活性流体流变行为的布朗动力学模拟研究

活性流体在用于开发新材料方面具有巨大潜力, 满足这一需求就要定量掌握活性流体所表现的特殊力学行为, 特别是流变行为. 扩展布朗运动方程, 建立自驱动活性粒子的运动模型, 基于反向非平衡法确定活性流体的黏度, 考察活性粒子体积分数、直行速度和转向扩散系数对活性流体流变行为的影响规律, 确定活性流体特殊流变行为的形成机理. 结果表明, 活性流体的流变曲线可被划分为黏度下降区、过渡区和牛顿区; 活性粒子体积分数越高, 活性流体的非牛顿特性越显著, 活性粒子的直行运动引起活性流体在低剪切速率区域黏度下降, 直行运动和转向运动的耦合作用导致中剪切速率区域流变曲线非单调变化, 活性粒子频繁发生转向运动会导致活性流体非牛顿特性受到抑制; 活性流体的宏观流变学特性和粒子的涨落直接相关, 活性粒子体积分数越高、直行速度越快和转向扩散系数越小, 活性流体中活性粒子越容易产生显著的涨落; 低剪切速率区域内活性粒子涨落明显, 随着剪切速率增大, 活性粒子的涨落逐渐被削弱, 粒子的聚集结构不断被破坏, 最终体系的流变行为类似一般被动流体.      

橡胶弹性材料的一种混合本构模型

该文探讨不可压缩橡胶弹性材料的本构模型.考虑到小变形时分子链的端矢分布符合高斯函数,而大变形时符合非高斯函数,提出一个混合模型,用高斯链网络模型来描述小变形而用8链网络模型来描述大变形.引入权重函数,使小变形和大变形情况下混合模型分别退化或趋于高斯链网络模型和8链网络模型.由Treloar拉伸实验数据拟合得到模型参数,通过这些材料参数混合模型对等双轴拉伸和纯剪切变形模式的预测结果与Tre-loar实验数据基本吻合,说明混合模型具有同时描述不同变形模式的能力.通过比较分析,混合模型的总体预测精度均优于高斯链网络模型和8链网络模型,特别是对剪切变形.     

THE RESEARCH PROGRESS OF LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD IN NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW

格子玻尔兹曼方法（lattice Boltzmann method,LBM）能够直接计算局部剪切速率并可以达到二次精度,因此在非牛顿流动数值模拟中展现出一定优势。尽管已证实LBM 对于非牛顿流动的适用性,但是LBM 需要通过即时调节BGK（Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook）碰撞项中的松弛时间来实时反映黏度改变,当松弛时间接近1/2 时,迭代会出现数值不稳定现象。该文对LBM 在非牛顿流体研究中的进展进行了总结,介绍了增加数值稳定性的方法并对结果的精度进行了比较,在此基础上对LBM 在非牛顿研究中的进一步发展进行了展望。     

基于多目标模糊优化算法的边坡变形组合预测模型

为提高边坡变形时间曲线预测精度,提出了基于多目标模糊优化算法的边坡变形组合预测模型.首先通过经验阈值法优选单一预测模型进行组合;然后采用均方误差描述预测模型的拟合误差,采用灰色关联度描述预测模型与边坡实际变形曲线的发展相关性,以"拟合误差小"和"发展相关性好"为目标,引入模糊优化算法确定多目标模糊满意度综合评价函数,建立多目标优化模型;最后采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)求解组合预测模型的最优权重,实现边坡变形的多目标精细化预测.采用该模型对宜巴高速路段老屋包坡体CX19测斜孔变形数据进行预测分析,预测结果表明该模型的拟合误差和发展相关性均优于传统的单一预测模型,能有效提高预测的精度,具有工程应用价值.     

膨胀性非牛顿流体多孔介质流动的模拟分析

在表征体元尺度采用格子Boltzmann方法分析膨胀性非牛顿流体在多孔介质中的流动,基于二阶矩模型在演化方程中引入表征介质阻力的作用力项,求解描述渗流模型的广义Navier-Stokes方程．采用局部法计算形变速率张量,通过循环迭代得到非牛顿粘度和松弛时间．对多孔介质的Poiseuille流动进行分析,通过比较发现结果与孔隙尺度的解析解十分吻合,并且收敛较快,表明方法合理有效．分析了渗透率和幂律指数对速度和压力降的影响,研究结果表明,膨胀性流体的多孔介质流动不符合达西规律,压力降的增加幅度小于渗透率的减小幅度．当无量纲渗透率Da小于10-5时,流道中的速度呈现均匀分布,并且速度分布随着幂律指数的减小趋于平滑．压力降随着幂律指数的增加而增加,Da越大幂律指数对压力降的影响越明显．     

非牛顿流体有限长粗糙轴承分析

本文采用H.Christense力提出的随机粗糙模型,推导了幂律型流体纵向粗糙型和横向粗糙型润滑雷诺方程和相应的承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数的计算公式.对有限长动载径向轴承纵向粗糙型雷诺方程,用差分方法进行数值求解,得到了粗糙度和幂律指数对轴承的压力分布、承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数影响曲线,并有表面粗糙度和润滑油的非牛顿特性独立地影响轴承油膜力学特性的结论.     

液晶高分子-各向异性流体挤出拉伸分岔研究

应用共转导数型本构方程研究了液晶高分子纺丝挤出过程的拉伸黏度,应用计算机符号运算软件 Maple得出解析表达式,拉伸黏度与拉伸率之间关系(随剪切速率变化)表明存在分岔现象,得出拉伸黏度显著高于相应的剪切黏度,解释了液晶高分子熔体挤出时不发生挤出胀大的物理机制．     

土的应力-应变关系的一种描述模式

通常将由土的剪切试验测得的应力-应变关系曲线(q～ε1曲线)分为应变硬化型和应变软化型,文中提出了一种能同时描述应变硬化型q～ε1曲线和应变软化型q～ε1曲线的新模式,并导出了统一的切线模量表达式,进一步探讨了该应力-应变关系曲线描述模式在拟合应变硬化型曲线时的简化形式,及简化形式中参数取值方法和参数与围压的关系等方面的问题。通过与邓肯-张模型和应变软化模型的对比,结果表明该应力-应变关系曲线描述模式能更好地与试验数据吻合,且用其简化形式拟合应变硬化型曲线时,可以通过调整其中一个参数值来表达出不同的曲线形式,从而体现出土体应力-应变关系的多样性。该应力-应变关系描述模式为发展更一般的非线性弹性模型提供了一定的理论基础。     

飞艇外型设计中曲线参数化方法的比较

采用合适的参数化方法快速准确地描述优化前后的几何结构是形状和气动性能优化问题的前提.目前常用的曲线参数化基本方法有三种:Bezier,B-spline和NURBS曲线.参数化曲线拟合的关键是从已知形状反求控制点的信息,本文综合对比了三种不同参数化方法关于飞艇外形拟合性能的差异.结果表明,与其它两种曲线参数化方法相比,N...     

基于椭球曲面拟合的三维磁罗盘误差补偿算法

针对现有三维磁罗盘误差补偿速度慢、需专用转台、野外使用不便的问题,提出了一种建立总磁场的不等边椭球曲面数学模型进行误差补偿的方法.首先根据Poisson方程描述的总磁场测量模型,得出一般椭球曲面模型,然后,采用牛顿迭代法对椭球曲面方程线性化,分别使用最小二乘法和总体最小二乘法计算线性化方程,推导椭球曲面拟合的数学公式,计算椭球曲面参数,最后,利用最小二乘法提出并推导参数初值的计算公式,给出了选取数据点的方法.实验结果表明,仅手持磁罗盘在各象限旋转即可实现误差补偿,航向测量精度可达0.8°,补偿精度与传统的转台补偿基本相同,而补偿方式更为灵活,适用于无转台设备的野外环境测量使用.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of pressure drop in a rectangular duct with modified power law fluids

Numerical solutions are presented for fully developed laminar flow for a modified power law fluid (MPL) in a rectangular duct. The solutions are applicable to pseudoplastic fluids over a wide shear rate range from Newtonian behavior at low shear rates, through a transition region, to power law behavior at higher shear rates. The analysis identified a dimensionless shear rate parameter which, for a given set of operating conditions, specifies where in the shear rate range a particular system is operating, i.e. in the Newtonian, transition, or power law regions. The numerical results of the friction factor times Reynolds number for the Newtonian and power law region are compared with previously published results showing agreement within 0.05% in the Newtonian region, and 0.9% and 5.1% in the power law region. Rheological flow curves were measured for three CMC-7H4 solutions and were found to be well represented by the MPL constitutive equation. The friction factor times Reynolds number values were measured in the transition region for which previous measurements were unavailable. Good agreement was found between experiment and calculation thus confirming the validity of the analysis.     

Fingerprinting the processing behavior of polyethylenes from transient extensional flow and peel experiments in the melt state

The flow curves of linear (linear-low and high density) and branched polyethylenes are known to differ significantly. At increasing shear rates, the linear polymers exhibit a surface melt fracture or sharkskin region that is followed by an unstable oscillating or stick-slip flow regime when a constant piston speed capillary rheometer is used. At even higher shear rates, gross melt fracture appears. Unlike their linear counterparts, branched polyethylenes rarely exhibit sharkskin melt fracture and although gross melt fracture appears at high shear rates there is no discontinuity in their flow curve. The various flow regimes of these two types of polyethylenes are examined by performing experiments in the melt state using a unique extensional rheometer (the SER by Xpansion Instruments) that is capable of performing accurate extensional flow and peel experiments at very high rates not previously realized. The peel strength curves of these linear and branched polyethylenes exhibit all of the distinct flow regimes exhibited in their respective flow curves, thereby providing a fingerprint of their melt flow behavior. Moreover, these extensional flow and peel results in the melt state provide insight into the origins and mechanisms by which these melt flow phenomena may occur with regard to rapid tensile stress growth, melt rupture, and adhesive failure at the polymer wall interface.     

Molecular theory for moderately concentrated polymer solutions in shear flow

A molecular theory for the rheological properties of moderately concentrated polymer solutions is developed on the basis of a model of interacting dumbbells. The interaction is treated in a mean field approximation, leading to an effective one-particle potential and a Gaussian stationary distribution function. Various rheological functions such as birefringence, shear viscosity and first normal-stress coefficient for simple shear flow and the Trouton viscosity for simple extensional flow are calculated. Good qualitative agreement with experimental observations is found, especially at intermediate flow rates. It is predicted, for example, that the birefringence increases approximately linearly with shear rate at intermediate shear rates and that the concentration dependence of the gradient varies asc ^1/2. The typical non-Newtonian behaviour is obtained for the shear viscosity. For small concentrations the onset of shear rate dependence decreases asc ^–1/2. At intermediate shear rates an apparent power law is obtained with an exponent between – 0.5 and – 1.0, decreasing with concentration.     

透水床面明渠湍流时空平均特征的大涡模拟与分析

基于大涡模拟数据,研究了理想粗糙透水床面明渠湍流的时空平均特性. 考虑到空间异构性,对比分析了不同位置的时空平均流速、雷诺剪应力、构造剪应力、脉动幅度的垂线分布. 结果表明:第一,顶层床面之上,空间异构性的影响较小,不同位置的双平均流速符合类似的对数分布,但由于透水床面影响,卡门常数较不透水床面小;在床面附近,空间异构性影响较大,不同位置的双平均流速分别符合线性分布与多项式分布;在透水河床内部,靠近底层球孔的双平均流速为上部球孔双平均流速的1.55 倍. 第二,床面之上,雷诺剪应力占总剪应力的95% 以上,占有主体地位;床面附近,紊动较大,构造剪应力不能忽略,其值大约占总剪应力的15%.由于流场的各向异性,纵向与垂向的脉动幅度有所差异.      

RESEARCH ON DYNAMIC MECHANICAL RESPONSE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF PORCINE LIVER

在交通事故中,腹部器官常因冲击载荷作用而受到伤害,严重时甚至危及生命.肝损伤是腹部损伤中最为常见的一种,致死率很高,了解肝脏的动态力学性能对于事故中肝脏的损伤评估及防护设计有着重要的意义.从新鲜的猪肝组织中取肝实质部分制作试样,利用英斯特朗材料试验机对其进行两种加载率（0.004 s^-1,0.04 s^-1）和两种加载方向（垂直肝脏表面和平行于肝脏表面）的准静态压缩试验,并压缩至破坏.利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）实验装置沿平行于肝脏表面方向进行三种高应变率（1 300 s^-1,2 400 s^-1,4 500 s^-1）的动态压缩试验.结果表明：所有应变率下的猪肝压缩应力应变曲线都呈非线性凹向上特征,初始阶段应力值很低,应变约30%后应力幅值显著增大;准静态压缩时,两种应变率（0.004 s^-1,0.04 s^-1）和两种加载方向下肝脏组织破坏应力和破坏应变等力学性能无显著不同,平均破坏应变为48%,平均破坏应力为0.45 MPa.高应变率下肝脏组织的流动应力明显高于准静态下的流动应力,表现出一定的率敏感性.采用Yeoh型超弹性本构模型描述猪肝组织准静态力学性能,基于黏超弹性模型理论,提出了一个能描述肝脏组织从低应变率到高应变率范围力学性能的率相关本构模型,该模型与实验结果有很好的一致性.     

电流变液体黏性变化趋势的试验研究

以微观试验和流变性能试验为手段，分别研究零电场下和在电场作用下的电流变液体黏性变化规律．研究结果表明：零电场下电流变液体的黏性与Krieger-Dougherty公式具有很好的拟合效果，其中逾渗临界值强依赖于悬浮液体中固体颗粒的性质并随工作温度变化．在电场作用下，电流变悬浮液体的黏度随剪切速率的变化规律分为3个阶段：即呈线性的启动段、非线性的幂定律模型流动段和宾汉模型流动段．研究结果为电流变效应工程应用提供依据．     

Extensional rheology of concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions

The shear and extensional rheology of three concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions is examined. Shear theology including steady shear viscosity, normal stress difference and linear viscoelastic material functions all collapse onto master curves independent of concentration and temperature. Extensional flow experiments are performed in fiber spinning and opposed nozzles geometries. The concentration dependence of extensional behavior measured using both techniques is presented. The zero-shear viscosity and apparent extensional viscosities measured with both extensional rheometers exhibit a power law dependence with polymer concentration. Strain hardening in the fiber spinning device is found to be of similar magnitude for all test fluids, irrespective of strain rate. The opposed nozzle device measures an apparent extensional viscosity which is one order of magnitude smaller than the value determined with the fiber spinline device. This could be attributed to errors caused by shear, dynamic pressure, and the relatively small strains developed in the opposed nozzle device. This instrument cannot measure local kinematics or stresses, but averages these values over the non-homogenous flow field. These results show that it is not possible to measure the extensional viscosity of non-Newtonian and shear thinning fluids with this device. Fiber spin-line experiments are coupled with a momentum balance and constitutive model to predict stress growth and diameter profiles. A one-mode Giesekus model accurately captures the plateau values of steady and dynamic shear properties, but fails to capture the gradual shear thinning of viscosity. Giesekus model parameters determined from shear rheology are not capable of quantitatively predicting fiber spinline kinematics. However, model parameters fit to a single spinline experiment accurately predict stress growth behavior for different applied spinline tensions.     

NONLINEAR UNIFIED STRENGTH MODEL OF GEOMATERIALS

将材料的破坏归结为剪切破坏,每种材料对应于特定的剪切滑动面,抗剪强度为滑动面上正应力的函数,基于不同材料的强度特性将一系列的剪切滑动面统一起来,建立了岩土材料的非线性统一强度模型.非线性统一强度模型的滑动面为β应力空间内的等倾面,在β应力空间内的强度面为圆锥面;在普通应力空间内的强度面为一系列连续光滑、外凸的锥面,在偏平面上强度曲线涵盖了从下限Matsuoka-Nakai曲线到上限Drucker-Prager圆之间的所有区域,子午面上强度线为直线.非线性统一强度模型只有3个材料参数,参数都具有明确的物理意义,通过与国内外学者已取得的岩土类材料真三轴强度试验结果的比较,表明模型可适用于多种类型的材料,并合理描述其非线性强度特性.     

A simplified method for the estimation of soil thrust exerted by a tracked vehicle

A simplified method for estimating the soil thrust exerted by a tracked vehicle is proposed. The relationship between the soil shear torque curve (shear torque-deformation curve) obtained from ring shear test and the thrust curve (soil thrust-slip ratio curve) of a tracked vehicle is analyzed and it is shown that there is a transformation law between these curves. A simplified analytical method for estimating the soil thrust exerted by a tracked vehicle is developed by using the above-mentioned transformation law. Soil thrust can be estimated by using the soil shear torque curve, shear ring and vehicle parameters. It is experimentally confirmed that the soil thrust can be easily estimated by using the proposed method.     

疲劳裂纹扩展曲线的正交多项式与三参数指数函数拟合法

回顾了疲劳裂纹扩展a -N曲线的拟合方法。对三参数幂函数拟合方法进行了改进 ,这种方法避免了原方法搜索范围受局限的特点 ;提出了两种新的a-N曲线拟合方法 :正交多项式法和指数函数法 ,并给出了参数估计算法。正交多项式法拟合a -N曲线 ,其相关系数随最高次数的增加而提高 ,指数函数法比改进三参数幂函数拟合精度高 ;指数函数法与正交多项式法相比 ,各个参数具有更为明确的物理意义