Thermal characteristics of a high heat flux micro-evaporator

Our purpose is to design a high heat flux micro-evaporator that can remove more than 100 W/cm². For this purpose a thin liquid film is evaporized. The liquid film is stabilized in micro-channels by capillary forces. The micro-channels are fabricated by chemical etching on silicon to reduce thermal resistance. For the experiments, the channel plate is heated by an ITO thin film heater deposited on the opposite side of the channel plate. Influence of heat flux, coolant flow rate, and inlet temperature on the temperature of the heater element are investigated. Water is used as working fluid. A maximal heat flux of 125 W/cm² could be achieved for water inlet temperature of 90 °C and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The temperature of the heater element is kept constant at about 120 °C with fluctuations within 8 °C. The measured pressure drop is less than 1000 Pa.     

CL-20/HMX共晶冲击起爆模拟

采用非平衡分子动力学方法模拟了CL-20/HMX共晶炸药冲击压缩和化学反应行为，获得了密度以及粒子速度的时空分布、冲击雨贡纽、冲击起爆压力、爆轰压力等数据，以及主要中间产物和稳定产物分布。模拟结果显示，共晶的初始分解路径是CL-20中N—NO₂键断裂，主要稳定产物是N₂、CO₂和H₂O。CL-20和HMX的分解速率随着冲击波速度的增加而增加，并且逐渐接近，但各冲击条件下CL-20分子的衰减速率均大于HMX。     

无氢类金刚石薄膜表面H2O和O2分子共同作用的第一性原理计算

无氢类金刚石碳基薄膜(Diamond-like carbon，DLC)在潮湿大气环境中具有较低的摩擦系数，这主要是由于环境中的H₂O和O₂两种活性分子钝化了无氢DLC薄膜表面的悬键，但迄今两种活性分子对无氢DLC薄膜低摩擦行为的协同影响机制仍不清楚. 本文中通过第一性原理计算方法研究了H₂O和O₂分子共存时在金刚石表面的钝化状态，并推测了无氢DLC薄膜实现低摩擦的可能途径. 结果表明:H₂O和O₂两种活性分子在金刚石表面分解形成OH、H及O基团，其中O原子和H原子的相互吸引能够促使其形成OH基团. 当H₂O分子和O₂分子按比例2:1共存时，金刚石表面全部由OH基团钝化，而非2:1比例时，金刚石表面会形成C-OH、C-H和C-O共存的复杂情况.      

Three-dimensional numerical study and field synergy principle analysis of wavy fin heat exchangers with elliptic tubes

Three dimensional numerical studies were performed for laminar heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of wavy fin heat exchangers with elliptic/circular tubes by body-fitted coordinates system. The simulation results of circular tube were compared with the experiment data, then circular and elliptic (e = b/a = 0.6) arrangements with the same minimum flow cross-sectional area were compared. A max relative heat transfer gain of up to 30% is observed in the elliptic arrangement, and corresponding friction factor only increased by about 10%. The effects of five factors on wavy fin and elliptic tube heat exchangers were examined: Reynolds number (based on the smaller ellipse axis, 500  4000), eccentricity (b/a, 0.6  1.0), fin pitch (F_p/2b, 0.05  0.4), fin thickness (F_t/2b, 0.006  0.04) and tube spanwise pitch (S₁/2b, 1.0  2.0). The results show that with the increasing of Reynolds number and fin thickness, decreasing of the eccentricity and spanwise tube pitch, the heat transfer of the finned tube bank are enhanced with some penalty in pressure drop. There is an optimum fin pitch (F_p/2b = 0.1) for heat transfer, but friction factor always decreases with increase of fin pitch. And when F_p/2b is larger than 0.25, it has little effects on heat transfer and pressure drop. The results were also analyzed from the view point of field synergy principle. It was found that the effects of the five factors on the heat transfer performance can be well described by the field synergy principle.     

页岩储层纳微米孔隙CO2/CH4吸附及驱替特性研究进展

利用CO₂开采页岩气不仅能够提高页岩气采收率, 还能够节省水资源并且对CO₂进行地质封存, 有助于实现页岩气开采过程的碳中和. 富有机质页岩储层纳微米孔隙中气体运移机制不同于常规储层, CO₂在储层中具有超临界特性, 致使开采机理复杂, 无法得到CO₂开采页岩气微观机理的准确认识, 所以研究CH₄, CO₂及其二元混合物在页岩储层纳微米孔隙中的吸附及驱替特性对准确评估和高效开采页岩气至关重要. 本文从实验、理论以及模拟方面对页岩储层纳微米孔隙中CH₄的吸附特性、CO₂/CH₄二元混合物竞争吸附特性以及驱替特性进行了综合分析, 对气体在纳微米孔隙中吸附及驱替特性的基础研究及关键问题进行讨论分析并提出了展望. 研究表明CH₄在页岩储层中表现为物理吸附, 有机质特征(丰度、成熟度、类型)、孔隙结构、无机矿物组成、温度和压力、含水率对页岩的CH₄吸附能力均有一定程度的影响. 在相同条件下, CO₂比CH₄更易被页岩储层吸附, 在页岩储层中注入CO₂可以促进CH₄的解吸, 并有利于CO₂的地质埋存. 开采方案的部署可采用井网形式的注采方式, 可以通过调整注入井的位置、数量以及CO₂注入速率对开采方案进行优化.      

中国海域盆地CO2地质封存选址方案与构造力学分析

本文围绕“碳达峰、碳中和”国家战略目标,从断裂活动、盆地压力、构造沉降特征、地震活动性和地温梯度等角度综合分析中国海域盆地适宜大规模CO₂地质封存的条件与目标,在宏观上认为东海陆架盆地、珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地东部以及南海中央海盆是最佳CO₂地质封存区域,但这并不排除其他盆地内部存在适宜的CO₂地质封存点,因为具体某个地质封存工程目标的范围相对较小.东海陆架盆地、珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地内适用于CO₂地质封存的地层包括盆地晚期快速沉降期沉积层的底部咸水层和热沉降沉积层内的含油气单元,在适宜的海底之下800～4000 m深度范围内,孔隙度大于10%,静水压力约在8～40 MPa之间、静岩压力约在13～83 MPa之间变化.在此压力范围和合适的地温梯度范围内, CO₂以超临界状态存在,其密度随温压变化相对稳定,有利于CO₂的流动和渗透.另外,盆地内的基性岩浆岩建造的规模和数量也为CO₂地质封存和永久矿化提供了很好的条件.虽然工程难度大和代价高...     

CO2微气泡溶解动力学及提高采收率机理研究

CO₂微气泡是一种具有潜力的提高采收率与碳埋存方法,本文在自主设计的CO₂微气泡发泡装置的基础上,表征了高温高压条件下微气泡形态,进一步研究了微气泡的溶解特征,研究结果表明:10 MPa下制备出的微气泡直径10～70μm,平均直径34.43μm; 15 MPa下制备的微气泡直径更小,平均直径25.03μm;地层水高矿化度条件下,平均气泡直径277.17μm,且气泡稳定性降低.微气泡的溶解实验结果表明CO₂微气泡的溶解速率较高,但是未溶解的CO₂仍以气泡的形式在地层中运移,微气泡注入地层后将形成“碳化水+微气泡”的运移模式.采用可视化微流控平台,首次研究了高温高压条件下无化学剂辅助CO₂微气泡的提高采收率机理:(1)提高微观洗油效率;(2)通过体积膨胀、溶解携带作用将油滴带出盲端,采出盲端中的剩余油;(3)打破油滴的毛管压力平衡状态,采出柱状残余油;(4)在流动中产生“贾敏效应”,封堵大孔隙、提高波及效率.本文研究可为CO₂微气泡提高油藏采收率与碳封存提供指...     

CO2 will probably not help to save Venice from the sea

It has been proposed to rise Venice by injecting CO₂ into an aquifer lying 600–800 m below its lagoon. It is shown that because of the prevailing ambient conditions in the aquifer phase change of CO₂ cannot be avoided. The ensuing change of specific volume and compressibility will inhibit a uniform uplift pattern which is needed to avoid cracks in historical buildings. Further, both liquid and gaseous CO₂ produce capillary effects at the contact surface with water in the voids of the reservoir rock and this affects its mechanical response. Hence further non homogeneity in the uplift pattern will be produced. This prevents the use of CO₂ in the proposed conditions.     

爆轰法合成纳米CeO粉末*2

爆轰合成过程中采用Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O制备的可爆药剂,并利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对合成的纳米CeO₂粉末进行了检测,研究了起爆方式对于合成产物结晶化度、粒径和形貌的影响。结果表明,采用Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O制备的可爆药剂,可以合成立方晶系的球形纳米CeO₂; 提高可爆药剂的爆速,可有效降低纳米CeO₂的粒径,得到球形化更好的纳米粒子。     

Evolution of jets effusing from inclined holes into crossflow

The turbulent flow structure and vortex dynamics of a jet-in-a-crossflow (JICF) problem, which is related to gas turbine blade film cooling, is investigated using the particle-image velocimetry (PIV) technique. A cooling jet emanating from a pipe interacts with a turbulent flat plate boundary layer at a Reynolds number Re_∞ = 400,000. The streamwise inclination of the coolant jet is 30° and two velocity ratios (VR = 0.28, VR = 0.48) and two mass flux ratios (MR = 0.28, MR = 0.48) are considered. Jets of air and CO₂ are injected separately into a boundary layer to examine the effects of the density ratio between coolant and mainstream on the mixing behavior and consequently, the cooling efficiency. The results show a higher mass flux ratio to enlarge the size of the recirculation region leading to a more pronounced entrainment of hot outer fluid into the wake of the jet. Furthermore, the lateral spreading of the coolant is strongly increased at a higher density ratio. The results of the experimental measurements are used to validate numerical findings. This comparison shows an excellent agreement for mean velocity and higher moment velocity distributions.     

Rime- and glaze-ice accretion due to freezing rain falling vertically on a horizontal thermally insulated overhead line conductor

A theory of atmospheric icing due to freezing rain on an overhead line conductor (OHLC) is developed. The rain falls vertically on a horizontal OHLC that is thermally insulated. It is assumed that the collection efficiency of the accretion surface is unity and that this surface is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment.

For air temperature T_A 0°C and raindrop temperature T_D 0°C, the freezing rain accretes as rime ice, provided that the temperature of the ice surface T_l < 0°C. The evolution equation governing the mass transfer at the accretion surface is solved analytically, yielding the shape of the rime-ice surface. Equations governing the thermal state of the rime-ice deposit are also given. These determine the onset of wet growth or glaze accretion at the upper stagnation line during suitable environmental conditions.

For environmental conditions producing an ice surface at temperature T_l = 0°gC, the freezing accretes as glaze. Equations governing the heat and mass transfer at the surface determine the shape of the glaze surface and the downward viscous motion of the unfrozen water. For T_D < 0°C, glaze evolution equations are developed for T_A 0°C and T_A 0°C. Analytical solutions of these equations are obtained. In particular, when T_D < −T_A < 0°C, the evolution equation predicts a novel limiting growth that is triangular in shape. Further study of the mass and heat transfer conditions, in the neighborhood of this final stage of glaze accretion, shows that it is maintained in thermodynamic equilibrium with its warm air environment.     

Experimental study of rotation effect on film cooling over the flat wall with a single hole

A new rotating test rig was set up to investigate the rotation effect on the film cooling over the flat wall. A simple flat blade with an inclined 30° film hole, which is parallel to the hot mainstream, was installed. And different rotation orientations were selected to simulate the blade pressure or suction side of a turbine blade. A steady liquid crystal technique was applied to obtain detailed distribution of the temperature over the blade surface. And the average adiabatic film cooling effectiveness of the area adjacent to the film hole was selected to evaluate the cooling effect. Five different rotational speeds, i.e., 0, 300, 500, 800, 1000 r/min, were considered. Experimental results indicate that the film trajectory could bend under the rotating condition. With the increase of the rotational speed, on the pressure side, the film trajectory inclines centripetally firstly and then centrifugally; whereas, on the suction side the film trajectory bends centrifugally. On the other hand, as the rotational speed increases, the cooling effect is improved firstly and then worsened when Ω > 500–600 r/min on the pressure side. On the suction side, however, the cooling effect is not sensitive to the rotational speed.     

N2与CO2对合成气爆炸特性影响的实验研究

为了研究惰性气体（氮气及二氧化碳）对合成气爆炸特性的影响，利用20 L球形爆炸仪器，开展不同体积分数氮气与二氧化碳作用下不同当量比合成气的爆炸实验，从爆炸峰值压力、爆炸压力到达峰值时间、爆炸指数方面分析惰性气体对合成气爆炸特性的影响。研究结果表明:惰性气体体积分数的增加会降低合成气的爆炸压力和爆炸指数，推迟爆炸压力到达峰值的时间；在相同体积分数下，CO₂比N₂能更有效地降低合成气的爆炸峰值压力和爆炸指数，减小爆炸反应的剧烈程度，CO₂在抑制合成气爆炸方面比N₂的效果明显。     

高速冲击压缩梯恩梯的分子动力学模拟

采用反应力场分子动力学方法模拟了梯恩梯(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene,TNT) 冲击压缩过程. 冲击压缩完全时,体积压缩至原体积40%,梯恩梯分子分解完毕,体系压力达到峰值. 随后稀疏波反向拉伸致大量原子或分子基团飞溅至下游,同时压力开始卸载. 密度及粒子速度剖面显示压缩波后方密度较大,粒子基本处于静止状态,且压缩波内存在较大的粒子速度梯度. 早期化学反应特征是梯恩梯分子在冲击压缩作用下脱落H,O 原子后残基快速聚合形成较大的分子团簇,此阶段和平动—振动弛豫过程相关,并且分子由平动—振动模态转换的时间尺度为0.5 ps. 产物识别分析显示梯恩梯在高速冲击压缩下致C—H,O＝N 键断裂,脱落的原子部分形成OH,H₂,H₂O,N₂,部分H,O 原子游离在体系中. 含碳团簇分析显示,冲击压缩作用致体系中含碳团簇的摩尔质量逐渐累积. 体系内含碳团簇中O/C,H/C,N/C 原子数量比值逐渐趋于平衡(O/C=0.680,H/C=0.410,N/C=0.284),且均小于初始结构中的比值.      

Temperature and particle-size dependent viscosity data for water-based nanofluids – Hysteresis phenomenon

In the present paper, we have investigated experimentally the influence of both the temperature and the particle size on the dynamic viscosities of two particular water-based nanofluids, namely water–Al₂O₃ and water–CuO mixtures. The measurement of nanofluid dynamic viscosities was accomplished using a ‘piston-type’ calibrated viscometer based on the Couette flow inside a cylindrical measurement chamber. Data were collected for temperatures ranging from ambient to 75 °C, for water–Al₂O₃ mixtures with two different particle diameters, 36 nm and 47 nm, as well as for water–CuO nanofluid with 29 nm particle size. The results show that for particle volume fractions lower than 4%, viscosities corresponding to 36 nm and 47 nm particle-size alumina–water nanofluids are approximately identical. For higher particle fractions, viscosities of 47 nm particle-size are clearly higher than those of 36 nm size. Viscosities corresponding to water-oxide copper are the highest among the nanofluids tested. The temperature effect has been investigated thoroughly. A more complete viscosity data base is presented for the three nanofluids considered, with several experimental correlations proposed for low particle volume fractions. It has been found that the application of Einstein’s formula and those derived from the linear fluid theory seems not to be appropriate for nanofluids. The hysteresis phenomenon on viscosity measurement, which is believed to be the first observed for nanofluids, has raised serious concerns regarding the use of nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement purposes.     

Experimental study on the magnetic convection in a vertical cylinder

The flow of paramagnetic fluid inside a cylinder placed in a bore of a superconducting magnet was studied experimentally. Single-phase closed thermosyphon configuration was employed. The lower side wall of the cylindrical enclosure was heated while the upper side wall was cooled with the thin adiabatic interface in between. The experiment was carried out with an aqueous solution of glycerol. The magnetic susceptibility of the working fluid was increased by adding Gd(NO₃)₃ × 6H₂O and was measured by a magnetic susceptibility balance. The encapsulated liquid crystal slurry (KWN-2025, Japan Capsular Product Inc.) dispersed in the working fluid was illuminated in the middle height horizontal cross-section of the enclosure to visualize the temperature field. The color images of flow mode were taken by a digital camera. The average heat transfer rates were also measured. Depending on the Rayleigh number, different spoke patterns were observed. The number of angular structures (spokes) increased with increase not only in the Rayleigh number but also in the strength of magnetic field. The heated fluid was repelled by the magnetic field, while the cooled fluid was attracted. The magnetic field enhanced the heat transfer rate.     

孔板扰动对爆轰波胞格结构特性影响的实验研究

实验采用稳定预混气2H₂+O₂+3Ar及不稳定预混气C₂H₂+5N₂O和CH₄+2O₂，在圆形爆轰管内通过烟膜手段记录了爆轰波的胞格结构，得到了胞格尺寸与初始压力之间的关系式；研究了胞格结构在扰动上下游的变化过程，分析了胞格不稳定性对胞格结构特征的影响，获得了爆轰波经过扰动后重新恢复至平衡状态的特征尺度。结果表明:爆轰波经过扰动后，对于稳定预混气，在扰动下游主胞格结构变得不规则，没有出现次生胞格；对于不稳定预混气，扰动下游伊始爆轰波的次生模态被抑制，由于爆轰波自身的不稳定性，随后出现了局部爆炸点及精细胞格结构；爆轰波在扰动下游传播了一段距离后恢复至平衡状态，该长度在8～15倍之间的胞格尺寸范围内变化，并且随初始压力的变化趋势并不明显。研究结果反映出爆轰波经过孔板扰动后恢复至平衡态所需的长度与爆轰波流体动力学厚度相当。     

超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

Experimental investigation of various turbulator inserts in gas-heated channels

This experimental research was focused on the investigation of the heat transfer augmentation by various turbulator inserts in gas-heated channels. The work was conducted directly in a convective part of a two fire-tube boiler. The flue ducts were positioned vertically and horizontally for various design applications. Twisted-tape insert (with the twist ratio y=4.12), the straight-tape insert, and the combined turbulator insert (the internal twisted tape with the twist ratio of 180° y=2.16 and an external tape, which spirally winded on an internal tape, with longitudinal pitch H_360°=110 mm and the relative height of a tape (rib) e/D₀=0.098;0.2) were investigated. The working fluids were the combustion products of light oil fuel and wood pellets. In addition, the experiments were conducted in the two fire-tube boiler without any inserts. Despite of relatively large data scattering obtained in these experiments some qualitative and quantitative conclusions were drawn.     

Fully developed mixed convection in horizontal and inclined tubes with uniform heat flux using nanofluid

Fully developed laminar mixed convection of a nanofluid consists of water and Al₂O₃ in horizontal and inclined tubes has been studied numerically. Three-dimensional elliptic governing equations have been solved to investigate the flow behaviors over a wide range of the Grashof and Reynolds numbers. Comparisons with previously published experimental and numerical works on mixed convection in a horizontal and inclined tube are performed and good agreements between the results are observed. Effects of nanoparticles concentration and tube inclinations on the hydrodynamics and thermal parameters are presented and discussed. It is shown that the nanoparticles concentration does not have significant effects on the hydrodynamics parameters. Heat transfer coefficient increases by 15% at 4 Vol.% Al₂O₃. Skin friction coefficient continually increases with the tube inclination, but the heat transfer coefficient reaches a maximum at the inclination angle of 45°.