliding partners during a time step that is not restricted. Unlike classical approaches which consider only the distances between a pair of particles at the beginning and at the end of each time step (or assume straight-line motion in between), we model the whole relative, and possibly diffusive, trajectory. The collision event is dealt with using the probability that the relative distance reaches a minimum threshold (equal to the sum of the two particle radii). In that sense, the present paper builds on the idea of a previous work. However, in this first work, the collision event was simulated with a simplified scheme where one of the collision partners was removed and re-inserted randomly within the simulation domain. Though usually applied, this treatment is limited to homogeneous situations. Here, an extension of the stochastic model is proposed to treat more rigorously the collision event via a suitable evaluation of the time and spatial location of the collision and an adequate calculation of subsequent particle motion. The resulting collision kernels are successfully compared to theoretical predictions in the case of particle diffusive motion. With these promising results, the feasibility of simulating the collisional regime over a whole range of particle sizes (even nanoscopic) and time steps (from a ballistic to a purely diffusive regime) with a numerical method of reasonable computational cost has been confirmed. The present approach thus appears as a good candidate for the simulation of the agglomeration phenomenon between particles also in complex non-homogeneous flows.     

The influence of sub-grid scale motions on particle collision in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

The absence of sub-grid scale (SGS) motions leads to severe errors in particle pair dynamics, which represents a great challenge to the large eddy simulation of particle-laden turbulent flow. In order to address this issue, data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of homogenous isotropic turbulence coupled with Lagrangian particle tracking are used as a benchmark to evaluate the corresponding results of filtered DNS (FDNS). It is found that the filtering process in FDNS will lead to a non-monotonic variation of the particle collision statistics, including radial distribution function, radial relative velocity, and the collision kernel. The peak of radial distribution function shifts to the large-inertia region due to the lack of SGS motions, and the analysis of the local flowstructure characteristic variable at particle position indicates that the most effective interaction scale between particles and fluid eddies is increased in FDNS. Moreover, this scale shifting has an obvious effect on the odd-order moments of the probability density function of radial relative velocity, i.e. the skewness, which exhibits a strong correlation to the variance of radial distribution function in FDNS. As a whole, the radial distribution function, together with radial relative velocity, can compensate the SGS effects for the collision kernel in FDNS when the Stokes number based on the Kolmogorov time scale is greater than 3.0. However, it still leaves considerable errors for \({ St}_\mathrm{k }<3.0\).     

分离式Hopkinson压杆实验技术研究进展

分离式Hopkinson压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB)技术是一种广泛应用于研究材料加载应变率在($10^{2}\sim 10^{4}{\rm s}^{- 1}$)范围内力学响应的实验方法. 在详细介绍Hopkinson, Davies和Kolsky的3篇经典论文的基础上, 从基本理论研究、加载波形控制、复合加载方式以及测试系统改进4个方面详细论述SHPB实验技术的研究进展. 通过分析SHPB实验技术在实际应用中存在的问题, 提出SHPB标准化、拓宽应用范围以及广义SHPB技术是SHPB实验技术研究值得深入探索的方向.     

柔性微粒介电泳分离过程的多尺度模拟

介电泳分离是一种高效的微细颗粒分离技术,利用非均匀电场极化并操纵分离微流道中的颗粒. 柔性微粒在介电泳分离过程中同时受多种物理场、多相流和微粒变形等复杂因素的影响,仅用单一的计算方法对其进行模拟存在一定的难度,本文采用有限单元——格子玻尔兹曼耦合计算的方法处理这一难题.介观尺度的格子玻尔兹曼方法将流体看成由大量微小粒子组成,在离散格子上求解玻尔兹曼输运方程,易于处理多相流及大变形问题,特别适合模拟柔性颗粒在介电泳分离过程中的变形情况.另一方面,介电泳分离过程的模拟需求解流体、电场和微粒运动方程,计算量相当庞大,通过有限单元法求解介电泳力,提高计算效率.利用这种多尺度耦合计算方法,对一款现有的介电泳芯片分离过程进行了模拟.分析了微粒在电场作用下产生的介电泳力,揭示了介电泳力与电场变化率等因素之间的关系.对微粒运动轨迹及其变形的情况进行了研究,发现微粒的变形主要与流体剪切作用有关.这种多尺度耦合计算方法,为复杂微流体的计算提供了一种有效的解决方案.      

Basset力对液体中易溶性气泡运动的影响

为从理论上分析Basset力对液体中易溶性气泡运动过程的影响, 综合考虑气泡上浮速度和传质速率间的耦合关系, 构建了适于描述易溶性气泡上浮过程的动态耦合模型. 利用该模型对氨气鼓泡吸收过程的计算分析表明, Basset力对易溶性气泡运动行为影响显著. 为此, 又提出了衡量Basset力对气泡运动全过程影响大小的评价指标(无量纲$\eta $数)及其算法. 基于上述模型和指标对水中气泡上浮过程的分析表明: 气体溶解度系数$H$对Basset力影响气泡运动的强度具有决定性作用, 当气泡内气体的$H<10^{-4}$时, 可以忽略Basset力的影响, 而当$H>10^{-4}$时, Basset力的影响迅速增强, 不应忽略; 且气泡半径越小的, Basset力的影响越显著; 而气泡所处深度与Basset力的影响强度关系不大.