Bifurcation and chaotic response of a cracked rotor system with viscoelastic supports

Cracks appearing in the shaft of a rotary system are one of the main causes of accidents for large rotary machine systems. This research focuses on investigating the bifurcation and chaotic behavior of a rotating system with considerations of various crack depth and rotating speed of the system’s shaft. An equivalent linear-spring model is utilized to describe the cracks on the shaft. The breathing of the cracks due to the rotation of the shaft is represented with a series truncated time-varying cosine series. The geometric nonlinearity of the shaft, the masses of the shaft and a disc mounted on the shaft, and the viscoelasticity of the supports are taken into account in modeling the nonlinear dynamic rotor system. Numerical simulations are performed to study the bifurcation and chaos of the system. Effects of the shaft’s rotational speed, various crack depths and viscosity coefficients on the nonlinear dynamic properties of the system are investigated in detail. The system shows the existence of rich bifurcation and chaos characteristics with various system parameters. The results of this research may provide guidance for rotary machine design, machining on rotary machines, and monitoring or diagnosing of rotor system cracks.     

考虑等效曲率的超二次曲面单元非线性接触模型

基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元可有效地描述自然界和工业生产中的非球体颗粒形态, 并通过非线性迭代方法精确计算单元间的接触力. 对于具有复杂几何形态的超二次曲面单元, 线性接触模型不能准确地计算不同接触模式下的作用力. 考虑超二次曲面单元相互作用时不同颗粒形状及表面曲率的影响, 本文发展了相应的非线性黏弹性接触模型. 该模型将不同接触模式下的法向刚度和黏滞力统一表述为单元间局部接触点处等效曲率半径的函数; 切向接触作用则借鉴基于Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定律的球体单元非线性接触模型的计算方法. 为检验超二次曲面单元接触模型的可靠性, 对球形颗粒间的法向碰撞、椭球体颗粒间的斜冲击过程、圆柱体的静态堆积和椭球体的动态卸料过程进行离散元模拟, 并与有限元数值结果及试验结果进行对比验证. 计算表明, 考虑接触点处等效曲率半径的超二次曲面非线性接触模型可准确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用, 并合理地反映非球形颗粒体系的运动规律. 在此基础上进一步分析了不同长宽比和表面尖锐度对卸料过程中颗粒流动特性的影响, 为非球形颗粒材料的流动特性分析提供了一种有效的离散元方法.      

Pseudo-random number generator based on discrete-space chaotic map

This paper describes an efficient method to predict the nonlinear steady-state response of a complex structure with multi-scattered friction contacts. The contact friction force is equivalent to additional stiffness and damping based on optimal approximation theory, and as a consequence, the computation is simplified greatly by the linearization for a nonlinear system. In order to obtain accurate pressure distribution on the contact interfaces, the dynamic contact normal pressure is obtained by the equivalent static analysis which is validated for most engineering cases. Considering the complex procedure to determine the transformation between two different contact states, the differential forms of friction force are given to solve the tangential force accurately under the complex movement of interfaces. The approaches developed in this paper are particularly suitable to solve the dynamic response of large-scale structures with local contact nonlinearities. The entire procedure to calculate the steady-state response of a finite element model with a large number of degrees of freedom is demonstrated taking the blades with underplatform dampers as an example. The method is proved to be accurate and efficient; in particular, it does not suffer convergence problem in the allowable range of precision error, which exhibits remarkable potential engineering application values.     

A new nonlinear force model to replace the Hertzian contact model in a rigid-rotor ball bearing system

A new nonlinear force model based on experimental data is proposed to replace the classical Hertzian contact model to solve the fractional index nonlinearity in a ball bearing system. Firstly, the radial force and the radial deformation are measured by statics experiments, and the data are fitted respectively by using the Hertzian contact model and the cubic polynomial model. Then, the two models are compared with the approximation formula appearing in Aeroengine Design Manual. In consequence, the two models are equivalent in an allowable deformation range. After that, the relationship of contact force and contact deformation for single rolling element between the races is calculated based on statics equilibrium to obtain the two kinds of nonlinear dynamic models in a rigid-rotor ball bearing system. Finally, the displacement response and frequency spectrum for the two system models are compared quantitatively at different rotational speeds, and then the structures of frequency-amplitude curves over a wide speed range are compared qualitatively under different levels of radial clearance, amplitude of excitation, and mass of supporting rotor. The results demonstrate that the cubic polynomial model can take place of the Hertzian contact model in a range of deformation.     

具有内核伸出段的套管构件在线接触阶段的受力性能研究

针对具有内核伸出段的轴压套管构件,建立了线接触阶段的力学模型;利用小挠度理论推导出了内核和套筒的剪力、弯矩、挠度、分布接触力、集中接触力等物理量的计算公式。通过与无内核伸出段套管构件的对比算例验证了本文相关物理量推导的正确性,分析了内核与套管在不同刚度比下相关物理量的变化情况。结果表明:由于内核伸出段的影响,点接触会提前向线接触变化,使套管构件的轴向承载力显著下降,端部的接触反力及内核的剪力、弯矩有显著的增加。对具有内核伸出段的套管构件进行了力学性能分析,结果表明:内核与套筒的间隙对线接触长度没有影响,内核的弯矩、剪力随着间隙的增加而增大;随着内核伸出段长度的增加,线接触长度及内核的弯矩、剪力增大。     

Stability of a Nonlinear Brake System at High Operating Speeds

The dynamics of a nonlinear car brake system is examined based on arealistic model in connection with a linearizationabout a stationary operating state. The rotating brake disc isapproximated by a rotating ring with two brake pads modeledas point masses which are in contact with the rotating ring.Each pad is visco-elastically suspended in axial and circumferential direction and loaded with a friction force. Two contact models areintroduced and incorporated in the system. The instabilitiesresponsible for brake noise evoked by internal resonances are presented.Several parameter studies are discussed,which show the sensitivity of the brake stiffness tuning and the brakeforce on the dynamic stability of the nonlinear brake system.     

On the Computer Formulations of the Wheel/Rail Contact Problem

In this investigation, four nonlinear dynamic formulations that can be used in the analysis of the wheel/rail contact are presented, compared and their performance is evaluated. Two of these formulations employ nonlinear algebraic kinematic constraint equations to describe the contact between the wheel and the rail (constraint approach), while in the other two formulations the contact force is modeled using a compliant force element (elastic approach). The goal of the four formulations is to provide accurate nonlinear modeling of the contact between the wheel and the rail, which is crucial to the success of any computational algorithm used in the dynamic analysis of railroad vehicle systems. In the formulations based on the elastic approach, the wheel has six degrees of freedom with respect to the rail, and the normal contact forces are defined as function of the penetration using Hertzs contact theory or using assumed stiffness and damping coefficients. The first elastic method is based on a search for the contact locations using discrete nodal points. As previously presented in the literature, this method can lead to impulsive forces due to the abrupt change in the location of the contact point from one time step to the next. This difficulty is avoided in the second elastic approach in which the contact points are determined by solving a set of algebraic equations. In the formulations based on the constraint approach, on the other hand, the case of a non-conformal contact is assumed, and nonlinear kinematic contact constraint equations are used to impose the contact conditions at the position, velocity and acceleration levels. This approach leads to a model, in which the wheel has five degrees of freedom with respect to the rail. In the constraint approach, the wheel penetration and lift are not permitted, and the normal contact forces are calculated using the technique of Lagrange multipliers and the augmented form of the system dynamic equations. Two equivalent constraint formulations that employ two different solution procedures are discussed in this investigation. The first method leads to a larger system of equations by augmenting all the contact constraint equations to the dynamic equations of motion, while in the second method an embedding procedure is used to obtain a reduced system of equations from which the surface parameter accelerations are systematically eliminated. Numerical results are presented in order to examine the performance of various methods discussed in this study.     

Investigation on dynamic characteristics of a rod fastening rotor-bearing coupling system with fixed-point rubbing

The aim of this paper is to gain insight into the nonlinear vibration feature of a dynamic model of a gas turbine. First, a rod fastening rotor-bearing coupling model with fixed-point rubbing is proposed, where the fractal theory and the finite element method are utilized. For contact analysis, a novel contact force model is introduced in this paper. Meanwhile, the Coulomb model is adopted to expound the friction characteristics. Second, the governing equations of motion of the rotor system are numerically solved, and the nonlinear dynamic characteristics are analyzed in terms of the bifurcation diagram, Poincaré map, and time history. Third, the potential effects provided by contact degree of joint interface, distribution position, and amount of contact layer are discussed in detail. Finally, the contrast analysis between the integral rotor and the rod fastening rotor is conducted under the condition of fixed-point rubbing.

     

Response analysis of a dual-disc rotor system with multi-unbalances–multi-fixed-point rubbing faults

Rotor unbalance and rub-impact are major concerns in rotating machinery. In order to study the dynamic characteristics of these machinery faults, a dual-disc rotor system capable of describing the mechanical vibration resulting from multi-unbalances and multi-fixed-point rub-impact faults is formulated using Euler beam element. The Lankarani–Nikravesh model is used to describe the nonlinear impact forces between discs and casing convex points, and the Coulomb model is applied to simulate the frictional characteristics. To predict the moment of rub-impact happening, a linear interpolation method is carried out in the numerical simulation. The coupling equations are numerically solved using a combination of the linear interpolation method and the Runge–Kutta method. Then, the dynamic behaviours of the rotor system are analysed by the bifurcation diagram, whirl orbit, Poincaré map and spectrum plot. The effects of rotating speed, phase difference of unbalances, convex point of casing and initial clearance on the responses are investigated in detail. The numerical results reveal that a variety of motion types are found, such as periodic, multi-periodic and quasi-periodic motions. Moreover, the energy transfer between the compressor disc and the turbine disc occurs in the multi-fixed-point rubbing faults. Compared with the parameters of the turbine disc, those of the compressor disc can affect the motion of the rotor system more significantly. That is, the responses exhibit simple 1T-periodic motion in the wide range of rotating speed under the conditions of sharp convex point and larger initial clearance. These forms of dynamic characteristics can be effectively used to diagnose the fixed-point rub-impact faults.     

涡轮泵转子-迷宫密封系统的非线性稳定性和分岔

研究迷宫密封对某一工程涡轮泵转子系统动力特性的影响,迷宫密封力采用Muszynska非线性力模型,应用有限元法建立转子系统的动力学方程,采取系统动力学方程中包含的高阶线性自由度和低阶的非线性自由度进行分块处理的方法,有效地缩短了求解时间。根据Floquet理论,判别系统的临界失稳转速,并由Floquet乘子来确定系统失稳后分岔方式。采用分块-Newmark法数值模拟了转子二涡轮盘的轴心轨迹。最后分析了涡轮泵转子二涡轮盘的质量偏心同相位和存在90度相位差时对转子系统运动特性的影响。     

高速列车车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨冲击力学响应有限元模拟

车轮踏面剥离是轨道车辆车轮非圆化损伤的常见形式之一。轮轨滚动接触过程中,车轮踏面剥离会循环冲击钢轨,诱发异常大的轮轨动态相互作用,严重影响高速列车运行平稳性和安全性。基于三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型,模拟了高速列车车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨冲击力学响应,分析了轮轨冲击过程中的轮轨接触力/压力、接触斑及黏/滑特性、钢轨表面节点速度分布和应力/应变状态等响应特征,讨论了列车速度、剥离长度和剥离深度等关键参数对轮轨冲击响应的影响。结果发现,车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨动态垂向接触力随列车速度的提高呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在列车速度为300 km/h出现最大值,约为轮轨准静态垂向接触力的1.35倍;随着剥离长度的增大,轮轨动态接触力、轮/轨von Mises应力和等效塑性应变均显著增大;随着剥离深度的增大,仅车轮von Mises应力和等效塑性应变显著增大。     

基于扩展多面体的离散单元法及其作用于圆桩的冰载荷计算

对于具有复杂几何形态的多面体单元,线性接触模型不能准确地计算不同接触模式下的作用力,且接触变形和作用力方向也不易判断.基于闵可夫斯基和(Minkowski sum)方法的扩展多面体单元能够准确描述非规则颗粒单元的几何形态,并可精确计算单元间的接触碰撞作用.该方法具有接触判断简单、计算效率高的特点.它将基本多面体和扩展球体相叠加以形成具有光滑棱边和角点的扩展多面体单元.考虑扩展多面体单元相互作用过程中角点、棱边和平面之间的不同接触模式,发展了相应的非线性黏弹性接触模型. 该接触模型将不同接触模型下的法向刚度统一表述为单元接触中接触点处等效曲率半径的函数;黏滞力和切向弹性力接触模型则借鉴球体单元非线性接触模型的处理方法. 为检验扩展多面体的可靠性,对碎冰区冰块对圆桩结构的冰载荷进行了离散元分析. 采用沃洛诺伊(Voronoi)切割算法获得了碎冰的初始随机分布状态,并考虑了海冰在运动过程中的海水浮力和拖曳力.计算表明该扩展多面体单元可描述海冰在海流拖曳下的运动过程以及圆桩结构的动冰力特性.在此基础上进一步分析了冰速和冰块尺寸对圆桩冰力的影响,并确定了冰力在圆桩上的分布规律. 最后,讨论了目前扩展多面体单元在计算冰载荷方面的局限性和改进方法.      

Modeling 3D revolute joint with clearance and contact stiffness

The clearances in the kinematic joints are due to deformations, wear, and manufacturing errors; the accurate modeling of these effects in multibody analysis is a complex issue but in many practical applications, it is mandatory to take into them into account in order to understand the actual behavior of mechanical systems. In this paper, the authors present a general computer-aided model of a 3D revolute joint with clearance suitable for implementation in multibody dynamic solvers. While a perfect revolute joint imposes kinematic constraints, the proposed revolute joint with clearance leads to a force constraint. The revolute joint has been modeled by introducing a nonlinear equivalent force system, which takes into account the contact elastic deformations. The model depends on the structural and geometrical properties of materials in contact that have been investigated using finite element models. The purpose is to give a general approach to study the influence of actual joints on kinematic, dynamic, and structural behavior of mechanisms. The proposed model has been applied in dynamic simulations of a spatial slider-crank mechanism.     

基于三维接触有限元分析的管片等效抗弯刚度和错台研究

针对盾构隧道管片接头等效抗弯刚度预测研究中，对梁-弹簧与三维模型整体等效性考虑的不充分，以三维接触有限元计算结果作为测量信息，借助基于挠度等效的反问题求解，提出了一种确定管片接头等效抗弯刚度的新方法；并利用不同轴力-偏心距组合下的反演结果，建立了基于Kriging代理模型的轴力-弯矩-等效抗弯刚度的非线性关系，提出了由此关联的管片结构非线性问题的数值求解方法。与三维有限元结果相比，所提方法可较为准确地预测管片结构的内力和变形，表现出良好的整体等效性。此外，借助三维接触有限元分析，进一步深入探讨了螺栓孔间隙与衬垫本构关系对管片纵向错台量的影响。     

Nonlinear dynamic characteristics of ball screw feed system under thermal deformation

In this study, a novel kinetic model is established to investigate the dynamic characteristic of the ball screw feed system by considering the thermal deformation of bearing joints, screw-nut joints and screw shaft. Based on the Hertz contact theory, the relationship between elastic restoring force and axial deformation of bearing joints and screw-nut joints is obtained, respectively. Then the dynamic characteristics of the kinetic equation are analyzed by Runge–Kutta method. The vibration characteristics of the feed system with and without thermal deformation are analyzed, and the results indicate that the amplitude becomes larger when thermal deformation is considered. The motion state of the feed system at different frequencies is analyzed, and the results show that with the change of frequency, the motion state of the system will appear period-doubling motion, quasi-periodic motion and chaotic motion. Finally, the influence of different parameters on the vibration characteristics of the system is discussed.

     

非线性碰摩力对碰摩转子分叉与混沌行为的影响

研究了具有非线性碰摩力的转子局部碰摩的分叉与混沌运动,利用计算机仿真对某发动机转子的碰摩故障进行了数值模拟,讨论了转子系统参数的变化对转子混池运动状态的影响,并与碰摩实验结果进行了比较,发现了具有非线性碰摩力的转子局部碰摩转子系统的各种多周期运动和混沌运动及其演变过程。     

具有曲率和惯性非线性以及材料内阻的旋转复合材料轴的主共振

旋转复合材料轴作为一类典型的转子动力学系统,在先进直升机和汽车动力驱动系统中有着广阔的应用前景.研究旋转复合材料轴的非线性振动特性具有重要的理论与实用价值.然而,目前有关旋转轴的非线性振动研究仅限于各向同性金属材料轴,很少考虑材料内阻的影响.本文研究具有材料内阻的旋转非线性复合材料轴的主共振.非线性来源于不可伸长复合材料轴的大变形引起的非线性曲率和非线性惯性,材料内阻来源于复合材料的黏弹性.动力学建模计入转动惯量和陀螺效应.基于扩展的Hamilton原理,导出具有偏心激励的旋转复合材料轴的弯-弯耦合非线性振动偏微分方程组.采用Galerkin法将偏微分方程离散化为常微分方程,采用多尺度法对常微分方程进行摄动分析,导出主共振响应的解析表达式.对内阻、外阻、铺层角、长径比、铺层方式和偏心距进行数值分析,研究上述参数对旋转非线性复合材料轴的稳态受迫振动响应行为的影响.研究发现,角铺设复合材料轴的内阻系数随着铺层角的增大而增大;内阻对主共振响应特性的影响主要体现在对抑制振幅和改变频率响应的稳定性方面;发生在正进动固有频率附近的主共振响应具有典型的硬弹簧非线性特性.本文提出的模型能够用于描述旋转复合材料轴的主共振特性,是对不可伸长旋转金属轴非线性动力学模型的重要推广.     

Dynamic characteristic analysis of spur gear system considering tooth contact state caused by shaft misalignment

The effect of gear contact state change due to shaft misalignment on meshing stiffness is usually neglected in the traditional stiffness calculation model with misalignment error, the further influence mechanism of shaft misalignment on gear dynamic characteristics is also unclear. To address these shortcomings, a new mesh stiffness calculation model with misaligned gear considering the effects of tooth contact state is proposed by combining the improved loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) model. Then the effects of tooth contact state changes aroused by shaft misalignment on the meshing stiffness excitation are investigated. Moreover, a dynamic model of the misaligned gear system with 8 degrees of freedom (DOF) is established, and based on which the dynamic characteristics of the gear system are investigated and verified by experiment. The study results indicate that the proposed model can be used to evaluate the stiffness excitation and dynamic characteristics of the misaligned gear system with the tooth contact state taken into consideration. This study can provide a theoretical method for evaluating and identifying shaft misalignment errors.

     

弹塑性微凸体侧向接触相互作用能耗

传统的结合面研究多基于光滑刚性平面与等效粗糙表面接触假设,忽略了结合面上微凸体侧向接触及相邻微凸体之间的相互作用,这导致理论模型与实际结合面存在较大出入.针对承受法向静、动态力的机械结合面,从微观上研究了微凸体侧向接触及相互作用的接触能耗.将法向静、动态力分解为法向分力和切向分力,获取弹性/弹塑性/塑性阶段考虑微凸体侧接触及相互作用的加、卸载法向分力-变形和切向分力-位移的关系.通过力的合成定理,从而获取加、卸载法向合力与总变形之间的关系,由于法向分力产生的塑性变形及切向分力产生的摩擦,导致加载、卸载法向合力-总变形曲线存在迟滞回线.通过对一个加、卸载周期内的法向合力-总变形曲线积分,获得一个周期的微凸体接触能耗,包括应变能耗及摩擦能耗.仿真分析表明:微凸体在3个阶段的能耗均随变形的增大而非线性增大.微凸体侧向接触角度越大,能耗越大,且在弹性阶段最为明显.在弹性阶段,仅存在侧向的摩擦能耗,故结合面在低载荷作用下必须采用双粗糙表面假设.在塑性阶段,由于微凸体接触能耗为应变能耗,且接触角对其能耗影响甚微,故结合面在大载荷作用下可采用单平面假设对其进行研究.相对于KE和Etsion模型,本文提出的模型与Bartier的实验结果更吻合.     

多体系统碰撞动力学中接触力模型的研究进展

接触碰撞行为作为大自然与多体系统中的常见现象, 其接触力模型对于多体系统的碰撞行为机理研究与性能预测至关重要. 静态弹塑性接触模型与考虑能量耗散的连续接触力模型是研究接触碰撞行为的两类不同方法, 在多体系统碰撞动力学中存在诸多共性与差异. 本文分别从上述两类接触模型的发展历程入手, 详细介绍了两类模型的区别与联系. 首先, 根据阻尼项分母中是否含有初始碰撞速度将连续接触力模型分为黏性接触力模型与迟滞接触力模型, 讨论了能量指数与Hertz接触刚度之间的关系, 阐述了现有连续接触力模型在计算弹塑性材料接触碰撞行为时存在的问题. 其次, 着重介绍了分段连续的准静态弹塑性接触力模型(可连续从完全弹性转换到完全塑性接触阶段), 分析了利用此类弹塑性接触力模型计算碰撞行为的技术特点. 同时, 以恢复系数为桥梁和借助线性化的弹塑性接触刚度, 避免了Hertz刚度对弹塑性接触刚度的计算误差, 根据碰撞前后多体系统的能量与动能守恒推导了弹塑性接触模型等效的迟滞阻尼因子. 探索了连续接触力模型与准静态弹塑性接触力模型之间的内在联系, 数值计算结果定量说明了人为阻尼项代表的能量耗散与弹塑性接触力模型中加卸载路径代表的能量耗散具有等效性. 另外, 为了避免阻尼项分母中初始碰撞速度在计算颗粒物质动态性能时导致的数值奇异问题, 通过求解等效的线性单自由度欠阻尼非受迫振动方程获得了阻尼项分母中不含初始碰撞速度的连续接触力模型, 并以一维球链为例, 证明了该模型相比EDEM软件使用的连续接触力模型具有更高的精度. 最后, 本文分析了当前多体系统碰撞动力学的研究现状, 并简要展望了多体系统碰撞动力学中接触力模型的发展趋势与面临的挑战.