正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝疲劳分析

基于焊缝的局部三维断裂力学模型和超重多轴货车的载荷谱,进行正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹的疲劳寿命分析。采用Schwartz-Neuman交替法计算肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的应力强度因子,基于裂尖反向塑性区模型考虑循环载荷中压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的作用。正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝的应力计算结果表明:超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处的横向应力峰值和应力幅都有明显增加;相比于标准疲劳荷载车,超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的裂纹扩展率增大了6.1倍;对应于正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝处的拉-压循环应力,平面应变状态下的裂尖反向塑性区使裂纹扩展率增加了3.7倍;基于所得裂纹扩展速率,本研究给出仅在严重超载的五轴和六轴货车作用下正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝疲劳寿命不足20年,远远低于桥梁的设计寿命。因此,考虑超载多轴货车的载荷谱和循环载荷中的压应力对肋-面板焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展的影响十分重要。     

基于非齐次复合Poisson过程的正交异性钢桥面板细节疲劳裂纹随机扩展研究

传统的正交异性钢桥面板疲劳损伤评估常采用确定性和可靠性分析方法,忽略了疲劳裂纹扩展的随机性影响,针对这一问题,提出钢桥面板细节疲劳随机扩展分析方法。本文以南溪长江大桥为工程背景,基于长期车辆荷载监测数据,建立了车辆荷载非齐次复合Poisson过程模型。建立钢桥面板有限元模型,采用瞬态分析方法将随机车辆荷载转化成细节疲劳应力,基于线弹性断裂力学理论推导U肋-顶板焊接细节疲劳裂纹扩展时变微分方程,实现宏观关系式疲劳应力幅次数-疲劳损伤至微观表达式应力时间序列-疲劳损伤转换,讨论了车载次序及超载对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明,非齐次复合泊松过程模型能够较好描述随机车流运营状态,车辆荷载的次序对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响不可忽略,重车排序靠前时能够促使疲劳裂纹扩展增速,南溪长江大桥细节点的车辆超载迟滞效应修正系数取值0.804。     

基于LHS-Kriging法的正交异性钢桥面板疲劳可靠度分析

为解决随机车载下正交异性钢桥面板疲劳应力谱有限元求解耗时问题,采用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)与Kriging方法,建立了快速获取随机车流作用下细节疲劳应力谱的LHS-Kriging有限元替代模型,并将此模型应用于南溪长江大桥正交异性钢桥面板疲劳可靠度计算。结果表明,基于LHS-Kriging方法的有限元替代模型,不需要经过大量车辆荷载的有限元加载,可直接快速获取细节疲劳应力谱;与传统的响应面法(RSM)相比,Kriging法预测的细节等效疲劳应力更符合有限元计算结果;随着交通量增长率的增大,桥梁的疲劳可靠度显著减少;100年后,当交通量增长率为3%和5%时,正交异性桥面板与纵肋焊接处的细节疲劳可靠度小于2。     

基于LHS-Kriging法的正交异性钢桥面板疲劳可靠度分析

为解决随机车载下正交异性钢桥面板疲劳应力谱有限元求解耗时问题，采用拉丁超立方抽样（LHS）与Kriging方法，建立了快速获取随机车流作用下细节疲劳应力谱的LHS-Kriging有限元替代模型，并将此模型应用于南溪长江大桥正交异性钢桥面板疲劳可靠度计算。结果表明，基于LHS-Kriging方法的有限元替代模型， 不需要经过大量车辆荷载的有限元加载，可直接快速获取细节疲劳应力谱；与传统的响应面法（RSM）相比，Kriging法预测的细节等效疲劳应力更符合有限元计算结果；随着交通量增长率的增大，桥梁的疲劳可靠度显著减少；100年后，当交通量增长率为3%和5%时，正交异性桥面板与纵肋焊接处的细节疲劳可靠度小于2。     

正变异性钢桥面板疲劳验算时的结构分析

正交异性钢板面板直接承受车辆轮荷载的反复作用,容易疲劳开裂,因此疲劳验算是钢桥面板设计中的一项重要任务。疲劳验算首先要涉及应力分析。本文对钢桥面板在一辆重型货车作用下的应力状况进行了现场试验研究,根据试验结果提出了简化实用的结构分析模型。在该模型的基础上,结合应用有限元数值计算,能在理论上很好地掌握钢桥面板的应力状况。     

CT试样三维疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟

在循环载荷下疲劳裂纹的裂纹形貌在稳定扩展区近似为半椭圆形状,因此通过Paris方法根据疲劳裂纹表面尖端点应力强度因子的变化幅值(△K)得到扩展速率与真实的裂纹速率会有误差.为了更好的研究疲劳裂纹的性质,本文通过分析紧凑拉伸(CT)试样的疲劳裂纹扩展后的三维形貌,采用Jiang-Sehitoglu循环塑性模型和疲劳准则以...     

正交异性钢桥面板疲劳验算时的结构分析

正交异性钢板面板直接承受车辆轮荷载的反复作用，容易疲劳开裂，因此疲劳验算是钢桥面板设计中的一项重要任务，疲劳验算首先要涉及应力分析，本文对钢桥面板在一辆重型货车作用下的应力状况进行了现场试验研究，根据试验结果提出简化实用的结构分析模型，在该模型的基础上，结合应用有限元数值计算，能在理论上很好的掌握钢桥面板的应力状况。     

表面裂纹疲劳扩展的数值模拟

建立了一种无形状约束的模拟表面裂纹在线弹性断裂力学条件下疲劳扩展的数值方法,并研究了表面疲劳裂纹形状演化和裂纹尖端应力强度因子(SIF)的分布特征。该方法以三维有限单元技术和Paris疲劳裂纹扩展规律为基础,并在裂纹扩展增量计算中考虑了裂纹闭合影响。本文第一部分主要介绍模拟三维疲劳裂纹扩展的数值方法的理论背景和相关的技术细节。着重分析和讨论基于三维有限单元法计算裂纹SIF所涉及的几个主要问题:裂纹尖端单元网格密度对估算精度的影响;自由表面的影响及其修正方法;裂纹尖端非正交单元网格的影响及修正方法。     

扭力轴三维裂纹扩展寿命仿真研究

对疲劳载荷谱作用下三维表面裂纹,采用双重边界元理论求解裂纹前沿的应力应变场,运用Forman理论、最小应变能密度法和Elber模型,计算裂纹前沿各点的扩展长度、扩展方向和应力强度因子等特征量.根据增量步下裂纹几何形状的改变,对裂纹面进行网格重划分和迭代计算,模拟三维裂纹的扩展,预测裂纹扩展寿命.扭力轴表面裂纹扩展的仿真结果表明该方法合理可行.     

裂纹闭合和循环塑性预应变及循环载荷压缩部分对裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文针对三种国产材料 Ｌｙ１１ｃｚ、 Ｌｙ１２ｃｚ 铝合金和 １８ Ｍｎ Ｈ Ｐ钢,通过实验初步考察了循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响;采用电测法,测定了两种铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的张开应力和有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ。结果表明：（１）材料循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分,都使疲劳裂纹扩展速率提高;（２）常幅载荷下,在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ 与应力比 Ｒ 有关,与裂纹长度ａ 无关,并依赖于材料的力学性能。     

焊趾表面裂纹的形态发展曲线与疲劳寿命预测

以作者建立的焊地椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子数据库以及复杂应力场中焊践半随圆表面裂纹前缘应力强度因子分布计算的基本模式法为基础上,给出了复杂应力场中焊践表面表纹在疲劳扩展过程中形态变化规律及寿命的工程分析方法。     

Accumulative damage near crack tip for welded bridge members: fatigue life determination

The behavior of crack growth for the fatigue damage accumulation near tip where damage is most severe is analyzed. Fatigue life is assessed for the welded members of bridges under traffic loading. Two parts are considered. They consist of the development of a fatigue damage accumulation model for welded bridge members and a method for calculating the stress intensity factor that is needed for evaluating the fatigue life of welded bridge members with cracks. Based on the concept of continuum damage accumulation and fatigue and fatigue crack growth relations, results are obtained to describe the relationship between the cracking count rate and the effective stress intensity factor. Crack growth and fatigue life are found for two types of welded members assisted by using fatigue experimental results. The stress intensity factors are modified by correcting for the geometric shape of the welded members in order to reflect the influence of the weldment and geometry. This is accomplished via the stress intensity factor. The calculated and measured fatigue lives were generally in good agreement for the initial cracking conditions of two types of welded members widely used in steel bridges.     

CTS试件中复合型疲劳裂纹扩展

针对复合型循环载荷作用下的金属构件中的裂纹扩展问题进行了实验分析和理论建模. 首先 采用紧凑拉剪试件(CTS)和 Richard研制的复合型载荷加载装置，对承受复合型循环载荷的裂纹进行了实验研究. 实验选择了两种金属材料试件，分别承受3种形式的复合型循环载荷的作用，在裂纹尖端具 有相同的初始应力场强度的条件下考察复合型循环载荷对裂纹扩展规律的影响. 实验结果表明，疲劳裂纹的扩展速率与加载角度有关. 对于同样金属材料的试件，当裂尖处 初始应力场强度相等时，载荷越接近于II型，裂纹增长速率越快. 采用等效应力强度 因子(I型和II型应力强度因子的组合)、裂纹扩展速率及复合强度等参数，以实验数据为 基础，建立了一个疲劳裂纹扩展模型，用来预测裂纹在不同模式疲劳载荷作用下的扩展速率. 为验证其有效性，该模型被应用于钢制试件的数值模拟计算中. 实验结果与模拟计算曲线保 持一致，表明该模型可以用来估算带裂纹金属构件的寿命.     

基于多因素的焊接结构疲劳裂纹扩展速率分析

以Donahue等提出的疲劳裂纹扩展速率计算模型为基础,通过引入形状系数、张开比和残余应力等参数,建立了适用于焊接结构的疲劳裂纹扩展速率计算模型,分析了多种因素对焊接结构疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律。结果表明,焊板厚度和焊缝余高的变化均会对焊接结构疲劳裂纹的扩展速率产生影响,在对焊接结构表面形状进行设计时应保有一定的焊缝余高;有效应力比的增大会降低焊接结构疲劳裂纹的扩展速率,且裂纹深度的变化不会改变有效应力比对焊接结构疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响;残余应力的增大会提高焊接结构疲劳裂纹的扩展速率,且残余应力对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的促进作用随着裂纹深度的增加而增大,在对焊接结构的疲劳性能进行设计时须考虑残余应力对结构性能的影响。     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.     

Modeling of fatigue crack growth from a notch

When a fatigue crack is nucleated and propagates into the vicinity of the notch, the crack growth rate is generally higher than that can be expected by using the stress intensity factor concept. The current study attempted to describe the crack growth at notches quantitatively with a detailed consideration of the cyclic plasticity of the material. An elastic–plastic finite element analysis was conducted to obtain the stress and strain histories of the notched component. A single multiaxial fatigue criterion was used to determine the crack initiation from the notch and the subsequent crack growth. Round compact specimens made of 1070 steel were subjected to Mode I cyclic loading with different R-ratios at room temperature. The approach developed was able to quantitatively capture the crack growth behavior near the notch. When the R-ratio was positive, the crack growth near a notch was mainly influenced by the plasticity created by the notch and the resulted fatigue damage during crack initiation. When the R-ratio was negative, the contact of the cracked surfaces during a part of a loading cycle reduced the cyclic plasticity of the material near the crack tip. The combined effect of notch plasticity and possible contact of cracked surface were responsible for the observed crack growth phenomenon near a notch.     

A phenomenological model of fatigue crack growth in perfectly plastic infinite plates under completely reversed uniaxial loading

The fatigue failure of a thin infinite center-cracked plate under completely reversed uniaxial loading is considered. A two-stage fatigue crack model including the incubation and crack propagation stages is constructed. The stress distribution in the vicinity of the crack tip is described using the concept of a conventional elastic crack. The crack-tip plastic zone is simulated by a Dugdale thin plastic zone, and the condition for the movement of the failure front is given by criteria of damage mechanics. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth rate in perfectly plastic materials with a plastic zone of constant length is a power-law function of the stress intensity factor range. This relationship is quadratic when the length of the plastic zone is not constant Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 12, pp. 116–127, December 2005.     

Crack growth under alternating loading

Crack propagation under alternating loading is investigated. Relations between the growth rate of a fatigue defect and loading parameters and the expression for the stress intensity factor are derived for compression of a cracked solid taking into account the possible contact of the crack faces. A model for the deformation of a small region near the crack tip is proposed which allows one to formulate the conditions of residual opening of a growing fatigue crack. The experimental data obtained in tests of steel samples are compared with the results of calculation using the developed procedure. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 190–198, September–October, 2008.