底面起爆的圆弧钝感炸药爆轰传播规律的数值模拟研究

用爆轰冲击波动力学的广义几何光学模型ＧＧＯ２Ｄ编码计算了底面起爆的圆弧钝感炸药的爆轰波传播过程,以及同一圆心角上不同半径的爆轰走时,计算结果与实验符合得很好。     

舱内爆炸角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性研究

为研究密闭舱室内爆角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性,利用缩比模型进行了某典型舱室内爆试验,得到远离角隅、两面角隅和三面角隅处的冲击波载荷,结合数值模拟研究了3种特征位置处冲击波传播规律及载荷特征。研究结果表明:远离角隅处壁面反射冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,反射冲击波以球面波传播;距两面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现双峰结构,两面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以椭球状传播;距三面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现多峰结构,三面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以球面波传播;在合理假设条件下,根据量纲分析及数值模拟结果,得到首次冲击时角隅汇聚反射冲击波载荷经验计算公式。     

喷管对水下爆轰气泡形态和压力特征影响的实验研究

针对具有不同类型喷管的爆轰管在水下爆轰中形成的燃气射流问题，搭建了爆轰实验平台，研究了单次爆轰过程中尾部喷管对水下气泡形态与压力特征的影响。采用数字粒子图像测速技术对高速摄影机拍摄得到的气泡脉动图片进行流场可视化分析，得到各喷管工况下的气泡速度场。为了确认爆轰管内是否形成稳定爆轰波，并观察爆轰波在气液两相界面上的透反射特性，爆轰管尾部安装有2个动态压力传感器，同时在距离喷管一定距离处设置一个水下爆炸传感器，以监测水中传播的压力波。结果表明：扩张喷管工况下的气泡脉动过程与直喷管工况基本一致，但扩张喷管提高了燃气射流速度，气泡膨胀体积更大；因为燃气射流的持续性，收敛喷管工况下的气泡脉动过程具有明显差异，气泡膨胀体积较小，但气泡二次脉动时长相较于一次脉动时长衰减更小；扩张喷管提高了气泡脉动强度，扩张喷管工况下的气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力远大于直喷管工况下的气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力；收敛喷管工况下的气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力都较小，但收敛喷管燃气射流的持续性减缓了气泡脉动压力的衰减速度。相比于直喷管，扩张喷管工况下的气泡脉动时间、气泡脉动压力与透射冲击波压力都更大。收敛喷管工况下的气泡...     

柱状含铝炸药水下爆炸近场的特征线法研究

基于之前提出的一种含熵变项的特征线法，通过控制非等熵流中的能量释放来刻画铝粉燃烧的影响，结合简单Chapman-Jouguet模型和JWL-Miller状态方程，计算了柱形含铝炸药水下爆炸的近场参数。对比模拟结果与实验数据，发现这种特征线法可以较好地预测近场冲击波的传播迹线、爆轰产物的膨胀轨迹以及内部压缩波的反射过程。结果表明，这种特征线法可用于含铝炸药水下爆炸的近场计算，进一步可用于评估含铝炸药性能或计算水下能量输出。     

球对称形式物质点法及其在水下爆炸中的应用

利用物质点法求解三维远场水下爆炸冲击响应问题时,爆炸冲击波到达结构物之前传播过程的计算会消耗大量的计算资源,影响求解效率。针对这一问题,并考虑到水下爆炸冲击波在自由场中的传播特点,提出了一维球对称形式的物质点法,对球形炸药水下爆炸过程进行了数值模拟,并与Cole公式以及DYNA计算结果进行了比较,结果吻合较好,验证了一维球对称形式物质点法的正确性。在此基础上,提出了基于物质点法的重映射算法,将爆炸冲击波在自由场中的传播过程在一维球对称模型中进行计算,并将计算结果映射到三维模型中,以便继续完成计算过程,有效避免了计算资源在冲击波传播过程计算上的消耗。     

沉底装药水中爆炸现象的实验研究

为获得沉底装药水中爆炸冲击波传播和气泡运动的一般规律,设计开展了沉底装药水中爆炸原理 性实验,通过观测记录装药沉底爆炸作用过程,并与装药自由场水中爆炸进行对比分析,得到主要结论:沉底 装药水中爆炸存在冲击波水底反射、气泡运动形成水底射流等复杂的载荷效应;沉底爆炸气泡呈半球形依附 在水底并同时急剧膨胀,其在收缩运动中连带水底介质颗粒迅速上浮,同时,气泡形状在水底射流作用下发生 显著变化;沉底爆炸冲击波压力呈指数衰减规律,无明显二次压力波,但由于水底介质作用而形成较强的水底 反射冲击波,一般使得迭加后的冲击波峰值压力高于入射波阵面压力。     

一种水下爆炸冲击波压力调控方法

起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力有较为显著的影响,这使得利用小当量装药在局部方向形成与大当量装药一定程度等效的冲击波成为可能。为了能够在小当量装药条件下开展舰船结构及设备抗水下爆炸冲击实验,基于细长装药结构和参数优化设计,设计了一种冲击波压力幅值和持续时间可调的装药方法。首先,基于简单波理论给出了水下爆炸冲击波压力调控的原理,以及装药参数优化设计的目标函数和约束条件;然后,采用自主数值模拟软件研究了细长装药的水下爆炸能量输出规律,通过实验验证了数值模拟的置信度,研究发现起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值和持续时间的影响是显著的,在炸药爆速一定的情况下,长药柱水下爆炸冲击波压力的持续时间可通过几何近似确定;最后,为了进一步考察该方法的有效性,以1000 kg TNT和100 m爆距的水下爆炸冲击波压力-时间曲线作为原型,设计了2种与该原型冲击波压力等效的装药方案,并通过数值模拟进行了验证。研究结果表明:设计的装药能够在预定的持续时间内,在装药起爆端一侧形成与原型等效的冲击波压力-时间曲线。由于没有考虑对气泡载荷的等效,因此该调控方法仅适用于中远场爆炸冲击问题。     

低能量导爆索水下爆炸冲击波特性实验研究

为了获得低能量导爆索水下爆炸冲击波特性,在水下爆炸试验容器中对复合铝纤维爆炸索进行水下爆炸实验。采用PCB压电型传感器测量水中爆炸冲击波压力脉冲,获得了复合铝纤维爆炸索冲击波压力峰值,计算了其冲击波比能和高压区冲击波比能。研究结果表明:复合铝纤维爆炸索冲击波能量的输出主要集中在特征时间内的高压区,占到冲击波比能的84%。通过复合铝纤维爆炸索水下爆炸冲击波特性的研究,为其下一步的推广应用奠定了基础。     

一种冲击波作用下结构毁伤算法研究

针对爆炸冲击波与建筑物结构相互作用过程,分析了冲击波与结构碎块作用机理,发展了一种能够模拟建筑物结构破坏及冲击波传播过程的计算模型和方法。采用建筑物结构工程毁伤载荷作为判据,处理结构在冲击波作用下的破坏问题;利用流固耦合界面算法处理结构运动引起的泄压效应,利用“虚拟网格通气技术”处理结构碎块对冲击波的阻碍作用,模拟了冲击波作用下典型建筑物的毁伤过程及冲击波传播过程。结果表明,该模型在模拟冲击波与结构的作用过程中,压力计算结果与非结构动网格模拟结果符合较好;在典型建筑物毁伤过程的数值模拟中,计算得到的建筑物毁伤效果和冲击波超压分布与建筑物物理毁伤特点符合。     

基于相变松弛法则的水下爆炸空化模型研究

水下爆炸过程中存在着大量的空化现象,空化的产生、演化及其溃灭过程对于水下冲击波传播、爆炸气泡运动以及水下结构物冲击损伤都会产生重要影响。本文基于多相可压缩流体理论模型,考虑空化发生过程中汽-液两相流体亚平衡状态下两相之间发生的热力学-化学平衡机制,分析汽-液两相介质之间的质量和热量交换,从而实现对相变过程的自动捕捉。该系统的控制方程采用分步法处理,首先利用二阶MUSCL-Hancock格式和HLLC黎曼求解器来求解齐次双曲型方程,再采用牛顿迭代法求解相变方程。数值测试结果表明,本文的计算模型对于空化相变过程具有较好的捕捉能力。最后将该模型应用到水下近水面爆炸空化的数值模拟当中,研究发现空泡的溃灭压力峰值约为冲击波压力峰值的15%,有效作用时间是冲击波载荷有效作用时间的2倍以上。本文的空化相变模型能够为水下爆炸空化现象的机理研究提供重要支撑。     

Experimental and numerical studies of shock wave focusing in water

The focusing of plane shock waves and spherical blast waves in water by parabolic and ellipsoidal reflectors is studied experimentally and numerically. The numerical computations are performed by a second order method based on an extension of Godunov's method, which is called piecewise-linear method. Tests of this method and a comparison with pressure measurements show a strong dependence of the maximum pressure attained in the focal region on the mesh size. Outside this focal region, however, good agreement between the pressure measurements and the result of the numerical computation is found. Furthermore it is shown by numerical computation, that non-linear effects in the focusing process may be partly avoided by an optimized reflector contour which depends on the strength of the incident shock wave. This modification provides that the maximum pressure is attained at the geometric focus and not at a location between reflector surface and geometrical focus.     

A holographic interferometric study of shock wave focusing in a circular reflector

A holographic interferometric study was made of the focusing of reflected shock waves from a circular reflector. A diaphragmless shock tube was used for incident shock Mach numbers ranging from 1.03 to 1.74. Hence, the process of reflected shock wave focusing was quantitatively observed. It is found that a converging shock wave along the curved wall undergoes an unsteady evolution of mach reflection and its focusing is, therefore, subject to the evolution of the process of shock wave reflections. The collision of triple points terminates the focusing process at the geometrical focus. In order to interprete quantitatively these interferograms, a numerical simulation using an Eulerian solver combined with adaptive unstructured grids was carried out. It is found numerically that the highest density appears immediately after the triple point collision. This implies that the final stage of focusing is mainly determined by the interaction between shock waves and vortices. The interaction of finite strength shock waves, hence, prevents a curved shock wave from creating the infinite increase of density or pressure at a focal point which is otherwise predicted by the linear acoustic theory.     

激波聚焦诱导点火和爆轰的数值研究

以二维轴对称多组分Euler方程为基础，采用非正交结构化网格和改进的波传播算法，模拟了激波在抛物形反射壁面聚焦反射诱导点火和爆轰的过程，描述了其流场形态。讨论了预混气组成、入射激波强度及反射壁面形状对点火和爆轰的影响。结果表明，激波在抛物形反射壁面顶点处聚焦反射可形成局部高温高压区域，该区域在一定条件下可点燃预混气甚至形成爆轰，其中低稀释剂浓度的预混气、较大的入射激波Mach数和较深的反射壁面有利于可燃预混气形成爆轰。     

Cavitation phenomena in extracorporeal microexplosion lithotripsy

An experimental investigation was made of cavitation phenomena induced by underwater shock wave focusing applied to the extracorporeal microexplosion lithotripsy (microexplosion ESWL). Firstly an underwater microexplosion generated by detonation of a 10 mg silver azide pellet was studied and secondly underwater shock focusing and its induced cavitation phenomena were investgated. Underwater shock wave was focused by using a semi-ellipsoidal reflector in which a shock wave generated at the first focal point of the reflector was reflected and focused at the second focal point. It is found that an explosion product gas bubble did not produce any distinct rebound shocks. Meantime cavitation appeared after shock focusing at the second focal point where expansion waves originated at the exit of the reflector were simultaneously collected. A shock/bubble interaction is found to contribute not only to urinary tract stone disintegration but also tissue damage. The cavitation effect associated with the microexplosion ESWL was weaker in comparison with a spark discharge ESWL. The microexplosion ESWL is an effective method which can minimize the number of shock exposures hence decreasing tissue damage by conducting precise positioning of urinary tract stones.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

可燃气体中激波聚焦的点火特性

数值模拟了二维平面激波从抛物面上反射在可燃气体中聚焦的过程，研究了形 成爆轰波的点火特性. 对理想化学当量比氢气/空气混合气体，在初始压强20kPa的条件下， 马赫数2.6-2.8的激波聚焦能产生两个点火区：第1个点火区是反射激波会聚引起的，第 2个点火区是由入射激波在抛物面上发生马赫反射引起的. 这种条件下流场中会出现爆燃转 爆轰，起爆点分别分布在管道壁面、抛物反射面和第2点火区附近. 起爆机理分别为激波管 道壁面反射、点火诱导激波的抛物面反射和点火诱导的激波与第2点火区产生的爆燃波的相 互作用. 不同的点火和起爆过程导致了不同的流场波系结构，同时影响了爆轰波传播的波动 力学过程.     

Numerical simulation of shock wave focusing over parabolic reflectors

The problem of a plane shock wave that propagates in an air media and then is reflected from a parabolic concave reflector and focuses at some region is considered. The shock focusing can greatly magnify the pressure and the temperature. The purpose of this study is to numerically simulate the shock focusing process of the reflection of shock waves from the parabolic reflectors with different depths and to analyze their associated flow fields in detail. The present solver developed is to solve the Euler equations using an improved, implicit, upwind Total Variation Diminishing scheme in a finite-volume approach. The effects of reflectors with different depths and of the incident shock Mach numbers on shock focusing are investigated. The real-gas effect is taken into account through a proper correction of the specific heat ratio of air, when high temperature occurs due to shock focusing.     

环形激波绕射, 反射和聚焦的数值模拟研究

应用频散可控耗散格式对环形激波在圆柱形激波管内绕射、反射和聚焦的问题进行了数值模拟研究，研究结果表明环形激波形成强烈聚焦的关键因素是环形激波在圆柱形管道中向对称轴运动时，绕射激波就不断加速而不作通常情况下的衰减；不同马赫数的环形激波绕射也产生不同马赫数及形状的准柱形激波，导致聚焦效果和位置的差异；另外，环形激波聚焦于一个点而圆柱形激波聚焦于一条线，两者有本质不同。     

水下爆破冲击波作用下典型鱼类临界安全波压模型研究

为了探究水下爆破冲击波对鱼类损伤的影响，首先通过理论分析探讨了水下冲击波在鱼体的传播过程和对鱼鳔的损伤机理，构建了典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型，并结合实测数据、参考相关文献，确定了模型参数。结果表明，典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压与鱼体长呈线性关系。其中，水介质和鱼鳔壁介质的波阻抗比、鱼鳔宽度因数、鱼鳔壁厚因数、鱼鳔径向临界拉应力因数和鱼鳔形状因数分别为0.3～2.0、0.04～0.09、0.002、60和0.6～1.1。然后，根据典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型参数，得到最大和最小鱼类临界安全波压模型分别为p_ic,max=30L和p_ic,min=3L(p_ic,max的单位为kPa,L的单位为cm)。最后，通过鱼类损伤情况的实测数据和文献数据，验证了鱼类临界安全波压模型。结果表明，不同体长的鱼类在不同冲击波压力时的受损状况分布，基本与鱼类所能承受的最大和最小的临界安全波压范围符合。并根据鱼类临界安全波压与体长的关系，划分了死亡区、存活有影响区和存活无影响区。     

Experimental and numerical study of shock wave propagation in water generated by pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharges

The objective of this study is to simulate the propagation of the shock wave in water due to an explosion. The study is part of a global research program on the development of an alternative stimulation technique to conventional hydraulic fracturing in tight gas reservoirs aimed at inducing a distributed state of microcracking of rocks instead of localized fracture. We consider the possibility of increasing the permeability of rocks with dynamic blasts. The blast is a shock wave generated in water by pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharges. The amplitude of these shock waves is prescribed by the electrohydraulic discharges which generate high pressures of several kilobars within microseconds. A simplified method has been used to simulate the injected electrical energy as augmentation of enthalpy in water locally. The finite element code EUROPLEXUS is used to perform fluid fast dynamic computation. The predicted pressure is consistent with the experimental results. In addition, shock wave propagation characteristics predicted with simulation can be valuable reference for design of underwater structural elements and engineering of underwater explosion.