PTFE/Al含能复合材料的压缩行为研究

金属/氟聚合物含能复合材料是一类新型的高级含能材料.研究了室温下Al含量和应变率对PTFE/Al含能复合材料压缩性能和反应性能的影响,所加载的应变率为6×10-3s-1～8×103s-1.材料压缩性能的应变率效应明显:与静态加载相比,动态加载下材料模量和强度明显提高,但应变降低.材料的损伤过程主要包括塑性变形、开裂和反应3部分.随着Al含量的增加,材料准静态和动态压缩强度均呈先升后降的趋势,在Al含量为35%时达到最高值102.6 MPa和154 MPa;引发反应所需加载的应变率增加,但对应的应力值差别不明显,基本在165 MPa左右,材料引发后反应完全性降低.     

TiH2含量对Al/PTFE动态力学性能和撞击感度的影响

采用混合压制烧结法制备了4种不同TiH₂含量的铝/氢化钛/聚四氟乙烯(Al/TiH₂/PTFE)试件，并基于分离式霍普金森杆和落锤冲击实验，对反应材料的动态压缩力学性能、撞击感度及反应特性进行了研究。实验结果表明，4种材料均存在应变硬化和应变率硬化效应，随加载应变率的提高，材料屈服强度和硬化模量增大。相同加载应变率下，材料屈服强度随TiH₂含量的增加而增高，材料压缩强度则先增高后降低，TiH₂质量分数为5%时材料压缩强度达到最大值166.4 MPa，比Al/PTFE强度提高6.8%。在一定含量范围内(小于5%)，加入TiH₂有助于提高Al/PTFE材料撞击感度和能量释放水平，而TiH₂质量分数大于10%时，材料撞击感度和反应剧烈程度则逐渐降低。与Al/PTFE相比，含TiH₂试件反应火光周围有明显的火星喷溅现象，且此现象TiH₂含量越高越显著。     

高温后高强高性能混凝土双轴压力学性能

利用大型静动真三轴试验机,进行了常温20${^\circ}$C以及200${^\circ}$C$\sim $ 600${^\circ}$C\,6个温度等级高温后高强高性能混凝土在7种应力比双轴压应力状态下的强度与变形试验.测得了双轴主压方向的静态强度、峰值应变与应力应变曲线,剖析了温度和应力比对单、双轴压强度与峰值应变发展趋势的影响规律性以及试件破坏形态. 试验结果表明:随温度的升高,高强高性能混凝土的单轴压减摩强度并不一定降低;双轴压强度相对于单轴压强度的提高倍数取决于应力比、不同温度等级后的高强高性能混凝土``脆硬性'. 提出了带有温度和应力比参数的Kupfer-Gerstle破坏准则公式.      

PTFE/Al含能复合物的本构关系

室温下,利用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆获得了PTFE/Al含能复合物在应变率10-3~103s-1范围内的压缩应力应变曲线。通过对不同应变率下力学性能的分析,初步建立了材料基于Johnson-Cook塑性模型的压缩本构方程,考虑了材料的应变硬化效应和应变率效应。利用该方程进行的PTFE/Al弹丸侵彻钢靶板的数值模拟结果与实际情况较符合,验证了该方程的可靠性和合理性,对PTFE/Al材料的实际应用也具有一定的指导作用。     

Experimental simulation of matrix cracking and debonding in a model brittle matrix composite

A model composite material system was designed to simulate typical damage mechanisms in unidirectional fiber reinforced brittle matrix composites. Experiments were performed at low to high quasistatic, macroscopic loading rates . At all loading rates reversal of the transverse strain was observed and was correlated to matrix cracking and debonding. The optical method of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) was used to obtain qualitative information regarding the stress fields and to observe the progression of damage. It was found that the sequence of damage formation (damage path) depended on the macroscopic loading rate. At lower loading rates periodic matrix cracks developed; minimal debonding of the reinforcement-matrix interface occurred only much later in the experiment. At higher loading rates extensive debonding followed propagation of the initial matrix crack, and periodic cracking was not observed. Several features of the material response of the model material system were also observed in a previously studied unidirectional ceramic matrix composite.     

On strain-rate sensitivity and size effect of brittle solids: transition from cooperative phenomena to microcrack nucleation

An idealized brittle microscale system is subjected to dynamic uniaxial tension in the medium-to-high strain-rate range $(\dot \varepsilon \in \;[100\;s^{-1},\;1 \times 10^{7} \;s^{-1}])$ to investigate its mechanical response under constrained spatial and temporal scales. The setup of dynamic simulations is designed to ensure practically identical in-plane stress conditions on a system of continuum particles forming a two-dimensional, geometrically and structurally disordered, lattice. The rate sensitivity of size effects is observed as well as the ordering effect of kinetic energy. A simple phenomenological expression is developed to account for the tensile strength sensitivity of the small-sized brittle systems to the strain-rate and extrinsic size effects, which may serve as a guideline for formulation of constitutive relations in the MEMS design. The representative sample is defined as a square lattice size for which the tensile strength becomes rate-insensitive and an expression is proposed to model its evolution between two asymptotes corresponding to the limiting loading rates. The dynamics of damage accumulation is analyzed as a function of sample size and loading rate.     

焊锡材料的应变率效应及其材料模型

采用分离式霍普金森压杆和拉杆实验,研究了含铅Sn37Pb、无铅Sn3.5Ag和Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu3种焊锡材料在600~2200s^{-1}应变率下的力学性能,得到了它们在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线. 根据实验数据建立了3种焊锡材料的应变率无关弹塑性材料模型和率相关Johnson-Cook材料模型,并用于模拟板级电子封装在跌落冲击载荷下焊锡接点的力学行为. 结果表明,高应变率下无铅焊料比含铅焊料对应变率更敏感,其抗拉强度为含铅焊料的1.5倍,其韧性也明显高于含铅焊料;在跌落冲击过程中,焊锡接点经历的应变率可达到1000s^{ -1}左右;给出的率相关Johnson-Cook材料模型能预测出比率无关的弹塑性模型更合理的应力应变结果.      

SHPB加载下PTFE/Al冲击反应的临界条件

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）加载方法和高速摄影技术,对混合压制烧结法制备的铝颗粒增强聚四氟乙烯复合材料（polytetrafluoroethylene/Al,PTFE/Al）的冲击反应临界条件进行研究。实验中采用钢杆、铝杆和不同尺寸的试样,进行不同加载条件下的测试,实验结果表明:PTFE/Al复合材料的冲击反应过程主要可分为变形、碎裂、反应阶段,其冲击反应临界同时关联于应力和应变率。并基于实验获得了PTFE/Al复合材料的冲击反应临界渐进线应力和应变率,通过对实验数据的归纳和分析,初步提出实验条件下关联应力和应变率的PTFE/Al临界反应关系式,获得冲击反应阈值预测曲线。     

Displacement and Dissolution Characteristics of CO$$_{}$$/Brine System in Unconsolidated Porous Media

This study investigated the dynamic displacement and dissolution of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) in porous media at 313 K and 6/8 MPa. Gaseous (\(\hbox {gCO}_{2}\)) at 6 MPa and supercritical \(\hbox {CO}_{2 }(\hbox {scCO}_{2}) \) at 8 MPa were injected downward into a glass bead pack at different flow rates, following upwards brine injection. The processes occurring during \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) drainage and brine imbibition were visualized using magnetic resonance imaging. The drainage flow fronts were strongly influenced by the flow rates, resulting in different gas distributions. However, brine imbibition proceeded as a vertical compacted front due to the strong effect of gravity. Additionally, the effects of flow rate on distribution and saturation were analyzed. Then, the front movement of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) dissolution was visualized along different paths after imbibition. The determined \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) concentrations implied that little \(\hbox {scCO}_{2}\) dissolved in brine after imbibition. The dissolution rate was from \(10^{-8}\) to \(10^{-9}\, \hbox {kg}\, \hbox {m}^{-3} \, \hbox {s}^{-1}\) and from \(10^{-6}\) to \(10^{-8}\, \hbox {kg}\, \hbox {m}^{-3} \, \hbox {s}^{-1}\) for \(\hbox {gCO}_{2}\) at 6 MPa and \(\hbox {scCO}_{2 }\) at 8 MPa, respectively. The total time for the \(\hbox {scCO}_{2}\) dissolution was short, indicating fast mass transfer between the \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) and brine. Injection of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) under supercritical conditions resulted in a quick establishment of a steady state with high storage safety.     

A shock tube study on the thermal decomposition of CS2 based on S(3P) and S(1D) concentration measurements

The thermal decomposition of CS₂ highly diluted in Ar was studied behind reflected shock waves by monitoring time-dependent absorption profiles of S(³P) and S(¹D) using atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS). The rate coefficient of the reaction:

基于气炮实验的PTFE/Al复合材料冲击反应阈值

基于16 mm口径气炮撞击实验,对铝颗粒增强的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene)/Al(PTFE/Al)冲击反应复合材料的冲击反应阈值开展了研究。为研究不同撞击加载条件下应变率和碰撞应力对PTFE/Al冲击诱发反应的影响,实验中采用铝、钢和低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene, LDPE)这3种不同材料的靶板及不同长度的试样,进行不同加载条件下的测试分析。实验结果显示,PTFE/Al材料的冲击诱发同时受到碰撞压力和加载应变率的影响。同时,通过对试样撞靶过程进行数值模拟,并与实验和理论结果进行对比。基于实验数据,拟合出PTFE/Al材料冲击反应的的预测曲线。     

爆炸驱动典型活性材料能量释放特性研究

为了研究活性材料爆炸驱动反应特性，基于粉末压制成型工艺，制备了Al/PTFE、Al/Ni两种典型的活性材料及Al₂O₃/PTFE、Al₂O₃/PTFE/W惰性材料。通过爆炸驱动试验，并结合高速摄影、远红外热像仪以及峰值超压测试技术，分析了不同活性材料壳体装药爆炸火球、温度场分布及空气冲击波峰值超压等特性。同时，在炸药爆炸空气冲击波峰值超压经验计算模型中考虑了活性材料释放的化学能，分析了反应释放能量对空气冲击波的影响规律。结果表明:活性材料在爆炸驱动过程中经历了强加载条件下反应、产生碎片并向四周飞散、撞击钢板及后续反应等阶段。活性材料对炸药爆炸产生的空气冲击波具有强化作用，爆炸加载瞬间材料仅发生了部分化学反应。     

PTFE材料在高应变率冲击下的力学性能

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)在高速碰撞或者爆炸加载时的应变率可高达106 s-1,高应变率下PTFE材料的力学响应会对其材料性能产生较大影响。本文中采用压剪炮试验系统(PSPI)测试了PTFE材料在高应变率(105~106 s-1)下的压缩力学性能,实验中碳化钨(WC)飞片板以一定速度撞击由前靶板、试件和后靶板组成的三明治结构,并采用激光干涉仪记录后靶板自由面的速度变化。对实验结果处理后得到该PTFE材料的应力应变数值,并拟合得到应力应变曲线。本研究对PTFE/金属复合材料制成的动能侵彻体强度及其冲击碎化机理的分析具有指导意义。     

Predicting the Dynamic Compressive Strength of Carbonate Rocks from Quasi-Static Properties

In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar testing method was used to quantify the dynamic strength characteristics of rocks with short cylindrical specimens. Seventy dynamic compression tests were conducted on 10 different carbonate rocks with the split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. Experimental procedure for testing dynamic compressive strength and elastic behaviour of rock material at high strain rate loading is presented in the paper. Pulse-shaper technique was adopted to obtain dynamic stress equilibrium at the ends of the sample and to provide nearly a constant strain rate during the dynamic loading. In addition to dynamic tests, the physical properties covering bulk density, effective porosity, P-wave velocity and Schmidt hardness of rocks, and mechanical properties such as quasi-static compressive strength and tensile strength were determined through standard testing methods. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to investigate the variation of dynamic compressive strength depending on physical and mechanical properties of rocks and loading rate. A three parameter model was found to be simple and provided the best surface fit to data. It was found that dynamic compressive strength of rocks increases with increase in loading rate and/or increase in rock property values except porosity. Statistical tests of regression results showed that quasi-static compressive strength and Schmidt hardness are most significant rock properties to adequately predict the dynamic compressive strength value among the other properties. However, P-wave velocity, quasi-static tensile strength of rocks could also be used to estimate the dynamic compressive strength value of rocks, as well, except the bulk density and effective porosity.     

准一维应变下Al2O3陶瓷动态压缩失效的实验研究

为了考察Al2O3陶瓷准一维应变下的力学性能,采用LY12铝套筒和45钢套筒对陶瓷试样进行了环向约束,在准静态和动态下分别进行了压缩实验,得到了材料的应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明,Al2O3陶瓷的轴向压缩强度基本上随围压的增大而增大,动态压缩加载下的轴向压缩强度随应变率增大而增大。Al2O3陶瓷在准一维应变下的破坏形式为裂纹破坏,准静态的脆性失效行为可以用Mohr-Coulomb失效准则来描述。     

Numerical validation of the shear compression specimen. Part II: Dynamic large strain testing

Part I of this work addressed quasi-static loading of the shear compression specimen (SCS), which has been especially developed to investigate the shear dominant response of materials at various strain rates. The stress and strain states were characterized numerically. Approximations were presented to reduce the measured load,P, and displacement,d, into equivalent stress and strain . This paper addresses dynamic loading of the SCS. Several simulations were made for representative materials, whose stress-strain behavior is assumed to be rate-independent. The results show that stress wave loading induces strong oscillations in theP-d curve. However, the curve remains smooth in the gage section. The oscillations are about the quasistatic load values, so that with suitable filtering of the dynamicP-d curves, the quasi-static ones are readily recovered. Consequently, the approach that was developed for quasi-static loading of the SCS is now extended to dynamic loading situations. The average strain rate is rather constant and scales linearly with the prescribed velocity. As the plastic modulus becomes smaller, the strain rate reaches higher values. Friction at the end pieces of the specimen is also investigated, and shown to have a small overall influence on the determined mechanical characteristics. This paper thereby confirms the potential of the SCS for large strain testing of materials, using a unified approach, over a large range of strain rates in a seamless fashion.     

预静态加载后的混凝土动态受压特性试验

进行了混凝土在应变速率分别为10-5/s、10-4/s、10-3/s的条件下,经历极限抗压强度分别为0、40%、60%、75%和85%的单调荷载作用的动态单轴压缩试验,在此基础上分析了经历不同单调加载历史和应变速率下混凝土的峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量的变化规律。试验结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,动态单轴抗压强度明显增加;当单调加载应力水平高于某一应力阈值时,混凝土极限抗压强度明显降低;混凝土弹性模量随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势;混凝土峰值应变随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加而减少。     

Diffusion of the dicumyl peroxide in molten polymer probed by rheology

The mutual coefficient of diffusion of the dicumyl peroxide (DCP), which diffuses into an ethylene–octene copolymer above its T _g was measured from an innovative rheological experiment. The experiments were carried out on a parallel plate geometry rheometer. The method is based on the cross-linking of a two-layer sample; the upper layer contains 2 wt% of DCP, and the lower layer is free of DCP. Actually, this experiment is based on the competition between the reaction of cross-linking and the diffusion of DCP in the lower layer. Comparing this rheological behavior with the rheological kinetic of cross-linking of an homogeneous sample with 1 wt% DCP, we are able, from an inverse fitting procedure, to calculate the mutual coefficient of diffusion. Our hypothesis is that the diffusion of DCP in the copolymer above T _g, can be described by Fick’s classical law. Using Fick’s law, the concentration of the DCP was established for any given point of the thickness of the two-layer sample at any time. Using a one-dimensional grid to solve continuous equations that describe the different rheological contributions of each abscissa, we determined the linear viscoelastic response of the whole sample. Comparing the experimental storage modulus of the two layer sample to the values measured from an homogeneous sample, we found the values of the mutual coefficient of diffusion. Finally, a simple relation, which describes the mutual coefficient of diffusion of DCP into melt ethylene–octene copolymer was established according to an Arrhenius law as:

冻土单轴动态加载下的力学性能

研究冻土的动态力学性能对于地下工程人工冻结法施工等具有重要意义。本文应用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB),研究了冻土单轴动态加载下的力学性能,涉及-3、-8、-13、-17、-23和-28℃共6个负温的冻土,应变率范围350～1200s-1。获得了相应条件下的冻土应力应变关系。冻土的单轴动态应力应变曲线具有脆性特征。发现冻土具有温度和应变率效应,其强度随温度降低和应变率增大而增大,最终应变随应变率增大而增大。冻土温度越低,应变率敏感性越强;加载应变率越高,冻土的温度效应越显著。文中提出的粘弹性损伤型本构模型能够较好的描述6个温度冻土的应力应变关系。