16MnR钢缺口试样解理断裂行为研究

研究了低合金热轧钢16MnR缺口试样在$-196\,{^\circ}$C和$-130\,{^\circ}$C的解理断裂机 理. 拉伸试验、单、双缺口四点弯曲实验、断口形貌观察以及有限元分析结果表明, 缺口试 样发生解理断裂时均起裂于夹杂物粒子, 一种位于缺口根部前端(IC型), 另一种位于距缺口 根部较远的条形裂纹前端(SIC型); 且随温度升高, 起裂源的类型从$-196\,{^\circ}$C下的IC 型转变为$-130\,{^\circ}$C下的SIC型. 微裂纹均形核于夹杂物, 最终的断裂由铁素体晶粒尺 寸的微裂纹扩展控制. 缺口试样IC型解理断裂遵循裂纹形核条 件$\varepsilon_{\rm p} \ge \varepsilon_{\rm pc}$和裂纹扩展条件$\sigma_{yy} \ge \sigma_{f}$, 而SIC型解理断裂条件则演化为$\varepsilon_{\rm p}+\varepsilon_{\rm ps} \ge \varepsilon_{\rm pc}$和$\sigma_{yy} +\sigma_{yy{\rm s}} \ge \sigma_{f}$.     

高温后高强高性能混凝土双轴压力学性能

利用大型静动真三轴试验机,进行了常温20${^\circ}$C以及200${^\circ}$C$\sim $ 600${^\circ}$C\,6个温度等级高温后高强高性能混凝土在7种应力比双轴压应力状态下的强度与变形试验.测得了双轴主压方向的静态强度、峰值应变与应力应变曲线,剖析了温度和应力比对单、双轴压强度与峰值应变发展趋势的影响规律性以及试件破坏形态. 试验结果表明:随温度的升高,高强高性能混凝土的单轴压减摩强度并不一定降低;双轴压强度相对于单轴压强度的提高倍数取决于应力比、不同温度等级后的高强高性能混凝土``脆硬性'. 提出了带有温度和应力比参数的Kupfer-Gerstle破坏准则公式.      

泡沫铝材料动态本构参数的实验确定

基于泡沫材料的动态刚性-线性硬化塑性-刚性卸载(D-R-LHP-R)模型,结合连续性方程,动量守恒方程及刚体的运动方程,得到了激波在泡沫材料中的量纲一消失位置X_s/L₀和动态屈服应力Y_i、激波波速c_p、冲击初始应变ε_i之间的如下关系式: $\frac{X_{\mathrm{s}}}{L_{0}}=\exp \left(-\frac{\rho_{0} c_{\mathrm{p}} v_{\mathrm{i}}}{Y}\right)=\exp \left(1-\frac{\sigma_{\mathrm{i}}}{Y}\right)=\exp \left(-\frac{\rho_{0} c_{\mathrm{p}}^{2} \varepsilon_{\mathrm{i}}}{Y}\right)$ 采用Taylor-Hopkinson装置进行实验,当直接测得泡沫铝试样密度ρ₀、边界初始应力σ_i、初始打击速度v_i、泡沫铝杆原长L₀及激波在泡沫铝杆中消失长度X_s后,利用方程式(a)可反演求得D-R-LHP-R模型下的泡沫铝动态应力应变曲线。最后通过与泡沫铝准静态实验数据对比,表明该泡沫铝是应变率敏感性材料。     

混凝土一维应力层裂实验的全场DIC分析

基于74mm直径分离式Hopkinson杆(SHPB)实验平台进行了混凝土杆的一维应力层裂实验.采用超高速相机(采样频率:2 $\mu$s/frame)结合数字图像相关法(DIC),记录混凝土试件中的动态位移场实时变化情况,探讨了混凝土在拉伸断裂过程中的表面位移场及速度场演化规律.针对实验中出现的多重层裂现象,基于一维应力波传播理论,指出各个位置在发生层裂时,其最大拉应力均由透射压缩波与反射拉伸波叠加而成,各处层裂发生时均处于一维应力状态.并提出了根据层裂位置左右两点速度趋势变化判断层裂发生时刻的判据.该判据可以给出所有层裂的起裂时间,结合DIC分析直接给出了混凝土多重层裂应变.结果显示混凝土的拉伸强度具有明显的应变率效应,在30 s$^{-1}$的应变率下,其拉伸强度的动态增强因子(DIF)可以达到5.与传统的波叠加法和自由面速度回跳法相比,DIC全场分析法不受加载波形限制,可以精确给出每个层裂的位置和起裂时间,从而得到试件在高应变率加载下不同位置处的断裂应变、拉伸强度及相应应变率,提高了测量效率.      

关于瑞利-李兹方法边界条件的讨论

 在应用瑞利-李兹方法时, 一般教材仅提及假设的挠曲线应满足位移边界条件(挠度$y$与转角$\d y/\d x$), 而没有强调另外两个边界条件$\d^{2}y/\d x^{2}$及$\d^{3}y/\d x^{3}$的重要性. 这两个边界条件经胡克定律可与弯矩及剪力关联起来, 称为力边界条件. 通过例子指出当力边界条件不满足时, 可能造成误差很大. 亦对两个力边界条件的相对重要性作了扼要的讨论.     

HTPB复合底排药压缩屈服应力模型研究

目前广泛应用于底排增程技术的 HTPB 复合底排药 (composite base bleed grain,CBBG) 是一种颗粒填充含能材料,战场环境中将承受冲击、温度等载荷作用. 为研究 HTPB CBBG 冲击压缩力学性能,进行了不同温度 (233$\sim$323 K) 和应变率 (1100$\sim$7900 s$^{-1}$) 下的分离式霍普金森压杆实验. 实验结果表明,各工况下,应力应变曲线均呈现屈服-$\!$-应变硬化特征,HTPB CBBG 保持高韧性. 提高应变率和降低温度均导致相同应变下的应力幅值上升,但温度较应变率对HTPB CBBG 冲击压缩力学性能的影响更为显著. 基于所研究温度范围高于 HTPB CBBG 玻璃化转变温度,通过将水平、垂直移位因子与温度的关系表示为 WLF 方程的形式,将时温等效原理引入协同模型,并计及内应力的应变率增强效应,提出了一种新的屈服应力模型.选取参考温度,利用水平、垂直移位因子-$\!$-温度曲线和屈服应力主曲线拟合模型参数.模型预测值与实验数据对比结果表明:该模型可准确表征 233$\sim$323 K 时 HTPB CBBG 屈服应力的双线性应变率相关性,明确了较低和较高应变率时,应变率效应分别主要由内应力和驱动力贡献.      

双材料界面裂纹复应力强度因子的正则化边界元法

双材料界面裂纹渐近位移和应力场表现出剧烈的振荡特性, 许多用于表征经典平方根($r^{1/2})$和负平方根($r^{-1/2})$渐近物理场的传统数值方法失效, 给界面裂纹复应力强度因子($K_{1} +{i}K_{2} )$的精确求解增加了难度. 引入一种含有复振荡因子的新型"特殊裂尖单元", 可精确表征裂纹尖端渐近位移和应力场的振荡特性, 在避免裂尖区域高密度网格剖分的情况下, 可实现双材料界面裂纹复应力强度因子的精确求解. 此外, 结合边界元法中计算近奇异积分的正则化算法, 成功求解了大尺寸比(超薄)双材料界面裂纹的断裂力学参数. 数值算例表明, 所提算法稳定, 效率高, 在不增加计算量的前提下, 显著提高了裂尖近场力学参量和断裂力学参数的求解精度和数值稳定性.      

The study on the compressive behavior of ptfe/al energetic composite

金属/氟聚合物含能复合材料是一类新型的高级含能材料. 研究了室温下Al含量和应变 率对PTFE/Al含能复合材料压缩性能和反应性能的影响,所加载的应变率为6\times 10^{-3}s^{-1}\sim8\times 10^{3}s^{ -1}. 材料压缩性能的应变 率效应明显：与静态加载相比,动态加载下材料模量和强度明显提 高,但应变降低. 材料的损伤过程主要包括塑性变形、开裂和反应3部分. 随着Al含量的增 加,材料准静态和动态压缩强度均呈先升后降的趋势,在 Al含量为35\%时达到 最高值102.6 MPa和154 MPa; 引发反应所需加载的应变率增加,但对应的应力值 差别不明显,基本在165 MPa左右, 材料引发后反应完全性降低.     

弹塑性有限元的一些解法比较

1.弹塑性有限元分析的基本公式根据von Mises 屈服准则和Prandtl-Reuss塑性流动律,可以导出弹塑性阶段的应力增量-全应变增量之间的本构关系:{dσ}=[D_(eP)]{dε} (1)其中{dσ}为应力增量列阵,{dε}为应变增量列阵,[D_(eP)]为弹塑性系数矩阵,它的表达式为:其中(?)为有效应力,[D_e]为弹性系数矩阵,H=(?)/((?)~p)为有效应力和有效塑性应变曲线的斜率.增量形式的平衡方程为:[K]{△u}={△P} (3)其中[K]为总体刚度矩阵,{△u}为位移增量列阵,{△P}为外载荷增量列阵.2.几种解法方程(3)是非线性的.对于一般问题,精确求解比较困难.目前,一般都用近似法来求解.下面介绍几种解法.     

广义非线性强度理论在岩石材料中的应用

在已提出的广义非线性强度理论的基础上，结合岩石材料的力学特性，建立了岩石广 义非线性强度理论，该理论在$\pi$平面上的破坏函数为介于SMP准则和Mises准则 之间的光滑曲线，在子午面上的破坏函数为幂函数曲线. 通过已有不同岩石的真三 轴试验数据对岩石广义非线性强度理论的验证表明，岩石广义非线性强度理论可以 广泛地适用于各类岩石，描述其$\pi$平面上及子午面上的非线性强度特性；并利 用5种不同类型岩石的真三轴试验结果对岩石广义非线性强度理论和Hoek-Brown准 则进行比较,反映了所提岩石广义非线性强度理论的优越性.     

复杂应力条件下脆性材料的受拉破坏准则

根据脆性材料微粒对之间距离超过特定距离而破坏的微观机理,结合宏细观试验结果指出的绝大多数的破坏颗粒对的方向与σ1的方向之间的夹角都大于0°这一事实,导出了新的脆性材料张破坏准则: σ1 ασ2 βσ3≤[σ],式中系数β与材料的优势角θ(破坏颗粒对的方向与σ1的方向之间的夹角的某种平均) 和泊松比μ有关．同时还指出了经典强度理论由于没有考虑优势角从而导致了它们与宏观实验结果不符．实验结果表明,在张破坏条件下此准则比经典的准则有更高的精度．     

锆基非晶合金的动态弛豫机制和高温流变行为

非晶合金的动态弛豫机制对于理解其塑性变形, 玻璃转变行为, 扩散机制以及晶化行为都至关重要. 非晶合金的力学性能与动态弛豫机制的本征关联是该领域当前重要科学问题之一. 本文借助于动态力学分析(DMA), 探索了Zramorphous alloy,dynamic mechanical analysis,high temperature deformation,structural relaxation,quasi-points defects,1)国家自然科学基金(51971178);陕西省自然科学基金(2019JM-344);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(3102019ghxm007);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(3102017JC01003)2020-01-062020-04-10非晶合金的动态弛豫机制对于理解其塑性变形, 玻璃转变行为, 扩散机制以及晶化行为都至关重要. 非晶合金的力学性能与动态弛豫机制的本征关联是该领域当前重要科学问题之一. 本文借助于动态力学分析(DMA), 探索了Zr$_{50}$Cu$_{40}$Al$_{10}$块体非晶合金从室温到过冷液相区宽温度范围内的动态力学行为. 通过单轴拉伸实验, 研究了玻璃转变温度附近的高温流变行为. 基于准点缺陷理论(quasi-point defects theory), 对两种力学行为的适用性以及宏观力学行为变化过程中微观结构的演化规律进行描述. 研究结果表明, 准点缺陷理论可以很好地描述非晶合金损耗模量$\alpha$弛豫的主曲线. 基于非晶合金的内耗行为, 玻璃转变温度以下原子运动的激活能$U_\beta$为0.63 eV. 与准点缺陷浓度对应的关联因子$\chi $在玻璃转变温度以下约为0.38,而在玻璃转变温度以上则线性增大. Zr$_{50}$Cu$_{40}$Al$_{10}$块体非晶合金在玻璃转变温度附近, 随温度和应变速率的不同而在拉伸实验中显示出均匀的或不均匀的流变行为. 非晶合金的高温流变行为不仅可以通过扩展指数函数和自由体积理论来描述, 还可以通过基于微剪切畴(shear micro-domains, SMDs)的准点缺陷理论来描述.     

On strain-rate sensitivity and size effect of brittle solids: transition from cooperative phenomena to microcrack nucleation

An idealized brittle microscale system is subjected to dynamic uniaxial tension in the medium-to-high strain-rate range $(\dot \varepsilon \in \;[100\;s^{-1},\;1 \times 10^{7} \;s^{-1}])$ to investigate its mechanical response under constrained spatial and temporal scales. The setup of dynamic simulations is designed to ensure practically identical in-plane stress conditions on a system of continuum particles forming a two-dimensional, geometrically and structurally disordered, lattice. The rate sensitivity of size effects is observed as well as the ordering effect of kinetic energy. A simple phenomenological expression is developed to account for the tensile strength sensitivity of the small-sized brittle systems to the strain-rate and extrinsic size effects, which may serve as a guideline for formulation of constitutive relations in the MEMS design. The representative sample is defined as a square lattice size for which the tensile strength becomes rate-insensitive and an expression is proposed to model its evolution between two asymptotes corresponding to the limiting loading rates. The dynamics of damage accumulation is analyzed as a function of sample size and loading rate.     

On modes and criteria of ABS melt failure in extension

Melt failure of a commercial ABS polymer in uniaxial extension over ranges of elongation rate ([(e)\dot] = 0.01 - 1.0 s ^{- 1}\dot \varepsilon = 0.01 - 1.0\,{\rm s}^{ - 1} ) and temperature (140-200 °C) was investigated. Four methods of experimental and numerical calculation for determination of modes and criteria of melt failure in uniaxial extension were investigated: 1) visual observation of necking; 2) visual observation of non-uniform flow during stress relaxation after cessation of steady elongation; 3) calculation of the Considère criterion from the measured elongational stress-strain curve; 4) numerical calculation of inflection point (‘C²/‘)²=0) from the tensile stress-strain curve. In addition, under higher Deborah number conditions the critical Hencky strains at Considère criterion were calculated using PSM model parameters (! and #) and were compared with those obtained from the measured elongational stress-strain curve. The relationship between these failure modes is discussed in terms of rheological properties of the polymer, putting emphasis on the relationship with the thermoforming process. The Considère criterion appears to be the most effective indicator of the non-uniform deformation of ABS melt in uniaxial extension under conditions where cohesive fracture does not occur. The rheological properties such as elongational viscosity, strain hardening and/or strain softening, and their temperature dependence play an important role in determining the growth and transition of melt failure of ABS polymer in uniaxial extension.     

A Mixed Criterion of Delayed Creep Failure Under Plane Stress

The paper discusses delayed creep failure criteria and their experimental justification. These criteria allow transition from the strength characteristics under uniaxial stress to the strength characteristics under plane stress. The criterion is chosen in the form of a mixed invariant that relates two stress components responsible for brittle and ductile failure. The limit characteristics take the effect of the principal stresses into account. The criterion was tested for isotropic metallic materials subjected to internal pressure, internal pressure with tension, pure torsion, and tension with torsion     

Global Well-posedness of Incompressible Inhomogeneous Fluid Systems with Bounded Density or Non-Lipschitz Velocity

In this paper, we first prove the global existence of weak solutions to the d-dimensional incompressible inhomogeneous Navier–Stokes equations with initial data ${a_0 \in L^\infty (\mathbb{R}^d), u_0 = (u_0^h, u_0^d) \in \dot{B}^{-1+\frac{d}{p}}_{p, r} (\mathbb{R}^d)}$ , which satisfy ${(\mu \| a_0 \|_{L^\infty} + \|u_0^h\|_{\dot{B}^{-1+\frac{d}{p}}_{p, r}}) {\rm exp}(C_r{\mu^{-2r}}\|u_0^d\|_{\dot{B}^{-1+\frac{d}{p}}_{p,r}}^{2r}) \leqq c_0\mu}$ for some positive constants c ₀, C _r and 1 < p < d, 1 < r < ∞. The regularity of the initial velocity is critical to the scaling of this system and is general enough to generate non-Lipschitz velocity fields. Furthermore, with additional regularity assumptions on the initial velocity or on the initial density, we can also prove the uniqueness of such a solution. We should mention that the classical maximal L ^p (L ^q ) regularity theorem for the heat kernel plays an essential role in this context.     

On Formation of a Locally Self-Similar Collapse in the Incompressible Euler Equations

The paper addresses the question of the existence of a locally self-similar blow-up for the incompressible Euler equations. Several exclusion results are proved based on the L ^p -condition for velocity or vorticity and for a range of scaling exponents. In particular, in N dimensions if in self-similar variables ${u \in L^p}$ and ${u \sim \frac{1}{t^{\alpha/(1+\alpha)}}}$ , then the blow-up does not occur, provided ${\alpha > N/2}$ or ${-1 < \alpha \leq N\,/p}$ . This includes the L ³ case natural for the Navier–Stokes equations. For ${\alpha = N\,/2}$ we exclude profiles with asymptotic power bounds of the form ${ |y|^{-N-1+\delta} \lesssim |u(y)| \lesssim |y|^{1-\delta}}$ . Solutions homogeneous near infinity are eliminated, as well, except when homogeneity is scaling invariant.