U型波纹管及相关结构环向屈曲的有限元分析(Ⅲ)--波纹管平面失稳的机理

波纹管无论是在内压还是在外压作用下都会发生环向屈曲或平面失稳,问题很复杂至今未得到妥善解决。本文首先指出了现行的有关“塑性铰”概念的某些不足之处,然后按文[8]的有限元法(考虑了屈曲前的弯曲和屈曲时载荷的转动并按线性化特征值问题处理)对波纹管的环向屈曲进行了计算,并与前人的有关实验进行了对比分析,在此基础上解释了波纹管平面失稳的原因和发展过程。     

圆柱形薄壳冲击扭转屈曲的实验研究

本文对受冲击扭矩作用下的圆柱形簿壳扭转屈曲进行了实验研究，利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ扭杆使圆柱受阶跃扭矩作用，分析所得到的应变－时间曲线，得到了不同几何参数的圆柱壳的冲击临界扭矩Ｍｄｅｒ和屈曲波数ｎ及几条定性结论，同时找出了圆柱壳静力扭转屈曲行为和冲击扭转屈曲行为之间的异同。     

波纹管在内压作用下柱失稳临界压力的计算

 讨论了波纹管在内压作用下的柱失稳问题，将波纹管等效成圆 柱壳，证明了该柱壳在内压作用下失稳的临界压力与在轴向均布压力 作用下失稳的临界压力相等，利用作者对波纹管整体弯曲问题的研究 成果确定等效柱壳的抗弯刚度，给出了波纹管在内压作用下柱失稳临 界压力的计算公式. 由对前人实验的观察分析得出波纹管呈弹性柱失 稳的条件为其长细比大于1，在此条件下本文的计算结果和前人的实 验结果相一致.     

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一定长度的薄壁构件在纵向或横向荷载作用下，未达到材料极限破坏前就有 可能发生弹性弯扭屈曲失稳的问题. 分析了工字型截面悬臂钢梁的此类问题，应用平衡 法和能量法导出构件在轴向和横向荷载作用下的弹性弯扭屈曲微分方程，利用里兹法求其临 界载荷，并确定截面固定时的极限特征长度.     

阶跃扭矩作用下弹性圆柱壳冲击屈曲

本文首先基于Koiter初始后屈曲理论和Thompson离散坐标方法,给出了受扭圆柱壳的缺陷敏感性分析及冲击扭转屈曲渐近分析,并指出它对应于对称失稳的情形。然后通过求解受扭圆柱壳的非线性动力学方程,指出在阶跃扭矩作用下的后屈曲阶段,壳体的振动幅值剧增,周期变大。     

复合材料多墙盒段弯扭耦合下的屈曲和后屈曲

针对复合材料典型多墙盒段，采用试验和有限元分析相结合的方法，研究了弯扭耦合载荷作用下的稳定性、承载能力及损伤起始、扩展情况．试验采用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation, DIC)测量方法捕捉试验件屈曲模态的变化过程，通过载荷-应变曲线获得屈曲和后屈曲破坏载荷．数值仿真基于ABAQUS/Explicit模块，采用Hashin准则结合刚度降的VUSDFLD子程序模拟复合材料的屈曲和后屈曲行为．研究结果表明，多墙盒段在弯扭载荷组合作用下发生屈曲时，扭矩会改变屈曲模态的分布形式和对称性，屈曲鼓包依然保持波峰、波谷交替出现；多墙盒段后屈曲阶段历程较长，屈曲模态由一阶向高阶逐渐发展，直到结构发生过大变形，彻底破坏而失去承载能力．     

易拉罐在轴-侧-扭-内压联合作用下的屈曲地貌

柱壳结构广泛应用于各个领域, 但由于其对初始缺陷较为敏感, 容易发生灾难性的屈曲失稳. 本文利用非线性有限元分析程序ABAQUS研究了柱壳屈曲问题, 并应用到了易拉罐的屈曲分析. 首先采用数值模拟的方法验证了Virot等学者的易拉罐屈曲试验结果, 然后为了获得屈曲的一些普适结果, 进一步考察了柱壳的屈曲表现. 对柱壳结构在不同载荷组合、不同几何参数作用下进行了细致分析. 为了讨论的直观, 本文绘制了柱壳结构在受到侧压-轴压载荷作用下外力-屈曲载荷-位移三维屈曲地貌图(称为landscape). 结果表明: 在侧压-轴压-扭转载荷作用下, 试件力-位移曲线出现了"cliff"(断崖)现象; 扭转载荷的施加不利于试件整体稳定性, 并造成了试件对初始缺陷的敏感性; 对于受到轴压-扭转载荷作用的试件, 本文定义承载力为零的平面为"sea level"(海平面)来区分试件破坏模式; 通过对不同边界条件的试件进行分析, 发现试件两端固定可以有效地增加结构的承载能力, 提高稳定性. 对柱壳结构内部充气可以大幅度提升结构的承载能力和稳定性, 减小对初始缺陷的敏感度.      

关于结构限制失稳的研究进展

限制失稳是指构件失稳时其屈曲变形不能自由发展而受到某种限制性约束的失稳,有时又称单向失稳、接触失稳、约束失稳.这类问题在工业中有大量应用,也是固体力学中的一个经典问题.最常见的实例如应用于地下管道、隧道、压力容器、核反应堆安全壳中的薄衬壳,当薄衬壳发生屈曲时,由于受到外壁的约束,其屈曲行为和一般的壳体屈曲行为不同,这就需要我们发展新的研究方法.另外如受钻井套管横向约束的钻柱的屈曲,复合材料的分层屈曲,电子元器件中的镀层屈曲等也属于限制失稳的范畴.限制失稳问题因其涉及接触问题、单向屈曲、非保守问题等而显得十分复杂,一直没有得到很好的解决.从近年来文献看,限制失稳的研究多集中在压杆、圆环的研究,板、壳的研究相对较少.本文首先简单介绍了限制失稳的一般概念,指出存在的限制约束对结构屈曲特性的影响.然后分别介绍了对于杆、环、板、壳的受限制失稳的研究进展.最后提出了需要进一步深入研究的问题.图11参75      

伪弹性形状记忆合金杆屈曲行为研究

对不同长细比伪弹性TiNi合金矩形截面杆进行了压缩试验,通过应变片和热电偶来捕捉杆中间截面表层材料的相变演化,采用热电偶测量杆中间截面受拉侧的温度,分析了长细比和材料相变对杆件承载能力的影响。结果表明:加载和卸载阶段,两端夹支TiNi杆的载荷-应变曲线随着长细比的改变发生明显的变化,对于短杆,相变会提高其承载能力;对于长杆,其极限承载能力取决于长细比,相变的影响集中在后屈曲阶段;对于低长细比杆件,加载阶段温度持续升高,而高长细比构件,应变达到最大值时温度已开始下降,所有杆件在卸载结束时的温度均低于加载初始时刻。     

轴向可压缩压杆的压缩失稳实验研究

用受压变形明显的聚胺脂胶棒进行了两端铰支的压缩失稳试验。为减少铰支处的摩擦力,在胶棒的两端铰支处安装了直线轴承。试验中观察到了Euler压杆理论所不包括的一些失稳现象,如：仍然在线弹性变形范围内的压杆,没有像Euler压杆理论预测的那样发生屈曲;在较高的临界载荷作用下,柔度较小的压杆发生了亚临界屈曲,所产生的弯矩是突然失稳弯曲的杆件不能承受的,于是杆件突然卸载。另外,大柔度压杆的超临界屈曲,即类似Euler压杆的屈曲现象也被观察到了。这些实验结果与轴向可压缩压杆失稳理论所预测的相符。     

Mechanics of fluid-activated,clustered satellite bellows

A bellows, or a closed thin-walled elastic tube with corrugated walls, undergoes longitudinal extension when subjected to internal fluid pressure. Investigated herein is the mechanical behavior of several pressurized bellows in clusters, which are designed to bend and twist as well as to extend and compress longitudinally. Bellows in clusters can be employed as robotic limbs, such as manipulator arms and legs for walking machines. For limb bending, analysis shows that there is an optimal geometry for satellite bellows, or a set of identical bellows clustered longitudinally about a central core. For limb torsion, the bellows are clustered in a cylindrical helix whose angle is chosen to produce the desired load–displacement relationships, for instance the highest rotation for a given torque. For both bending and torsional limbs, experimental results are included that exhibit the predicted mechanical behavior.     

Compressive strength of edge-loaded corrugated board panels

Postbuckling strength of simply supported corrugated board panels subjected to edge compressive loading has been studied experimentally using a specially developed test fixture. Although the load versus out-of-plane displacement response was highly sensitive to the presence of initial imperfections in the panels, the collapse loads did not vary much, which is attributed to the stable postbuckling behavior of the plates. Thin plates collapsed at nearly twice the buckling load, while thick panels collapsed at loads below the elastic critical buckling load. Local buckling of the facing on the concave side of the buckled plate was observed at load levels close to the collapse load. The plate collapse was triggered by compressive failure of the facings that initiated at the unloaded edges. A simplified design analysis was derived based on approximate postbuckling analysis and compared with an existing design formula for corrugated board panels and boxes.     

Energy method solution for the postbuckling response of an axially loaded bilaterally constrained beam

Bistable and multistable structures have shown great usefulness in many applications such as MEMS actuation and energy harvesting. Bistability of structures can be achieved through buckling. Confining a buckled beam between two lateral constraints allows it to buckle into higher modes as the axial load increases. This paper presents a theoretical study of the postbuckling response of a bilaterally constrained elastica subjected to gradually increased axial load. Equilibrium states are determined using an energy method. Under small deformation assumptions, the total potential energy is minimized under the defined constraints. The presented model allows for an accurate representation of the flatting behavior and the increase in the length of contact areas with the lateral constraints before the sudden snapping between equilibrium states. Mode transitions are manifested by jumps in the response curves. Previously developed models based on geometry and symmetries overestimate the required forces for higher equilibrium modes and do not match experimental observations. Results are validated with experimental force–displacement measurements under both force- and displacement-control. The kinetic energy released during buckling mode transitions is determined by a dynamic analysis.     

复合材料层合板蠕变屈曲与变形的优化问题

将瞬时弹性失稳荷载、持久临界荷载和后屈曲持久变形刚度作为复合材料层合板蠕变屈曲与变形的优化指标,对几组纤维铺设方式进行讨论,构造多目标优化模型,就纤维铺设角进行优化分析.考虑横向剪切变形效应,分别利用Lap lace变换和准弹性方法,导出了这三个优化指标的计算公式.     

Nonlinear forced vibration analysis of postbuckled beams

A numerical solution methodology is proposed herein to investigate the nonlinear forced vibrations of Euler–Bernoulli beams with different boundary conditions around the buckled configurations. By introducing a set of differential and integral matrix operators, the nonlinear integro-differential equation that governs the buckling of beams is discretized and then solved using the pseudo-arc-length method. The discretized governing equation of free vibration around the buckled configurations is also solved as an eigenvalue problem after imposing the boundary conditions and some complicated matrix manipulations. To study forced and nonlinear vibrations that take place around a buckled configuration, a Galerkin-based numerical method is applied to reduce the partial integro-differential equation into a time-varying ordinary differential equation of Duffing type. The Duffing equation is then discretized using time differential matrix operators, which are defined based on the derivatives of a periodic base function. Finally, for any given magnitude of axial load, the pseudo -arc-length method is used to obtain the nonlinear frequencies of buckled beams. The effects of axial load on the free vibration, nonlinear, and forced vibrations of beams in both prebuckling and postbuckling domains for the lowest three vibration modes are analyzed. This study shows that the nonlinear response of beams subjected to periodic excitation is complex in the postbuckling domain. For example, the type of boundary conditions significantly affects the nonlinear response of the postbuckled beams.     

Exact solution and stability of postbuckling configurations of beams

We present an exact solution for the postbuckling configurations of beams with fixed–fixed, fixed–hinged, and hinged–hinged boundary conditions. We take into account the geometric nonlinearity arising from midplane stretching, and as a result, the governing equation exhibits a cubic nonlinearity. We solve the nonlinear buckling problem and obtain a closed-form solution for the postbuckling configurations in terms of the applied axial load. The critical buckling loads and their associated mode shapes, which are the only outcome of solving the linear buckling problem, are obtained as a byproduct. We investigate the dynamic stability of the obtained postbuckling configurations and find out that the first buckled shape is a stable equilibrium position for all boundary conditions. However, we find out that buckled configurations beyond the first buckling mode are unstable equilibrium positions. We present the natural frequencies of the lowest vibration modes around each of the first three buckled configurations. The results show that many internal resonances might be activated among the vibration modes around the same as well as different buckled configurations. We present preliminary results of the dynamic response of a fixed–fixed beam in the case of a one-to-one internal resonance between the first vibration mode around the first buckled configuration and the first vibration mode around the second buckled configuration.     

Non-linear in-plane analysis and buckling of pinned–fixed shallow arches subjected to a central concentrated load

This paper is concerned with an analytical study of the non-linear elastic in-plane behaviour and buckling of pinned–fixed shallow circular arches that are subjected to a central concentrated radial load. Because the boundary conditions provided by the pinned support and fixed support of a pinned–fixed arch are quite different from those of a pinned–pinned or a fixed–fixed arch, the non-linear behaviour of a pinned–fixed arch is more complicated than that of its pinned–pinned or fixed–fixed counterpart. Analytical solutions for the non-linear equilibrium path for shallow pinned–fixed circular arches are derived. The non-linear equilibrium path for a pinned–fixed arch may have one or three unstable equilibrium paths and may include two or four limit points. This is different from pinned–pinned and fixed–fixed arches that have only two limit points. The number of limit points in the non-linear equilibrium path of a pinned–fixed arch depends on the slenderness and the included angle of the arch. The switches in terms of an arch geometry parameter, which is introduced in the paper, are derived for distinguishing between arches with two limit points and those with four limit points and for distinguishing between a pinned–fixed arch and a beam curved in-elevation. It is also shown that a pinned–fixed arch under a central concentrated load can buckle in a limit point mode, but cannot buckle in a bifurcation mode. This contrasts with the buckling behaviour of pinned–pinned or fixed–fixed arches under a central concentrated load, which may buckle both in a bifurcation mode and in a limit point mode. An analytical solution for the limit point buckling load of shallow pinned–fixed circular arches is also derived. Comparisons with finite element results show that the analytical solutions can accurately predict the non-linear buckling and postbuckling behaviour of shallow pinned–fixed arches. Although the solutions are derived for shallow pinned–fixed arches, comparisons with the finite element results demonstrate that they can also provide reasonable predictions for the buckling load of deep pinned–fixed arches under a central concentrated load.     

Torsional buckling and postbuckling of FGM cylindrical shells in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a functionally graded cylindrical shell subjected to torsion in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation theory with a von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic non-linearity. The non-linear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell are both taken into account. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling load and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of twist, perfect and imperfect, FGM cylindrical shells under different sets of thermal fields. The results reveal that the volume fraction distribution of FGMs has a significant effect on the buckling load and postbuckling behavior of FGM cylindrical shells subjected to torsion. They also confirm that the torsional postbuckling equilibrium path is weakly unstable and the shell structure is virtually imperfection–insensitive.     

Postbuckling prediction of double-walled carbon nanotubes under axial compression

An elastic double-shell model is presented for the buckling and postbuckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube subjected to axial compression. The analysis is based on a continuum mechanics model in which each tube of a double-walled carbon nanotube is described as an individual elastic shell and the interlayer friction is negligible between the inner and outer tubes. The governing equations are based on the Karman–Donnell-type nonlinear differential equations. The van der Waals interaction between the inner and outer nanotubes and the nonlinear prebuckling deformations of the shell are both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling is extended to the case of double-walled carbon nanotubes under axial compression. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. Numerical results reveal that the single-walled carbon nanotube and the double-walled carbon nanotube both have an unstable postbuckling behavior.     

Nonlinear buckled states of rectangular plates

A constructive method is developed to establish the existence of buckled states of a thin, flat elastic plate that is rectangular in shape, simply supported along its edges, and subjected to a constant compressive thrust applied normal to its two short edges. Under the assumption that the stress function and the deformation of the plate are described by the nonlinear von Kármán equations, the approach used yields information regarding not only the number of buckled states near an eigenvalue of the linearized problem, but also the continuous dependence of such states on the load parameter and the possible selection of that buckled state “preferred” by the plate. In particular, the methods used provide a rigorous approach to studying the existence of buckled states near the first eigenvalue of the linearized problem (that is, near the “buckling load”) even when the first eigenvalue is not simple.