SiCp尺寸对SiCp／Cu基复合材料抗磨性能的影响

以纳米级(30nm)、亚微米级(130nm)、微米级(14μm)3种粒径的SiCp和微米级(10μm)铜粉为原料，用冷压烧结和热挤压方法制备了纳米、亚微米和微米级SiCp／Cu复合材料，考察了SiCp尺寸对SiCp／Cu复合材料抗磨性能的影响．结果表明，不同尺寸的SiCp颗粒作为增强相均能显著改善铜基复合材料的抗磨性能；随着SiCp尺寸的增大，SiCp／Cu复合材料的抗磨性能提高幅度显著增大，但偶件磨损表面的犁削加剧；以微米级SiCp为原料制备的SiCp／Cu复合材料的抗磨性能最佳，但其导致偶件40Cr钢犁削作用显著加剧．从摩擦副整体的摩擦磨损性能角度而言，宜采用SiCp尺寸为130nm的SiCp／Cu复合材料同40Cr钢组成摩擦副．     

SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料的高温摩擦磨损特性研究

采用MMU-5G型端面摩擦磨损试验机研究了SiC和石墨颗粒混杂增强铜基复合材料在250～400 ℃与GCr15钢对摩时的高温摩擦磨损特性,并与SiC/Cu复合材料进行对比分析.结果表明:加入石墨颗粒可以降低复合材料和偶件GCr15钢的磨损率,获得低而稳定的摩擦系数;同时,有效防止高温条件下严重粘着转移现象的发生,使得在400 ℃下混杂复合材料仍具有较低的磨损率.这是由于在混杂增强铜基复合材料的高温磨损表面上通过"磨屑机械混合→热压"的机制形成了连续的富石墨机械混合层,而对磨损表面起到良好的固体润滑作用,使得SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料具有良好的高温摩擦磨损特性.     

氮化物陶瓷颗粒增强铜基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能研究

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了纯铜以及AlNp／Cu和TiNp／Cu系列铜基复合材料，研究了2种复合材料在不同颗粒含量、不同载荷及滑动速度等条件下与45^#钢对摩时的干摩擦磨损性能，用扫描电子显微镜观察其磨损表面形貌，用能谱仪分析了磨损表面的元素组成．结果表明：与纯铜相比，AlNpCu及TiNp／Cu复合材料的耐磨性能显著提高，随着氮化物颗粒含量增加，2种复合材料的磨损率先下降而后趋于稳定；载荷与滑动速度提高引起的热效应使得纯铜及其复合材料的磨损率增高；由于TiNp的硬度高于AlNp以及本身具有一定的自润滑性能，使得TiNp／Cu复合材料的耐磨减摩性能优于AlNp／Cu复合材料．     

增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用自制的摩擦磨损试验机考察了增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：在基体合金、陶瓷颗粒尺寸和体积分数相同的条件下,SiC增强铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能优于Al2O3增强铝基复合材料;增大颗粒尺寸或增加颗粒体积分数均使得SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的平均摩擦系数略有降低,耐磨性能提高;在与半金属摩擦材料配副时,颗粒增强铝基复合材料的摩擦系数与基体合金的相近,耐磨性能提高了3个数量级。     

三维网络SiC增强铜基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能

用销—盘式高温摩擦磨损试验机研究了85Cu—6Sn—6Zn—3Pb合金及三维网络SiC增强铜基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能，测量了铜合金及不同体积分数的复合材料在不同温度及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率；用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌，并分析了三维网络SiC对铜合金磨损机制的影响．结果表明：复合材料的耐磨性远优于铜合金，而且随着三维网络SiC体积分数、温度及载荷的增加，复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高；这种新型复合材料的摩擦系数随载荷变化保持稳定，在很宽的温度范围内，摩擦系数的稳定性均优于铜合金．这是由于三维网络SiC在磨损表面形成硬的微突体并起承载作用，同时其独特的结构制约了基体合金的塑性变形和高温软化，有利于磨损表面氧化膜的留存．这种复合材料作为传动及制动用摩擦材料具有明显的优越性．     

AZ91镁合金及其Al2O3纤维-石墨颗粒混杂增强复合材料的滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

利用挤压铸造法制备了单-A12O3短纤维增强及A12O3短纤维一石墨(Gr)颗粒混杂增强AZ91镁合金复合材料，考察了镁合金及其复合材料的滑动摩擦磨损性能．结果表明，复合材料的耐磨性能优于基体合金，其中单一A12O3短纤维增强复合材料的耐磨性能更优，而混杂Gr颗粒的复合材料在磨损表面不能形成自润滑薄膜，故不能改善镁基复合材料在滑动干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能．基体合金和单一A12O3短纤维增强复合材料的主要磨损机制为犁削磨损，而A12O3-Gr颗粒混杂增强复合材料的主要磨损机制为犁削和剥层破坏．     

石墨对三氧化二铝/铜金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Al2O3／Cu石墨复合材料；采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了石墨对Al2O3／Cu基金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能和硬度的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的摩擦系数随石墨含量的增加而降低，当石墨含量大于1.0％后，摩擦系数降低明显；当石墨含量低于3％时，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的磨损体积损失随石墨含量的增加而降低；当石墨含量低于2．0％时，石墨对Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度无明显影响；当石墨含量超过3．0％后，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度随石墨含量的增加迅速降低；此外，石墨使得Al2O3／Cu基复合材料磨损表面的微裂纹减少、裂纹长度缩短；当石墨含量达到2．5％时，复合材料磨损表面微裂纹消失．这是由于石墨在磨损表面形成固体润滑膜，从而降低摩擦力并减少裂纹源所致．     

炭纤维和氧化铜增强尼龙1010复合材料的摩擦学性能及磨损机理

以注塑成型法制备了无机填料 Cu O和炭纤维增强尼龙 10 10 (PA10 10 )复合材料 ,采用 MM- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机考察了复合材料的摩擦磨损性能 ,分析了磨损表面和转移膜形貌 .研究结果表明 :Cu O和炭纤维可以显著改善尼龙复合材料的摩擦学性能 ,以 2 0 % CF- 10 % Cu O- PA10 10的耐磨性能和拉伸强度最高 ;在摩擦过程中炭纤维促进 Cu O还原生成单质铜微粒 ,形成具有良好自润滑性能的含铜转移膜 ,对减少摩擦副之间的磨粒磨损和粘着磨损及提高转移膜的结合强度起重要作用     

碳黑填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷及偶件表面粗糙度对碳黑填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响；利用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料磨损表面形貌并分析了其磨损机理．结果表明：同UHMWPE相比，碳黑填充UHMWPE的磨损质量损失随载荷增加而增大的幅度较小；偶件表面粗糙度对碳黑填充UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能影响较大，随着偶件表面粗糙度的增大，摩擦系数和复合材料的磨损质量损失均显著增大．UHMWPE及其碳黑填充复合材料在干摩擦条件下同45“钢及SiC喷涂层涂覆45“钢对摩时主要呈现犁削和塑性变形特征，犁削和塑性变形程度随载荷和偶件表面粗糙度增加而加剧。     

三种粘结固体润滑涂层微动磨损性能比较研究

采用Deltalab-Nene型微动摩擦磨损试验机和UMT-2型通用摩擦磨损试验仪对比考察了42CrMo钢基体表面MoS2基、石墨基、PTFE基粘结固体润滑涂层的微动磨损性能及其同涂层划痕临界载荷的相关性；基于微动损伤表面和截面扫描电子显微分析以及涂层原始表面和微动磨损表面X射线衍射分析，探讨了几种涂层的微动损伤机理．结果表明：3种涂层的减摩抗磨性能并不简单取决于其同基体的结合强度，而是同时与涂层本身的机械力学性能和微结构密切相关；涂层在微动早期经历较轻微的塑性变形和流动，并可沿滑动方向发生晶粒择优取向，进而在偶件磨损表面形成转移膜，从而有效地起到减摩抗磨作用；涂层的失效主要归因于往复疲劳应力作用下的裂纹萌生、扩展以及层状剥落．     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).