爆炸载荷作用下混凝土靶板动态响应的细观模拟

考虑到一些对裂纹要求较严格的混凝土结构可能遭受到冲击载荷的威胁,利用混凝土三维细观力学模型对混凝土板在炸药爆炸（接触爆炸、封闭爆炸）载荷作用下的响应和破坏情况进行数值模拟,并就影响靶板内裂纹扩展结果的因素展开参数讨论。模型考虑了混凝土材料的内部细观结构（包括粗骨料体积分数、尺寸、级配等）以及三相材料力学性能的影响,准确地预测了混凝土板在2种爆炸条件下的裂纹形貌和开坑尺寸。通过与宏观均质模型的模拟结果进行对比可知,细观模型预测的接触爆炸条件下混凝土靶板的开坑形态、尺寸,以及封闭爆炸条件下混凝土盖板的主裂纹数量,均与实验观察更为贴近。此外,参数研究结果表明,三维细观力学模型的全局网格尺寸以及模型内各组分的相对网格尺寸均会对模拟结果的精度产生影响,选择与空气网格尺寸相当的混凝土网格尺寸,可以在获得较准确模拟结果的同时保证计算效率;骨料粒径大小也会影响混凝土板在爆炸载荷作用下的响应和破坏结果。混凝土三维细观力学模型能够反映混凝土结构在冲击载荷作用下的损伤和破坏的细观机理及影响因素,对指导工程设计和结构安全评估具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

SBFEM与非局部宏微观损伤模型相结合的准脆性材料开裂模拟

混凝土是一种被广泛应用于土木和水利工程中的准脆性材料, 在各种内外部因素的作用下, 开裂是混凝土结构最为普遍的破坏形式, 准确模拟结构的开裂过程, 对于结构的安全评估至关重要. 将比例边界有限元与非局部宏微观损伤模型相结合提出一种准脆性材料开裂模拟新方法. 以比例边界有限元子域的比例中心作为物质点, 通过两比例中心(物质点对)之间的物质键的正伸长率来定义微细观损伤, 将某点影响域内物质键的微细观损伤加权平均得到该点的宏观拓扑损伤. 再引入能量退化函数, 将宏观拓扑损伤嵌入到比例边界有限元的基本框架中. 充分利用比例边界有限元网格允许存在悬挂节点的优势, 采用四叉树网格离散技术进行快速、高质量的多级网格划分与过渡. 通过一个I型开裂与一个混合型开裂的两个典型算例, 验证了该方法可捕获结构裂纹扩展路径与荷载变形曲线. 与现有的方法相比, 本文的损伤模型可得到更准确的局部开裂损伤带, 结果更为合理, 且具有更高的计算精度和计算效率. 当损伤过程区网格尺寸小于影响域半径的1/5时, 计算结果不存在网格敏感性问题.      

裂纹尖端弹塑性变形的实验测量与有限元计算

用显微网格数字图像处理方法，测量了Ｆｅ－Ｓｉ材料平面应力条件下Ⅰ型单边裂纹尖端附近的应变场，并且用弹塑性有限元程序进行了数值模拟。对实测结果和有限元计算模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：逐级更新拉格朗日坐标体系下的弹塑性有限元计算在裂纹尖端不出现严重钝化和损伤的条件下，可以正确反映裂尖区域的弹塑性变形。在裂纹接近临界扩展时，有限元计算与实测结果之间有较大差别，其原因有待进一步研究。     

静应力作用下的层合板接头损伤失效分析

基于单层板理论,结合有限元分析技术即应力分析、Hashin三维失效判定准则、包含4种基本损伤类型相互关联作用的材料性能退化方法及结构最终破坏判据等,建立了含辅助铺层层合板接头静载损伤失效分析方法. 同时,对层合板接头损伤扩展进行了模拟分析,损伤计算结果与试验分级加载试样X光进行了对比. 通过多种类型层合板接头静强度预测结果与试验结果对比及静载累积损伤规律分析表明,建立的静载三维累积损伤分析的强度预测方法可方便模拟不同结构尺寸层合板接头内部各铺层损伤起始、发展及结构最终破坏整个累积过程,同时获得其最终破坏强度及破坏模式. 该方法的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好.      

基于多尺度方法的三维编织C/C复合材料弯曲失效特性分析

为了预测三维编织C/C复合材料的弯曲失效行为,基于多尺度渐进展开理论,结合细观渐进损伤模型,建立了三维编织C/C复合材料宏细观多尺度分析模型。通过商业有限元软件ABAQUS用户子程序UMAT的二次开发,在宏观结构有限元分析中实时调用细观单胞模型进行细观渐进损伤分析,实现了宏细观尺度之间交互式信息传递和多尺度损伤模拟。利用上述模型对三点弯曲载荷下三维编织C/C复合材料梁的渐进损伤和失效过程进行了模拟,预测了梁的载荷-挠度曲线和弯曲强度,并与实验结果进行了对比分析,验证了基于多尺度方法的三维编织C/C复合材料弯曲强度预测模型的有效性,为此类材料及结构失效分析提供了一种手段。     

冻土破坏过程的微裂纹损伤区的计算分析

对冻土破坏过程进行了试验研究，冻土破坏的过程是微裂纹损伤与临界串接的演化过程，确认了冻土微裂纹损伤区的存在，并分别用莫尔准则和最大拉应力准则建立了微裂纹损伤区计算模式。将微裂纹损伤区按缺陷处理并简化为当量裂纹，进行了裂纹尺寸的定量计算，结果表明其尺寸与冻土中初始裂纹尺寸相当，将计算结果与观测结果相比较，误差不超过10％。     

基于应变梯度的损伤局部化研究及应用

提出一种包含应变梯度项的损伤力学模型，并将其应用于材料的局部化损伤模拟预测中。有限元实现中使用C1连续高精度单元以保证包含应变梯度的影响。简单规则矩形网格情况下将结点处有限差分应变梯度结果与有限元方法结合，可避免对传统有限元程序作较大改动，同时能在不降低精度情况下提高计算效率。计算表明该梯度损伤模型可较好避免有限元在局部化模拟时的网格依赖性，预测出的局部化损伤与实际破坏情况非常相近。     

三维五向编织复合材料渐进损伤分析及强度预测

基于材料连续体细观结构单胞,提出了材料的三维渐进损伤分析模型,采用非线性有限元方法并结合均匀化平均思想,首次建立了三维五向编织复合材料的强度预测模型。经研究典型编织角材料在拉伸载荷作用下细观损伤的发生及演化过程,分析了材料的细观失效机理,获得了材料的宏观拉伸应力应变曲线和极限破坏强度,并详细探讨了主要工艺参数编织角对材料宏观力学性能的影响规律。     

考虑微结构特征的陶瓷材料含损伤本构模型

为了研究不同微结构陶瓷材料的冲击破坏特征,以从微结构角度出发、描述陶瓷材料非弹性变形和断裂行为的Deshpande-Evan模型为基础构建本构模型,计算了无约束条件下材料的应力状态。为了验证改进模型的有效性,将VUMAT子程序编程方法将与ABAQUS有限元软件相结合,并将其应用于典型陶瓷材料（YAG透明陶瓷）冲击破坏过程的分析模拟。采用改进模型分析应变率、应力三轴度、晶粒尺寸及初始缺陷分布密度对YAG透明陶瓷动态力学行为和损伤演化机制的影响规律。结果表明：随着晶粒尺寸和裂纹分布密度的增加,YAG透明陶瓷破坏程度随之加剧,完全损伤区域面积也随之增加,晶粒尺寸对YAG透明陶瓷宏观破坏特征的影响程度要大于裂纹分布密度;YAG透明陶瓷失效强度以及断裂应变随着晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度的增大而减小;随着应变率不断增加,YAG透明陶瓷在不同晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度下的峰值应力和断裂应变均随之增加;裂纹扩展速度会随着晶粒尺寸的增加呈现出先增加而后平缓的趋势,裂纹扩展速度与初始缺陷分布密度系数成线性关系。改进模型可以描述YAG透明陶瓷微结构对其宏观破坏特征的影响,为进一步分析微结构对陶瓷材料宏观...     

钨合金长杆弹侵彻陶瓷层合板的数值模拟

用自编计算程序给出了长杆弹侵彻陶瓷层合板的数值模拟。其中层合板的面板和背板均为装甲钢,中间为3层氧化铝陶瓷。装甲钢和长杆弹材料的本构关系采用Johnson-Cook模型,将Mohr-Coulomb盖帽模型与Bodner-Partom模型相结合来描述氧化铝陶瓷的失效和流动过程。为了提高有限元的计算精度,使用了一致质量矩阵迭代法,破坏网格的处理采用了网格侵蚀法。数值模拟的最终穿深计算结果与实验一致。     

三维编织复合材料渐进损伤的非线性数值分析

基于考虑纤维束相互挤压的八边形纤维束截面单胞模型，引入周期性位移边界条件，采用 细观非线性有限元方法，建立了三维四向编织复合材料的渐进损伤拉伸强度模型. 该模型考 虑了增强体纤维束纵向非线性剪切应力-应变关系，采用Hashin型损伤失效准则定义了纤维 束的典型损伤类型，并根据纤维束和纯基体相应损伤类型所造成的材料性能退化，模拟了不 同编织角试件各类损伤产生、扩展及材料最终破坏的整个过程. 模型数值结果与实验数据吻 合较好，证明了该模型的合理有效性. 探讨了组分材料剪切非线性、损伤对材料宏观非线性 本构行为的影响，结果表明：随着编织角增大，纤维束剪切非线性效应和累积损伤对材料非 线性力学行为的影响明显增强.     

A periodic unit-cell simulation of fiber arrangement dependence on the transverse tensile failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites

The effect of fiber arrangement on transverse tensile failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites with a strong fiber-matrix interface was studied using a unit-cell model that includes a continuum damage mechanics model. The simulated results indicated that tensile strength is lower when neighboring fibers are arrayed parallel to the loading direction than with other fiber arrangements. A shear band occurs between neighboring fibers, and the damage in the matrix propagates around the shear band when the interfacial normal stress (INS) is sufficiently high. Moreover, based on the observation of Hobbiebrunken et al., we reproduced the damage process in actual composites with a nonuniform fiber arrangement. The simulated results clarified that the region where neighboring fibers are arrayed parallel to the loading direction becomes the origin of the transverse failure in the composites. The cracking sites observed in the simulation are consistent with experimental results. Therefore, the matrix damage in the region where the fiber is arrayed parallel to the loading direction is a key factor in understanding transverse failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites with a strong fiber/matrix interface.     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

短切碳纤维C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态劈裂拉伸实验

为了探究C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态断裂力学行为和破坏形态,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置对3种不同短切碳纤维体积分数的C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料进行了动态劈裂实验,并利用扫描电子显微镜扫描了C/SiC复合材料试件的破坏界面,分析了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的失效特征和增韧机理。实验结果表明:C/SiC复合材料在冲击劈裂实验过程中,同一短切碳纤维体积分数下试件的动态抗拉强度随着冲击气压的增大而增大; 短切碳纤维体积分数为16.0%时, 材料的抗拉强度最低; 冲击后,试件的整体破坏情况与冲击气压、短切碳纤维体积分数有关。     

高温环境下纤维复合材料蠕变损伤的细观机理研究

首先利用复合材料纤维断裂单胞模型，编制蠕变损伤子程序，对单胞模型进行蠕变损伤分析。分析了纤维／基体弹性模量比对蠕变变形、蠕变损伤以及应力场的影响。从计算结果发现，蠕变损伤首先在纤维断裂尖端起始，然后沿着一定的角度向基体外围延伸，直至完全损伤，而且纤维／基体模量比对高温环境下的复合材料蠕变损伤产生很大的影响；纤维与基体的模量相差越大，复合材料越容易变形，抵抗蠕变变形的能力就越小，蠕变损伤越严重。经过对不同韧性的基体材料进行研究，发现基体韧性低的复合材料蠕变损伤明显高于高韧性基体复合材料，表明低韧性基体复合材料抵抗蠕变破坏的能力较低。     

Analysis of stress concentrations in unidirectional composites taking into account the tensile load in the matrix

A modified shear-lag model accounting for the effect of the tensile stiffness of the matrix is proposed for solving the stress redistribution due to the failure of fibers and matrix in unidirectionally fibre-reinforced composites. The advantages of this model are simple, reasonable and accurate by comparison with the other similar modified shear-lag models. It can be further extended to study the stress redistribution with interfacial damage between fibres and matrix. This paper quantitatively discusses the influence of the tensile stiffness ratio of matrix to fibre and of the fibre volume fraction on the stress concentration in the fibres and matrix adjacent to cut fibres and matrix, and suggests that the influence of the matrix stiffness on the stress concentration can be neglected when the matrix stiffness is low, such as polymer matrix composites, and the fibre volume fraction is high. For other cases such as ceramic and metal matrix composites, the tensile load of the matrix cannot be neglected in the shearlag analysis. The project supported by the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China.     

基于渐进均匀化的平纹编织复合材料低速冲击多尺度方法

针对平纹编织复合材料低速冲击响应和损伤问题,提出了一种多尺度分析方法. 首先, 建立微观尺度单胞模型,引入周期性边界条件,采用最大主应力失效准则和直接刚度退化模型表征纤维丝和基体的损伤起始与演化,预测了纤维束的弹性性能和强度性能. 其次,将这些性能参数代入介观尺度单胞模型,基于Hashin和Hou的混合失效准则以及连续介质损伤模型对介观尺度单胞进行6种边界条件下的渐进损伤模拟.然后采用渐进均匀化方法,以介观尺度单胞为媒介预测了0$^\circ$和90$^\circ$子胞的性能参数,并建立平纹编织复合材料的子胞模型,进而扩展成为材料的宏观尺度低速冲击模型. 在此基础上,研究了平纹编织复合材料低速冲击下的力学响应与损伤特征.结果表明:宏观冲击仿真和试验吻合较好, 验证了多尺度方法的正确性;最大接触力、材料吸能和分层面积均随冲击能量的增大而增大,分层损伤轮廓逐渐从椭圆形向圆形转化;基体拉伸和压缩损伤的长轴方向分别与子胞材料主方向正交和一致,损伤面积前者远大于后者.      

Experimental and analytical characterization of multidimensionally braided graphite/epoxy composites

This paper presents results of an investigation of a novel, through-the-thickness fiber-reinforced composite material. The generic name for this composite technology is multidimensional (X-D) braiding. X-D braided composites consist of a net-shaped, densely braided fiber skeleton which is rigidized with a structural epoxy-resin system. This material is an alternative to the conventional laminated composite and has the potential for being more resistant to delamination and matrix cracking. This paper describes results of the mechanical characterization of one graphite fiber system which was braided into panels in which two braid parameters could be investigated. The variables investigated included the effect of edge condition and braid pattern on the tensile, compressive and flexural properties of the braided panels. These properties were obtained in the braid direction only. The cutting of the specimen edges substantially reduced both tensile and flexural strengths and moduli. Of the three braid patterns investigated, 1×1, 3×1, and 1×1×1/2 F, the 3×1 braid pattern showed superior tensile performance, while the 1×1×1/2 F braid pattern exhibited superior flexural properties. The development of an analytical method for modeling the tensile performance of the multidimensionally (X-D) braided composite is also presented. The fiber geometry in X-D braids was modeled based on the braid parameters used in the construction of these composites. By the nature of the symmetry of the resulting braided structure, an analytical model based on classical lamination theory was used to determine the extensional stiffness in the three principal geometric directions of a braided composite. These analytical results are shown to compare favorably with those obtained experimentally. Finally, to further validate the ability of this material to contain damage, multidimensionally braided and conventionally laminated panels were impacted and the resulting damage was nondestructively determined. The multidimensionally braided material was shown to reduce the area of damage caused by impact by a factor of three for the energy levels tested.     

碳纳米管/碳纤维增强复合材料层合板低速冲击响应和破坏的数值模拟

碳纳米管/碳纤维增强复合材料（carbon nanotube/carbon fibre reinforced plastic,CNT/CFRP）是一种多尺度复合材料,比传统CFRP有更好的综合性能和更广阔的应用前景。对CNT/CFRP在低速冲击下的响应和破坏进行了数值模拟研究。首先,基于先前的研究通过引入基体增韧因子、残余强度因子并改进损伤耦合方程,建立了新的FRP动态渐进损伤模型;然后,利用新建立的本构模型并结合黏结层损伤模型,对4种碳纳米管含量的增韧碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板在5个能量下的冲击实验进行了数值模拟;最后,将模拟结果与文献中的相关实验结果进行了比较,并讨论了冲击速度的影响。结果表明:新建立的FRP本构模型能够预测CNT/CFRP层合板在低速冲击载荷作用下的响应、破坏过程和分层形貌,模拟得到的载荷-位移曲线和破坏形貌与实验吻合较好;冲击速度会影响CNT/CFRP层合板拉伸和压缩破坏的比例,相同的冲击能量下,更大的冲击速度会造成更多的拉伸破坏。