水下爆破冲击波作用下典型鱼类临界安全波压模型研究

为了探究水下爆破冲击波对鱼类损伤的影响，首先通过理论分析探讨了水下冲击波在鱼体的传播过程和对鱼鳔的损伤机理，构建了典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型，并结合实测数据、参考相关文献，确定了模型参数。结果表明，典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压与鱼体长呈线性关系。其中，水介质和鱼鳔壁介质的波阻抗比、鱼鳔宽度因数、鱼鳔壁厚因数、鱼鳔径向临界拉应力因数和鱼鳔形状因数分别为0.3～2.0、0.04～0.09、0.002、60和0.6～1.1。然后，根据典型有鳔鱼类临界安全波压模型参数，得到最大和最小鱼类临界安全波压模型分别为p_ic,max=30L和p_ic,min=3L(p_ic,max的单位为kPa,L的单位为cm)。最后，通过鱼类损伤情况的实测数据和文献数据，验证了鱼类临界安全波压模型。结果表明，不同体长的鱼类在不同冲击波压力时的受损状况分布，基本与鱼类所能承受的最大和最小的临界安全波压范围符合。并根据鱼类临界安全波压与体长的关系，划分了死亡区、存活有影响区和存活无影响区。

A critical safety wave pressure model of typical fishes under the action of underwater blasting shock waves

To investigate the propagation process of the underwater blasting shock wave in a fish body and its effect on typical swim bladder fishes, a critical safety wave pressure model for typical fishes was established and verified through theoretical analysis and field tests. According to the transverse reflection pattern of one-dimensional elastic compression wave between different media, the relationship between the critical safety wave pressure and the body length of typical swim bladder fishes was established. The length and mechanical properties of the swim bladder and fish body were measured using a vernier caliper, a digital micrometer, and a microcomputer tensile tester. Based on the measured data, the positive correlations of the length, width, wall thickness, and radial critical tensile stress of the swim bladder with the fish body length were determined, and the parameters in the fish critical safety wave pressure model were calibrated. The wave impedance ratio of the water medium and swim bladder wall medium was 0.3–2.0. The width, wall thickness, shape, and radial critical tensile stress coefficients of the swimming bladder were 0.04–0.09, 0.002, 0.6–1.1 and 60, respectively. The underwater blasting shock wave pressure and its effect on the fishes were measured using a blast wave tester, and the damage to the fishes was divided into three types: death, survival with influence, and survival without influence. The fish critical safety wave pressure model was verified by the statistical results of fish damage. The results show that the damage states of fishes with different body lengths at different shock pressures are conformed with the maximum and minimum critical safety wave pressure that the fishes can withstand. The proposed fish critical safety wave pressure model can be used to describe the relationship between the critical safety wave pressure and body length of the swim bladder fishes under the action of the underwater blasting shock waves. The research achievement can provide a theoretical basis for ecological protection of the fishes in the waterway regulation project of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.