扫路机气力系统工作效率研究

本文旨在探讨提高吸式扫路机气力输送系统的效率,采用计算流体力学与离散单元法对圆柱颗粒在气体中的运动进行数值模拟,分别研究了颗粒密度、颗粒长径比、颗粒初始平面与吸入口的距离、吸入速度、颗粒所处圆周对于颗粒吸入效率的影响。研究结果表明：颗粒密度越大,颗粒的吸入效率越低;颗粒长径比对吸入效率的影响较小;颗粒初始平面与吸入口的距离与颗粒吸入效率为负相关;吸入速度增大有利于提高颗粒吸入效率,但是当吸入速度增大至一定程度时,其对吸入效率影响减小;颗粒所处圆周与吸入口圆周径向距离越小,颗粒的吸入效率越高。     

一种改进的颗粒移动床μ(I)拟流体模型及应用

颗粒移动床在工业领域应用广泛, 发展实用可靠的颗粒移动床模型具有理论和应用价值. 本文基于颗粒流μ(I)模型, 补充局部颗粒体积分数与颗粒局部压力和局部颗粒流密度的关系式, 将移动床内密集颗粒处理成可压缩拟流体, 建立了颗粒流单相可压缩流μ(I)模型, 并建立了颗粒流?壁面摩擦条件, 在计算中对颗粒流拟黏度和拟压力项进行正则化处理. 采用上述模型与方法对3种典型散料在移动床缩口料仓内的流动进行模拟, 与实验对比, 得到了玻璃珠、刚玉球和粗沙的μ(I)模型参数, 分析了3种不同散料在料仓内的颗粒速度、体积分数等分布特性, 模拟结果较好地揭示了料仓内不同物料的整体流和漏斗流特性; 进而以玻璃珠为例, 对移动床颗粒单管绕流流动进行了模拟, 所得结果合理揭示了管流附近的流动特性. 计算结果表明, 对于本文的计算工况, 颗粒体积分数变化最大范围为0.510 ~ 0.461, 绝大部分区域流动惯性数小于0.1, 改进的单相μ(I)模型能合理预测出密集颗粒流移动床内的流动特性, 方法可行且较多相流算法能明显减小计算量.      

基于室内试验与数值模拟的膨胀土裂隙对强度影响规律研究

针对室内试验测试多裂隙发育膨胀土抗剪强度指标的困难,提出以室内试验与数值模拟相结合的研究方法;以不同产状单裂隙面膨胀土三轴试样在200kPa围压下的CD试验结果为样本,基于颗粒流原理,采用PFC3D软件进行仿真试验,获得了与三轴试验结果相一致的PFC3D球颗粒参数和裂隙参数;以此参数为基础,进行不同裂隙产状膨胀土的仿真试验,初步探寻了裂隙发育对广西宁明膨胀土的强度影响规律。研究发现:裂隙发育是膨胀土强度衰减的主要原因;裂隙的空间角度、不同裂隙的组合、裂隙发育程度均对膨胀土抗剪强度指标产生影响,且对黏聚力的影响较大;与无裂隙情况相比,裂隙率达14.06%时,C值降低71.2%。     

可破碎颗粒体在动力载荷下的耗能特性

采用离散元的数值方法, 通过连接键将若干小颗粒绑定为一个具有不规则外形的大颗粒体, 设置不同连接键强度模拟了颗粒体在外加动力载荷下破碎过程, 并探讨其中系统能量耗散特性. 计算结果表明, 颗粒体的破碎程度决定了系统能量耗散率, 即内部耗能占外界输入能量的比例. 破碎率越高, 颗粒间相互摩擦和碰撞越剧烈,系统能量耗散率越高. 同时, 在循环载荷下系统内颗粒体破碎绝大部分发生在加载初期, 随着颗粒体的分解破碎速率逐渐减小, 系统耗能能力也随之降低.      

机器人单足系统沙土跳跃刚?散耦合动力学分析

在行星探索过程中涉及探测器在星壤上着陆、运动以及收集、存储某些样本材料等问题, 因此需要建立探测机器人在沙土上运动的动力学模型, 从而优化其系统构型. 近年来, 对跳跃型探测机器人研究得到了越多越多的关注. 本文采用离散元法对颗粒场进行建模, 以及采用多体动力学方法对机械系统进行建模, 对机器人单足系统在沙土上的跳跃问题进行耦合动力学仿真分析. 基于经典土力学Prandtl-Reissne理论, 从颗粒场受压分层的形式和动量传递出发, 对描述颗粒侵入阻力的惯性力动阻力项进行了修正, 提出了一种修正的Poncelet公式. 通过与离散元仿真结果对比, 说明所提出修正公式比原始的Poncelet公式更准确地计算了机械足受到的沙土侵入阻力, 尤其在达到一定侵入深度表现出更好的收敛性. 最后分析了机械腿足部的不同尺寸和形状对沙土中跳跃效果的影响, 给出了锥形足部和柱形足部的体积对跳跃效果影响的近似计算公式. 本研究将拓展刚?散耦合动力学理论, 并且为新型探测器在行星土壤上运动的系统设计提供技术支撑.      

爆炸载荷下脆性颗粒体系破碎特性的数值研究

试验发现,以球形TNT为中心爆源,球形玻璃珠构成的颗粒和球壳中发生破碎的颗粒体积分数随当量比(颗粒球壳的质量与TNT炸药的质量比)的增加呈现指数衰减规律。采用有限元与离散元耦合的连续非连续数值方法,揭示了中心炸药起爆后颗粒环壳内爆炸波的传播衰减和在环壳外界面反射后的稀疏卸载过程。由于爆炸波的短脉冲特性,颗粒内部应力场始终处于应力非均衡状态,采用应力均衡状态下颗粒破碎强度的Weibull分布会得到远高于试验测得的破碎颗粒体积分数。因此采用破坏波传播特征时间内的平均诱导应力而非瞬时诱导应力作为颗粒破碎强度的应力指标,并通过试验结果确定破坏波传播特征时间。考虑了应力传播的非均匀性对于颗粒破碎的影响,得到了平均诱导应力峰值的概率分布随比例距离的变化规律,结合修正后的颗粒破碎强度Weibull分布建立了破碎颗粒体积分数随比例距离的变化模型。     

颗粒物质的分形特征与其物理力学性质的关系探讨

从颗粒流的一般本构方程出发,利用室内大型相对密度仪和直接剪切仪,针对粒径分形分布对孔隙率和内摩擦角的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,在相同实体密度、弹性恢复系数和几何平均中值粒径条件下,随粒径分维数的增大,孔隙率增大,而内摩擦角、颗粒浓度、剪切应力系数与正应力系数均减小。进而分析了粒径分形特性对颗粒流动行为的影响,得出粒径分维数小的颗粒系统剪切应力大,系统的流动性能差,鲁棒性强;反之,分维数大的颗粒系统剪切应力小,系统的流动性能好,敏感性强。对系统组构的分形特征影响系统颗粒物质崩塌流动行为的机制进行了初步探索,为颗粒流系统的研究提供了新思路。     

颗粒流体系统的格子Boltzmann数值方法研究进展

介绍Euler-Lagrange框架下基于格子Boltzmann方法LBM (Lattice Boltzmann Method)发展的两种不同层次(即不同时-空尺度和精度)的颗粒流体系统离散模拟方法,即格子Boltzmann颗粒解析直接数值模拟(LB-based PR-DNS)方法和格子Boltzmann离散颗粒模拟(LB-based DPS)方法,总结了Euler-Euler框架下基于格子Boltzmann双流体模型(LB-based TFM)方面的探索研究。LB-based PR-DNS方法中颗粒尺寸远大于格子步长,能够直接解析出流体在颗粒表面的流动以及颗粒所受完整的动力学信息;LB-based DPS方法中格子步长远大于颗粒直径,其在计算精度、时间耗费和计算效率之间能达到很好的平衡,可获得流体的宏观平均流动及颗粒的运动轨迹信息。LB-based DNS和DPS是探索颗粒流体系统的有力手段,但LB-based TFM应用于模拟颗粒流体系统仍需进一步探索。     

等离子熔射粉末颗粒飞行过程格子Boltzmann法仿真

为考察等离子熔射过程中粉末的飞行过程,本文在已开发的正六边形7-b it格子Bo ltzm ann(LB)方法等离子射流的温度场和速度场的计算模型基础上,采用单个颗粒加速方程,建立了一个随机算法,实现了对粉末颗粒在射流场中运动过程的仿真;计算结果通过动画演示了粉末飞行的全过程,表明初始位置越靠近射流场出口中心的粉末颗粒加速越充分,并且在射流场一定的情况下,减小粉末颗粒直径可以提高粉末速度,但会降低粉末利用率。     

炭黑增强橡胶复合材料力学行为的三维数值模拟

本文基于炭黑填充橡胶复合材料具有周期性细观结构的假设,采用一种新的、改进的随机序列吸附算法建立了三维多球颗粒随机分布式代表性体积单元,并通过细观力学有限元方法对炭黑颗粒填充橡胶复合材料的力学行为进行了模拟仿真。研究结果表明：采用改进的随机序列吸附算法所建立的模型更加便于有限元离散化;模拟中周期性边界条件的约束,使其更加符合实际约束的真实情况;炭黑填充橡胶复合材料的有效模量明显高于未填充橡胶材料,并随着炭黑颗粒所占体积分数的增加而增大;通过比较发现,本文提出的多球颗粒随机分布式三维数值模型对复合材料的应力-应变行为和有效弹性模量的预测结果与实验结果吻合良好,证实了该模型能够用于炭黑颗粒增强橡胶基复合材料有效性能的模拟分析。     

基于超二次曲面的非球形离散单元模型研究

通过对颗粒体系接触过程的运动学和动力学分析,建立了一种基于超二次曲面的非球形离散单元模型,该模型避免了球形接触模型描述颗粒形状的局限性,使离散单元法更接近物理事实,并在此基础上提出了计算求解模型的数值方法,实现了对复杂形状的颗粒体系的模拟计算。将所建立的数值计算方法进行了编程实现,并对模型和算法进行了算例测试,证实了本文所建立的非球形离散单元模型的可行性和正确性。测试结果表明,本文的模型能够比较准确地模拟复杂颗粒体系的真实运动,可为复杂颗粒体系的模拟研究提供一种新的数值计算方法。     

Accelerating CFD–DEM simulation of processes with wide particle size distributions

Size-reduction systems have been extensively used in industry for many years. Nevertheless, reliable engineering tools to be used to predict the comminution of particles are scarce. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–discrete element model (DEM) numerical simulation may be used to predict such a complex phenomenon and therefore establish a proper design and optimization model for comminution systems. They may also be used to predict attrition in systems where particle attrition is significant. Therefore, empirical comminution functions (which are applicable for any attrition/comminution process), such as: strength distribution, selection, equivalence, breakage, and fatigue, have been integrated into the three-dimensional CFD–DEM simulation tool. The main drawback of such a design tool is the long computational time required owing to the large number of particles and the minute time-step required to maintain a steady solution while simulating the flow of particulate materials with very fine particles.The present study developed several methods to accelerate CFD–DEM simulations: reducing the number of operations carried out at the single-particle level, constructing a DEM grid detached from the CFD grid enabling a no binary search, generating a sub-grid within the DEM grid to enable a no binary search for fine particles, and increasing the computational time-step and eliminating the finest particles in the simulation while still tracking their contribution to the process.The total speedup of the simulation process without the elimination of the finest particles was a factor of about 17. The elimination of the finest particles gave additional speedup of a factor of at least 18. Therefore, the simulation of a grinding process can run at least 300 times faster than the conventional method in which a standard no binary search is employed and the smallest particles are tracked.     

Diffusion-based coarse graining in hybrid continuum–discrete solvers: Theoretical formulation and a priori tests

Coarse graining is an important ingredient in many multi-scale continuum–discrete solvers such as CFD–DEM (computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method) solvers for dense particle-laden flows. Although CFD–DEM solvers have become a mature technique that is widely used in multiphase flow research and industrial flow simulations, a flexible and easy-to-implement coarse graining algorithm that can work with CFD solvers of arbitrary meshes is still lacking. In this work, we proposed a new coarse graining algorithm for continuum–discrete solvers for dense particle-laden flows based on solving a transient diffusion equation. Via theoretical analysis we demonstrated that the proposed method is equivalent to the statistical kernel method with a Gaussian kernel, but the current method is much more straightforward to implement in CFD–DEM solvers. A priori numerical tests were performed to obtain the solid volume fraction fields based on given particle distributions, the results obtained by using the proposed algorithm were compared with those from other coarse graining methods in the literature (e.g., the particle centroid method, the divided particle volume method, and the two-grid formulation). The numerical tests demonstrated that the proposed coarse graining procedure based on solving diffusion equations is theoretically sound, easy to implement and parallelize in general CFD solvers, and has improved mesh-convergence characteristics compared with existing coarse graining methods. The diffusion-based coarse graining method has been implemented into a CFD–DEM solver, the results of which are presented in a separate work.     

Using the DEM-CFD method to predict Brownian particle deposition in a constricted tube

Modelling of the agglomeration and deposition on a constricted tube collector of colloidal size particles immersed in a liquid is investigated using the discrete element method （DEM）. The ability of this method to represent surface interactions allows the simulation of agglomeration and deposition at the particle scale. The numerical model adopts a mechanistic approach to represent the forces involved in colloidal suspensions by including near-wall drag retardation, surface interaction and Brownian forces. The model is implemented using the commercially available DEM package EDEM 2.3~, so that results can be repli- cated in a standard and user-friendly framework. The effects of various particle-to-collector size ratios, inlet fluid flow-rates and particle concentrations are examined and it is found that deposition efficiency is strongly dependent on the inter-relation of these parameters. Particle deposition and re-suspension mechanisms have been identified and analyzed thanks to EDEM＇s post processing capability. One-way coupling with computational fluid dynamics （CFD） is considered and results are compared with a two- way coupling between EDEM 2.3 and FLUENT 12.1. It is found that two-way coupling requires circa 500% more time than one-way coupling for similar results.     

二维液桥计算模型及湿颗粒材料离散元模拟

本文研究了二维情况两直接相邻颗粒间液体以液桥形式存在时的液桥临界断裂距离及液桥力的计算过程。导出了用颗粒半径、三相接触角和液桥体积表示的二维液桥临界断裂距离拟合公式及两个接触或非接触颗粒间液桥毛细力随液桥体积的变化关系。引入Voronoi胞元计算定义基于参考颗粒介观结构的物质点的平均饱和度。提出了考虑液桥效应的二维湿颗粒离散元模型,并用以模拟不同初始均匀饱和度下湿颗粒集合体中的吸力效应,验证其有效捕捉以应变局部化为特征的破坏模式的能力。     

Using the DEM-CFD method to predict Brownian particle deposition in a constricted tube

Modelling of the agglomeration and deposition on a constricted tube collector of colloidal size particles immersed in a liquid is investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). The ability of this method to represent surface interactions allows the simulation of agglomeration and deposition at the particle scale. The numerical model adopts a mechanistic approach to represent the forces involved in colloidal suspensions by including near-wall drag retardation, surface interaction and Brownian forces. The model is implemented using the commercially available DEM package EDEM 2.3^®, so that results can be replicated in a standard and user-friendly framework. The effects of various particle-to-collector size ratios, inlet fluid flow-rates and particle concentrations are examined and it is found that deposition efficiency is strongly dependent on the inter-relation of these parameters. Particle deposition and re-suspension mechanisms have been identified and analyzed thanks to EDEM's post processing capability. One-way coupling with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is considered and results are compared with a two-way coupling between EDEM 2.3^® and FLUENT 12.1^®. It is found that two-way coupling requires circa 500% more time than one-way coupling for similar results.     

Numerical modeling of fluid-particle interaction in granular media

Fluid-particle interaction underpins important behavior of granular media. Particle-scale simulation may help to provide key microscopic information governing the interaction and offer better understanding of granular media as a whole. This paper presents a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM) approach for this purpose. The granular particle system is modeled by DEM, while the fluid flow is simulated by solving the locally averaged Navier–Stokes equation with CFD. The coupling is considered by exchanging such interaction forces as drag force and buoyancy force between the DEM and CFD. The approach is benchmarked by two classic geomechanics problems for which analytical solutions are available, and is further applied to the prediction of sand heap formation in water through hopper flow. It is demonstrated that the key characteristic of granular materials interacting with pore water can be successfully captured by the proposed method.     

GPU-BASED DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELLING OF INTERACTION BETWEEN SEA ICE AND JACK-UP PLATFORM STRUCTURE

在海冰与自升式海洋平台结构的相互作用过程中,冰载荷是影响平台结构振动响应和疲劳寿命的重要因素. 采用具有粘接-破碎效应的离散元模型,可对海冰与自升式海洋平台结构作用中的海冰破碎特征及相应冰载荷进行数值分析. 针对自升式海洋平台的多桩腿结构特性及其冰载荷离散元分析的大规模计算需求,建立了基于GPU 的并行算法并开发了相应的计算程序. 为实现离散元分析的高效计算,采用网格排序方法创建单元邻居列表,以快速确定海冰单元间及其与平台结构间的接触模式和作用力. 此外,还发展了球体单元与圆柱形结构在不同接触形式下的计算模型. 为检验该离散元模型的有效性,对渤海锥体海洋平台结构的作用过程进行了计算,并与现场实测冰力数据进行了对比验证. 在此基础上对多桩腿自升式平台结构的冰载荷进行了离散元分析,获得了海冰的破坏特性,确定了不同桩腿上的冰力时程. 该模型可进一步应用于不同类型海洋结构的冰载荷分析,为冰区海洋平台的结构设计和现役平台结构的疲劳分析提供参考依据.     

海冰与自升式海洋平台相互作用GPU离散元模拟

在海冰与自升式海洋平台结构的相互作用过程中,冰载荷是影响平台结构振动响应和疲劳寿命的重要因素. 采用具有粘接-破碎效应的离散元模型,可对海冰与自升式海洋平台结构作用中的海冰破碎特征及相应冰载荷进行数值分析. 针对自升式海洋平台的多桩腿结构特性及其冰载荷离散元分析的大规模计算需求,建立了基于GPU 的并行算法并开发了相应的计算程序. 为实现离散元分析的高效计算,采用网格排序方法创建单元邻居列表,以快速确定海冰单元间及其与平台结构间的接触模式和作用力. 此外,还发展了球体单元与圆柱形结构在不同接触形式下的计算模型. 为检验该离散元模型的有效性,对渤海锥体海洋平台结构的作用过程进行了计算,并与现场实测冰力数据进行了对比验证. 在此基础上对多桩腿自升式平台结构的冰载荷进行了离散元分析,获得了海冰的破坏特性,确定了不同桩腿上的冰力时程. 该模型可进一步应用于不同类型海洋结构的冰载荷分析,为冰区海洋平台的结构设计和现役平台结构的疲劳分析提供参考依据.      

An efficient algorithm for detecting particle contact in non-uniform size particulate system

Algorithms for detecting particle collision play an important role in the discrete element method (DEM) for the simulation of granular flow systems since the time taken to detect the contact pairs usually occupies a considerable proportion of the total CPU time for the simulation. In this study, we developed a new octree algorithm called multi-octree algorithm, for detecting candidate contact pairs. The so-called multioctree algorithm adopts the topology of octree for detecting possible contacts, in which t...