高精度陀螺经纬仪在阵地定向测量中的应用

战略武器的试验与发射是一项复杂精密的特殊工程，基准射向标定是该工程中的关键之一。基准射向的标定方法有多种，而采用Gyromat2000陀螺经纬仪是目前高精度阵地测量定向的最简捷方法。与传统定向方式相比较，高精度陀螺经纬仪的使用为发射阵地的射向标定提供了更为有效的测量和检核途径。在简述了Gyromat2000陀螺经纬仪在战略武器发射阵地的测量应用情况的同时，提出了对于该仪器测量前后仪器常数“e”的标定、测量成果F检核方式和仪器测量不确定度分析的内容，说明Gyromat2000陀螺经纬仪可以作为战略武器发射射向标定的高精度测量仪器，同时为该仪器的使用提供了重要而积极的作用。     

DL－32／16型多路时间间隔测量仪及其应用

基于模拟内插原理，研制了一种精密多路时间间隔测量仪。该仪器有一个公共起始通道和３２或１６路停止通道，测时范围５０ｎｓ～８２０ｍｓ，分辨力１ｎｓ，精度优于５ｎｓ。由于采用了内部微处理器，仪器具有内部自检、通道识别、差错指示和测量数据自动显示，打印、处理及掉电保护等功能，并能给出多次测量的平均值、最大值和最小值。实验测量了Ｔ／炸药的爆速和钨合金中的冲击波速度，得到满意的结果。     

DL－32／16型多路时间间隔测量仪及其应用

基于模拟内插原理，研制了一种精密多路时间间隔测量仪。该仪器有一个公共起始通道和３２或１６路停止通道，测时范围５０ｎｓ～８２０ｍｓ，分辨力１ｎｓ，精度优于±５ｎｓ。由于采用了内部微处理器，仪器具有内部自检、通道识别、差错指示和测量数据自动显示，打印、处理及掉电保护等功能，并能给出多次测量的平均值、最大值和最小值。实验测量了Ｔ／Γ炸药的爆速和钨合金中的冲击波速度，得到满意的结果。     

电阻应变仪产品介绍

电阻应变仪产品介绍扬州无线电二厂扬州无线电二厂是专业生产动测仪器厂家，其ＹＥ３８系列应变放大器是多品种、高性能信号调节器，主要用于各类应变测量及小信号电压测量。该产品性能系参照国外同类产品的先进水平，进行精心设计，能在多种场合下应用。由于采用了数字显...     

微电子机械系统中构件的基本力学量检测

本文就近几年在ＭＥＭＳ（ＭｉｃｒｏＥｌｅｃｔｒｏＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ）基本力学量测量技术的最新发展及其特点、意义、进行了较全面的综述。内容包括：ＭＥＭＳ所用材料的基本力学参数测量（如Ｅ、Ｇ、μ），材料的摩擦与摩损的测量，ＭＥＭＳ结构内应力、应变的测量，结构的动态参数和机构运动速度的测量等，为ＭＥＭＳ的研究提供有益的参考。     

平晶型激光错位干涉仪及其在流场测量中的应用

仪器的原理是将一束激光经扩束后通过被测系统,然后在平晶前后表面反射而获得干涉图.仪器防振性能好,可以方便地对横向与纵向尺寸都较大的流场进行测量,光源亮度高,结构简单,调整使用方便,有希望在流场测量特别是超声速流场测量中获得广泛的应用.     

高速旋转构件应力、应变的红外遥测

介绍了高速旋转构件应力，应变测量的新方法───红外遥测法，叙述了该法的基本工作原理、仪器结构方框图及其主要参数，并且提供了测试实例。     

数字图象测量系统灵敏度分析

在目前常规图象分辨率基础上，对数字图象相关测量方法的灵敏度进行分析，给出了位移和应变测量的灵敏度，并讨论了影响灵敏度的有关因素，进而指出，数字图象测量系统特别适合于各种位移场的大变形场的定量测量，在配制了相应的光学观察仪器后。也基本适合一般变形场的测量。     

32型多路时间间隔测量仪介绍

多路时间间隔测量仪用于爆速、弹速、冲击波速度、自由面速度等爆轰参数测量,是爆轰物理、冲击波物理、常规武器研究不可缺少的仪器。仪器采用时间放大式模拟内插原理、组件式结构,能同时测量一个起始脉冲和32个停止脉冲信号之间的时间间隔,测时范围80ns~820 ms,时间分辨率1ns,     

云纹干涉与钻孔法测量残余应力的实验方法与系统

应变片钻孔法是工程中应用最广的残余应力测量方法之一，由于应变片只能得到其长度范围内的平均应变，测量误差比较大，本文提出用云纹干涉法测量的位移信息代替应变片测量的应变信息来确定残余应力，用有限元建立位移与残余应力之间的关系，基于以上理论，开发了一种可以进行现场残余应力测量的便携式云纹干涉钻孔系统，并用该仪器进行了铝合金激光焊接接头的残余应力测量，得到了焊缝中心残余应力值。     

Uncertainty analysis of flow rate measurement for multiphase flow using CFD

The venturi meter has an advantage in its use,because it can measure flow without being much affected by the type of the measured fluid or flow conditions.Hence,it has excellent versatility and is being widely applied in many industries.The flow of a liquid containing air is a representative example of a multiphase flow and exhibits complex flow characteristics.In particular,the greater the gas volume fraction(GVF),the more inhomogeneous the flow becomes.As a result,using a venturi meter to measure the rate of a flow that has a high GVF generates an error.In this study,the cause of the error occurred in measuring the flow rate for the multiphase flow when using the venturi meter for analysis by CFD.To ensure the reliability of this study,the accuracy of the multiphase flow models for numerical analysis was verified through comparison between the calculated results of numerical analysis and the experimental data.As a result,the Grace model,which is a multiphase flow model established by an experiment with water and air,was confirmed to have the highest reliability.Finally,the characteristics of the internal flow Held about the multiphase flow analysis result generated by applying the Grace model were analyzed to find the cause of the uncertainty occurring when measuring the flow rate of the multiphase flow using the venturi meter.A phase separation phenomenon occurred due to a density difference of water and air inside the venturi,and flow inhomogeneity happened according to the flow velocity difference of each phase.It was confirmed that this flow inhomogeneity increased as the GVF increased due to the uncertainty of the flow measurement.     

Measurement of very small liquid flows

A measuring principle for the flow rate of liquid follows consists in the determination of the volume change of a liquid in a tank in relation to unit of time. The development and the realization of three measurement systems based on this principle are presented in this paper. The devices can measure liquid flows below 0.2 L/h. One flow meter uses an air bubble in the form of a stopper as tracer. A special design keeps the bubble in the measuring tube; it does not have to be replaced. Another flow meter measures the volume changes by determining the pressure at the bottom of a vertical tube. To achieve a continuous operation, a differential design with two corresponding tubes was realized. The third flow meter measures the mass of a drop at the end of a horizontal silicone tube working as a bending beam. The liquid flows through the tube and is forced to form drops at its end. Owing to their design, each of the three devices has distinctive characteristics. A theory of measurement systems that facilitates synthesis and analysis of measuring devices serves as the basis for the development of the flow meters.     

Measurement of dispersed two-phase gas-liquid flow by cross correlation of modulated ultrasonic signals

A technique for metering two-phase gas-liquid mixtures is described. The measuring apparatus consists of a concentric constriction device and an ultrasonic cross-correlation velocity meter (Coulthard 1973). The constriction device breaks up the gaseous phase and generates a near-homogeneous type of flow, with characteristics largely independent of those existing in the approach section. The mean velocity of the resulting flow is obtained by cross-correlating the modulations of two parallel ultrasonic beams, transmitted across the pipe. The peak value of the cross-correlation function is found to occur at a time delay virtually equal to the mean transit time of the mixture between the centre lines of the beams.

The main advantages of this type of non-intrusive meter are its averaging capabilities and relative insensitivity to pressure transients.     

基于PIV测量的超声波流量计内流场特性研究

采用PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)测量手段,考察了小口径超声波流量计的流动特性。首先针对前端安装直管段时,不同流量条件下的流场特性建立基本认识,实验结果表明,在低流量条件下,流量计内流场存在明显的不稳定演变和非定常流动特征。进一步以上游前端安装球阀为典型案例,考察了安装条件对超声波流量计响应特性和测量偏差的影响。结合直管段的实验观测结果,发现此种结构超声波流量计的适应性与其流场非定常性的关系具有很好的一致性,即流场结构稳定则适应性强。此外,综合多参数的实验结果表明,雷诺数是判断小口径超声波流量计测量准确性的重要无量纲参数。     

Stress evaluation in low-modulus and viscoelastic materials using phtoelastic glass inclusions

Stressmeters are gages designed to enable stress changes to be determined without the need to know the elasticity moduli of the body being studied. This paper describes a technique by which the magnitude of the greatest principal stress in a biaxial-stress field can be determined from the isochromatic fringe pattern in a hollow-cylindrical-glass stressmeter. The influence of the moduli and Poisson's ratio of the meter and host material on the sensitivity of the meter are discussed in detail. It is shown that, for a wide range of rock and concrete-like materials, a glass stressmeter will enable the stresses to be determined directly from the meter readings. Experiments to investigate the behavior of photoelastic stressmeters in host materials which are creeping under stress are described. Results of tests using frozen sand slabs have shown that under uniaxial stress there is little effect of creep on the meter readings until excessive fracturing occurs. There is also close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values for the meter sensitivity when it is assumed that the Poisson's ratio of the host materials falls to 0.5 during creep. When set in such materials the final sensitivity of the meter is also independent of the modulus of the meter provided that creep is continuous. Experiments are described which show that, in a material which is creeping, the stress can be determined by inserting a stressmeter and measuring the final steady reading.     

A reflection-type oil-film skin-friction meter

Tanner has shown analytically that the slope characteristics of a thin oil-film lying in contact with a surface on which an aerodynamic boundary-layer is developing are explicitly related to the local skin-friction. Unlike many conventional methods of measuring skin-friction, the oil-film method is absolute in nature, requires no calibration and in principle, can be universally applied. In all existing forms of the meter, however, interferometry is used to make measurements of the oil film. In the present contribution, the technique has been simplified by completely eliminating interferometry. This has been achieved by making direct and dynamic measurements of the oil-film slope by directing a reflected beam of light off the top of the oil film to a small position sensing photodiode. The raw data now is very different from that in the interferometric method and consequently, new methods of determining skin-friction from measured oil-film slope histories have been developed. The reflection method has been verified in incompressible flat plate turbulent boundary-layers. The standard of deviation of the measurements is about 10% of the mean. The present version of the meter is compact and simple.     

Shear-wave speeds and elastic moduli for different liquids Part 3. Experiments-update

Tables of values of shear-wave speeds, shear moduli and relaxation times for 18 new liquids are presented, supplementing the tables for 51 liquids given in Part 2. A brief discussion of errors and analysis of the oscilloscope traces is presented. The relation of the effective moduli measured on the wave-speed meter to independent measurements using phase-modulated birefringence and delayed die swell is discussed. A method of measuring wave speeds and rigidities for sheared media is proposed.     

A null instrument for accurate measurement of small a.c. currents

Summary An apparatus and a method are described that are based on a.c. null balance, which may be used for measuring 50 Hz currents of 2 × 10⁻¹¹ A, or higher, with an accuracy of 0.1 per cent. The apparatus, which has been applied in experiments of different kind in our laboratory, is fed by a.c. line voltage. The main part is an a.c. amplifier with 30 MΩ input impedance, provided with a variable phase-shift. The amplifier is essentially, followed by a synchronous meter and is connected to a stabilized and calibrated 50 Hz reference source. The design, adjustment and performance of the apparatus are treated in §§ 1–3. Also the use of a linear rectifying meter instead of a synchronous meter, in direct-reading measurements, is discussed with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio. In § 4 the application of the described a.c. null balance method to photometry will be reviewed, with special regard to the attainable accuracy.     

THE SIMULATION OF CORIOLIS METER RESPONSE TO PULSATING FLOW USING A GENERAL PURPOSE F.E. CODE

The publication of a theoretical analysis of the response of a simple straight-tube Coriolis meter to flow pulsations raised the question of the extent to which the results of that analysis are generic over the wide range of geometric configurations used in commercially available meters. A procedure for using a general purpose finite element (FE) code to investigate this question is presented. The dual time scales, which are an essential feature of pulsating flow through a Coriolis meter, are used to minimize the amount of computation required to simulate the meter response. The FE model is developed in a full 3-D form with shear deflection and axial forces, and the computation of the simulated response for the geometrically most complex meter currently available shows that this level of representation is necessary to reveal the full details of the response. The response derived from the FE simulation for straight-tube meters, is compared with the published theoretical response and to experimental data. Over a range of different meters, the characteristics of the sensor signals in the presence of flow pulsations are shown to be generally similar. In all cases, the simulated sensor signals contain components corresponding to beating between the pulsation frequency and the meter drive frequency, in addition to the main component at the drive frequency. Spectra are computed from the simulated meter responses and these are used to show that the relationship between the mass flow rate and the phase difference between the component of the sensor signals at the drive frequency, is not significantly affected by the pulsations. Thus, the work suggests that the reports of changes in meter calibration due to certain frequencies of flow pulsation represent errors in signal processing rather than fundamental changes in the meter characteristics.