Effect of nanoparticles mean diameter on mixed convection heat transfer of a nanofluid in a horizontal tube

Fully developed mixed convection of a nanofluid (water/Al₂O₃) has been studied numerically. Two-phase mixture model has been used to investigate the effects of nanoparticles mean diameter on the flow parameters. The calculated results demonstrate that the convection heat transfer coefficient significantly increases with decreasing the nanoparticles means diameter. However it does not significantly change the hydrodynamics parameters. Nanoparticles distribution at the tube cross section shows that the non-uniformity of the particles distribution augments when using larger nanoparticles and/or considering relatively high value of the Grashof numbers.     

宽温域环境中聚四氟乙烯及其复合材料摩擦学性能研究

对比研究了?100~100 ℃范围内聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)及三氧化二铝/聚四氟乙烯(Al₂O₃/PTFE)复合材料的摩擦学性能. 研究结果表明,PTFE因为蠕变,在升温过程中摩擦系数逐步降低,磨损率逐步升高. 而引入Al₂O₃填料会显著影响PTFE的摩擦学行为,Al₂O₃/PTFE的摩擦系数普遍比PTFE高,而磨损率比PTFE低. 摩擦学机理表明,滑动过程中形成的摩擦膜是决定摩擦学行为的关键因素. 这对极端工况条件下高分子复合材料的设计具有重要的指导意义.      

Integral treatment for forced convection heat and mass transfer of nanofluids over linear stretching sheet

An integral treatment is proposed for the analysis of the forced convection flow of a nanofluid over a stretching sheet.The obtained results agree well with the numerical results.The results of the presented solution provide an analytic solution,which can be conveniently used in engineering applications.Four types of nanoparticles,i.e.,alumina（Al₂O₃）,silicon dioxide（SiO₂）,silver（Ag）,and copper（Cu）,dispersed in the base fluid of water are examined.The analytical results show that an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the thickness of the thermal boundary layer.The reduced Nusselt number is a decreasing function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles.     

Effects of nanoparticles mean diameter on the particle migration and thermo-hydraulic behavior of laminar mixed convection of a nanofluid in an inclined tube

Laminar mixed convection of a nanofluid consisting of Al₂O₃ and water through an inclined tube has been investigated numerically. As mathematical model two-phase mixture model has been adopted, thus three dimensional elliptical governing equations have been solved to understand the flow behavior at different Re–Gr combinations. Control volume technique is used for discretization of the governing equations. For the convective and diffusive terms the second order upwind method was used while the SIMPLEC procedure was adopted for the velocity–pressure coupling. For different nanoparticle mean diameters and tube inclinations thermo-fluid parameters such as secondary flow, axial velocity profiles, nanoparticles distribution at the tube cross section, axial evolution of peripheral average convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop along the tube, have been presented and discussed. Maximum enhancement on the heat transfer coefficient is seen at tube inclination of 45°.     

Ni3Al基涂层与不同材料配副时宽温域的摩擦学行为

采用等离子喷涂法制备Ni₃Al基涂层，分别以316L和Al₂O₃为摩擦偶件，考察25~800 ℃内摩擦偶件材料对涂层摩擦学行为的影响. 结果表明:在软金属Ag析出、BaF₂/CaF₂脆-塑性转变和摩擦氧化协同作用下，随温度升高Ni₃Al/316L和Ni₃Al/Al₂O₃摩擦副的摩擦系数和磨损率具有一致的变化规律，且Ni₃Al/Al₂O₃摩擦副性能更佳. 25 ℃时，涂层与316L对摩时发生黏着磨损和磨粒磨损，而与高硬度的Al₂O₃对摩时发生脆性剥层和磨粒磨损，使涂层表面更粗糙导致较高的摩擦系数；Al₂O₃热导率较低，高接触应力作用下产生的大量摩擦热不能及时耗散，剥落材料贮存于剥落坑或黏附于磨损表面，使Ni₃Al/Al₂O₃摩擦副具有较低的磨损率. 200~600 ℃时，高硬度的Al₂O₃对涂层的犁削作用较强导致Ni₃Al/Al₂O₃摩擦副具有高的摩擦系数；而涂层在Al₂O₃碾压下发生塑性变形，使其具有较低的磨损率. 800 ℃时，高硬度的Al₂O₃促使磨损表面形成高氧化物含量的润滑膜，使Ni₃Al/Al₂O₃摩擦副具有低的摩擦系数和高的磨损率.      

Forced convection heat transfer due to different inclination angles of splitter behind square cylinder

A numerical investigation is carried out to study the effect of splitter’s inclination angle behind an inclined square cylinder on the forced convection heat transfer in a plan channel using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The simulations are conducted for the pertinent parameters in the following ranges: the Reynolds number Re=50–300, the gap ratio G/d = 2, and the splitter’s inclination angle θ = 0 ^?–90^?. The results show that with the increase in the angle of the splitter, the drag coefficient initially decreases and then increases. Moreover, the time-averaged Nusselt number at a certain angle increases noticeably.     

含氢无定型碳摩擦转移膜结构演化规律研究

利用中频磁控溅射系统制备a-C:H润滑薄膜,并使用球-盘摩擦机考察了空气和干燥氮气(N₂)氛围中a-C:H薄膜摩擦行为的差异,讨论了随着摩擦时间增加,薄膜上磨痕及Al₂O₃对偶球上转移膜的结构变化对摩擦行为的影响. 试验结果显示:a-C:H薄膜在干燥氮气中摩擦具有比在空气中更低的摩擦系数和更长的磨损寿命. 微观结构分析表明,转移膜可以起到降低摩擦的作用,在干燥氮气中,随着摩擦进行,Al₂O₃对偶球上逐渐形成具有典型DLC特征的碳转移膜并稳定地存在,这是摩擦性能进一步提高的原因. 此外,在干燥氮气中摩擦,磨痕表面和对偶球上转移膜表面结构均趋于“石墨化”. 上述二者的共同作用使得a-C:H薄膜在N₂环境下比在空气中更低的摩擦磨损.      

Buoyant Marangoni convection of nanofluids in square cavity

The buoyant Marangoni convection heat transfer in a differentially heated cavity is numerically studied. The cavity is filled with water-Ag, water-Cu, water-Al₂O₃, and water-TiO₂ nanofluids. The governing equations are based on the equations involving the stream function, vorticity, and temperature. The dimensionless forms of the governing equations are solved by the finite difference (FD) scheme consisting of the alternating direction implicit (ADI) method and the tri-diagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA). It is found that the increase in the nanoparticle concentration leads to the decrease in the flow rates in the secondary cells when the convective thermocapillary and the buoyancy force have similar strength. A critical Marangoni number exists, below which increasing the Marangoni number decreases the average Nusselt number, and above which increasing the Marangoni number increases the average Nusselt number. The nanoparticles play a crucial role in the critical Marangoni number.     

Flow of couple stress fluid with variable thermal conductivity

The steady flow and heat transfer of a couple stress fluid due to an inclined stretching cylinder are analyzed. The thermal conductivity is assumed to be temperature dependent. The governing equations for the flow and heat transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations. Series solutions of the resulting problem are computed. The effects of various interested parameters, e.g., the couple stress parameter, the angle of inclination, the mixed convection parameter, the Prandtl number, the Reynolds number, the radiation parameter, and the variable thermal conductivity parameter, are illustrated. The skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are computed and analyzed. It is observed that the heat transfer rate at the surface increases while the velocity and the shear stress decrease when the couple stress parameter and the Reynolds number increase. The temperature increases when the Reynolds number increases.     

Al2O3陶瓷动静态压缩下碎片形貌与破坏机理分析

为探究Al₂O₃陶瓷的宏观力学响应与破坏机理，分别利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对其进行准静态和动态压缩实验，同时通过原位光学成像观测试样的破坏过程，并利用同步辐射CT和扫描电镜（SEM）对回收碎片的尺寸和形状以及微观破坏模式进行表征分析。宏观强度数据表明，Al₂O₃陶瓷的抗压强度符合Weibull分布，且与加载应变率呈现指数增长关系。原位光学成像和SEM回收分析共同揭示了动静态加载下裂纹成核与扩展模式存在明显差异。准静态加载时材料微观上更易发生沿晶断裂，宏观表现为劈裂裂纹较少，且倾向于沿加载方向传播并贯穿整个试样；而动态加载时穿晶断裂占主导地位，劈裂裂纹明显增加并发生相互作用，因此在传播过程中容易分叉而形成大量次生裂纹，提高了试样内裂纹密度。这与碎片的CT表征结果一致，即碎片平均球形度和伸长、扁平指数等均随应变率对数线性增加。破坏模式的改变最终导致高应变率下陶瓷材料应变率敏感性显著增强。     

Mixed convection in an inclined lid-driven cavity with non-uniform heating on both sidewalls

The present work reports a numerical simulation of mixed convection in an inclined square cavity. The vertical sidewalls are assumed to have a nonuniform temperature distribution. The finite volume method is used to solve dimensionless governing equations. Simulations are performed for different Richardson numbers, amplitude ratios, phase deviations, and cavity inclination angles. The results are presented graphically. The mean heat transfer significantly increases in the buoyancy-dominated mode on increasing cavity inclination angle if both walls have identical heating and cooling zones.     

添加Ag2Nb4O11的NiAl基复合材料的高温摩擦学性能及高温润滑机理研究

首先采用高温固相反应法合成了由纳米球状结构紧密堆积的微米级粉体Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁,然后通过粉末冶金技术制备了添加铌酸银(Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁)的NiAl基复合材料(NABO20,NiAl-20%Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁),考察其对复合材料显微结构、力学及摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:热压烧结过程中,Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁发生高温分解及与C发生氧化还原反应,形成了NbC和Ag相. 铌酸银(Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁)的添加使得复合材料的密度略有增加,并且显著改善了NiAl基复合材料的显微硬度. 在高温摩擦条件下(800 ℃),由于NABO20磨损表面和Al₂O₃对偶球表面均形成完整光滑的润滑膜(Nb₂O₅、Al₂O₃、Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁、AgNbO₃和AgNb₃O₈),两层膜的存在阻隔了对偶球和复合材料的直接接触,抑制了磨损进程,从而有效地提高了复合材料的耐磨性能.      

Transient mixed convection flow arising due to thermal and mass diffusion over porous sensor surface inside squeezing horizontal channel

The double diffusion effect on the mixed convection flow over a horizontal porous sensor surface placed inside a horizontal channel is analyzed.With the appropriate transformations,the unsteady equations governing the flow are reduced to non-similar boundary layer equations which are solved numerically for the time-dependent mixed convection parameter.The asymptotic solutions are obtained for small and large values of the time-dependent mixed convection parameter.The results are discussed in terms of the skin friction,the heat transfer coefficient,the mass transfer coefficient,and the velocity,temperature,and concentration profiles for different values of the Prandtl number,the Schmidt number,the squeezing index,and the mixed convection parameter.     

Numerical simulation of MHD natural convection flow in a wavy cavity filled by a hybrid Cu-Al_2O_3-water nanofluid with discrete heating

We consider the combined effect of the magnetic field and heat transfer inside a square cavity containing a hybrid nanofluid(Cu-Al_2O_3-water). The upper and bottom walls of the cavity have a wavy shape. The temperature of the vertical walls is lower,the third part in the middle of the bottom wall is kept at a constant higher temperature,and the remaining parts of the bottom wall and the upper wall are thermally insulated.The magnetic field is applied under the angle γ, an opposite clockwise direction. For the numerical simulation, the finite element technique is employed. The ranges of the characteristics are as follows: the Rayleigh number(10~3≤Ra≤10~5), the Hartmann number(0≤Ha≤100), the nanoparticle hybrid concentration(?_(Al_2O_3),?_(Cu) = 0, 0.025, 0.05),the magnetic field orientation(0≤γ≤2π), and the Prandtl number P_r, the amplitude of wavy cavity A, and the number of waviness n are fixed at P_r = 7, A = 0.1, and n = 3, respectively. The comparison with a reported finding in the open literature is done,and the data are observed to be in very good agreement. The effects of the governing parameters on the energy transport and fluid flow parameters are studied. The results prove that the increment of the magnetic influence determines the decrease of the energy transference because the conduction motion dominates the fluid movement. When the Rayleigh number is raised, the Nusselt number is increased, too. For moderate Rayleigh numbers, the maximum ratio of the heat transfer takes place for the hybrid nanofluid and then the Cu-nanofluid, followed by the Al_2O_3-nanofluid. The nature of motion and energy transport parameters has been scrutinized.     

Investigation of Coulomb force effects on ethylene glycol based nanofluid laminar flow in a porous enclosure

Forced convection heat transfer of ethylene glycol based nanofluid with Fe_3O_4 inside a porous medium is studied using the electric field. The control volume based finite element method(CVFEM) is selected for numerical simulation. The impact of the radiation parameter(R_d), the supplied voltage(?φ), the volume fraction of nanofluid(?), the Darcy number(Da), and the Reynolds number(Re) on nanofluid treatment is demonstrated. Results prove that thermal radiation increases the temperature gradient near the positive electrode. Distortion of isotherms increases with the enhance of the Darcy number and the Coulomb force.     

Double-Diffusive Free Convection Flow Past an Inclined Plate Embedded in a Non-Darcy Porous Medium Saturated with a Nanofluid

In this investigation, we intend to present the influence of the prominent Soret effect on double-diffusive free convection heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer region of a semi-infinite inclined flat plate in a nanofluid saturated non-Darcy porous medium. The transformed boundary layer ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using the shooting and matching technique. Consideration of the nanofluid and the coupled convective process enhanced the number of non-dimensional parameters considerably thereby increasing the complexity of the present problem. A wide range of parameter values are chosen to bring out the effect of Soret parameter on the free convection process with varying angle of inclinations making the wall geometry from vertical to horizontal plate. The effects of angle of inclination and Soret parameter on the flow, heat and mass transfer coefficients are analyzed. The numerical results obtained for the velocity, temperature, volume fraction, and concentration profiles, local wall temperature, local nanoparticle concentration, and local wall concentration reveal interesting phenomenon, and some of these qualitative results are presented through the plots.     

Two-phase flow in inclined tubes with specific reference to condensation: A review

Tilting influences the flow patterns and thus the heat transfer and pressure drop during condensation in smooth tubes. However, few studies are available on diabatic two-phase flows in inclined tubes. The purpose of the present paper is to review two-phase flow in inclined tubes, with specific reference to condensation. Firstly, the paper reviews convective condensation in horizontal tubes. Secondly, an overview is given of two-phase flow in inclined tubes. Thirdly, a review is conducted on condensation in inclined tubes. It is shown for convective condensation in inclined tubes that the inclination angle influences the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient can be increased or decreased depending on the experimental conditions, and especially the flow pattern. Under certain conditions, an inclination angle may exist, which leads to an optimum heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, this paper highlights the lack of experimental studies for the prediction of the inclination angle effect on the flow pattern, the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop in two-phase flows during phase change.     

Numerical study of nanofluid mixed convection in a horizontal curved tube using two-phase approach

Laminar mixed convection of nanofluid consisting of water/Al₂O₃ in a horizontal curved tube is investigated numerically. Three dimensional elliptical governing equations have been solved to study the simultaneous effect of the buoyancy and centrifugal forces throughout the curved tube. The effects of nanoparticle concentrations on the secondary flow and also on the contours of temperature are presented and discussed. Axial velocity profiles with respect to the horizontal and vertical diameter are shown. In addition, the effects of nanoparticle volume fractions on the axial evolution of the local peripheral average convective heat transfer coefficient and the local peripheral average skin friction coefficient are studied. It is shown that the average convective heat transfer coefficient augments with the nanoparticle concentrations. However, its effect on the average skin friction coefficient is negligible.     

Fully Developed Mixed Convection Flow Between Inclined Parallel Plates Filled with a Porous Medium

A fully developed mixed convection flow between inclined parallel flat plates filled with a porous medium is considered through which there is a constant flow rate and with heat being supplied to the fluid by the same uniform heat flux on each plate. The equations governing this flow are made non-dimensional and are seen to depend on two dimensionless parameters, a mixed convection parameter λ and the Péclet number Pe, as well as the inclination γ of the plates to the horizontal. The velocity and temperature profiles are obtained in terms of λ, Pe and γ when the channel is inclined in an upwards direction as well as for horizontal channels. The limiting cases of small and large λ and small Pe are considered with boundary-layer structures being seen to develop on the plates for large values of λ.     

Mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with a nanofluid

This work is focused on the numerical modeling of steady laminar mixed convection flow in a lid-driven inclined square enclosure filled with water–Al₂O₃ nanofluid. The left and right walls of the enclosure are kept insulated while the bottom and top walls are maintained at constant temperatures with the top surface being the hot wall and moving at a constant speed. The developed equations are given in terms of the stream function–vorticity formulation and are non-dimensionalized and then solved numerically subject to appropriate boundary conditions by a second-order accurate finite-volume method. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and found to be in good agreement. A parametric study is conducted and a set of graphical results is presented and discussed to illustrate the effects of the presence of nanoparticles and enclosure inclination angle on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. It is found that significant heat transfer enhancement can be obtained due to the presence of nanoparticles and that this is accentuated by inclination of the enclosure at moderate and large Richardson numbers.