Eigenvalue-counting methods for non-proportionally damped systems

This paper presents numerical methods of counting the number of eigenvalues for non-proportionally damped system in some interested regions on the complex plane. Most of the eigenvalue analysis methods for proportionally damped systems use the well-known Sturm sequence property to check the missed eigenvalues when only a set of the lowest modes is used. However, in the case of the non-proportionally damped systems such as the soil–structure interaction system, the structural control system and composite structures, no counterpart of the Sturm sequence property for undamped systems has been established yet. In this study, a numerical method based on argument principle is explained with emphasis on the discretization of the contour and a new method based on Gleyse’s theorem is proposed. To verify the applicability of the methods, two numerical examples are considered.     

非比例阻尼线性体系平稳随机地震响应计算的虚拟激励法

应用复振型分解方法,将非比例阻尼线性体系在地震作用下的动力方程求解问题转化为若干个广义复振子的求解与叠加问题。通过假定地震地面运动为一零均值的平稳随机激励,应用虚拟激励法原理,推导得到了广义复振子动力坐标的解析计算公式,进而得到了以复振型为基础的非比例阻尼线性体系随机地震响应计算的一般实数解析解答。算例证实了这种方法的可靠性及高效率。     

Stochastic sensitivity analysis of coupled acoustic-structural systems under non-stationary random excitations

This paper presents a new sensitivity analysis method for coupled acoustic–structural systems subjected to non-stationary random excitations. The integral of the response power spectrum density (PSD) of the coupled system is taken as the objective function. The thickness of each structural element is used as a design variable. A time-domain algorithm integrating the pseudo excitation method (PEM), direct differentiation method (DDM) and high precision direct (HPD) integration method is proposed for the sensitivity analysis of the objective function with respect to design variables. Firstly, the PEM is adopted to transform the sensitivity analysis under non-stationary random excitations into the sensitivity analysis under pseudo transient excitations. Then, the sensitivity analysis equation of the coupled system under pseudo transient excitations is derived based on the DDM. Moreover, the HPD integration method is used to efficiently solve the sensitivity analysis equation under pseudo transient excitations in a reduced-order modal space. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

Derivatives of repeated eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of damped systems

A procedure is presented for computing the derivatives of repeated eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of damped systems. The derivatives are calculated in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second-order system, and the use of rather undesirable state space representation is avoided. Hence the cost of computation is greatly reduced. The efficiency of the proposed procedure is illustrated by considering a 5-DOF non-proportionally damped system.     

Zur Eigenformmethode nichtproportional gedämpfter Schwingungssysteme

Übersicht Das Differentialgleichungssystem eines gedämpften Mehrmassenschwingers konnte bisher nur dann in reeller Schreibweise mit der Eigenformmethode exakt gelöst werden, wenn die Bequemlichkeitshypothese erfüllt ist. Diese Einschränkung setzt eine Darstellbarkeit der Dämpfungsmatrix aus der Massen- und Steifigkeitsmatrix voraus. Die vorgestellte Weiterentwicklung der Eigenformmethode ermöglicht, diese Bedingung fallenzulassen. Das allgemeine gekoppelte, lineare Schwingungsdifferentialgleichungssystem 2. Ordnung wird in reelle entkoppelte Differentialgleichungen 1. und 2. Ordnung überführt. Hiermit wird auch für nichtproportional gedämpfte Systeme die ganze Bandbreite der für den Einmassenschwinger entwickelten Lösungen verfügbar.

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On the modal superposition method of non-proportionally damped systems

Summary The modal superposition method in its real form could up to now only be applied to proportionally damped MDOF systems. The damping matrix of such a system has to be a combination of the mass and stiffness matrices. The development presented here allows that condition to be disposed of. The general coupled linear system of differential equations of second order is transformed to decoupled differential equations of first and second order. All solutions of the SDOF system can now be applied to the non-proportionally damped systems too.

     

Modalsynthese — Viskoelastische Kopplung von nichtproportional gedämpften Substrukturen

Übersicht Es wird eine Methode für die viskoelastische Kopplung von Substrukturen mit nichtproportionaler Dämpfung vorgestellt, bei der die Modalparameter der Substrukturen im Zustandsraum berechnet und das Kopplungsverfahren direkt im Zustandsraum durchgeführt wird. Das Verfahren beinhaltet im wesentlichen zwei Transformationen. Durch die erste werden mit einer reellen Modalmatrix die Bewegungsgleichungen in Modalkoordinaten in reeller Form transformiert. Durch die zweite Transformation mit einer komplexen Modalmatrix werden die Gleichungen des gekoppelten Systems vollständig entkoppelt. Die Modalparameter des Gesamtsystems sind dann komplex, können aber so direkt für die Berechnung der Übertragungsfunktion und von erzwungenen Schwingungen verwendet werden. Anhand eines Beispieles wird die relativ hohe Genauigkeit der vorgestellten Methode gezeigt.

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Modal synthesis — Viscoelastic coupling procedure for non-proportionally damped substructures

Summary A method for the viscoelastic coupling of non-proportionally damped substructures is introduced in which the modal parameters of the substructures are determined in the state space and the coupling process is directly made in the state space. The approach consists of two transformations. The first is made with a real modal matrix and transform the equations into modal coordinates in a real form. The second is with a complex modal matrix and discouples the equations of coupled systems. Then the modal parameters are complex, but they can be directly used for the calculation of the frequency response function and forced response function. An example demonstrates that this method give a relativ good approximation.

     

小阻尼转子系统动力学的本征解

本文把小阻尼转子系统的动力学方程化为一种新形式，用摄动法展开该方程，导致一个反对称矩阵的广义本征值问题，因此获得了高精度的本征解。文中给出了一个简例。     

双曲偏微分方程的局部伪弧长方法研究

重点研究了局部伪弧长方法在处理偏微分方程,尤其是双曲型偏微分方程出现激波间断的奇异性问题,对比分析了全局伪弧长方法空间转化的形式及其网格自适应的性质。为提高求解效率,提出了局部伪弧长方法,利用激波间断的性质,给出了判断奇异点位置以及模板选择的方法,涉及如何处理激波振荡,如何引入弧长参数,以及怎样求解间断等问题。通过数值算例验证了局部伪弧长在激波捕捉和追踪方面的可行性,通过比较局部伪弧长方法与Godunov方法处理不同初值条件的双曲问题,显示出局部伪弧长方法处理双曲偏微分方程的优越性,为伪弧长方法应用到物理问题奠定基础。     

大型非比例阻尼线性系统的地震反应复振型分析方法

对于大型非比例阻尼线性系统,当采用基于复振型的振型叠加方法进行动力反应分析时,按照通用算法(例如雅克比法)求解结构全部振型向量的计算工作量很大,甚至是不现实的.本文将经典阻尼系统中行之有效的Lanczos法和子空同迭代法加以推广和改进,给出了一组可对原来的方程进行自由度缩减的实向量基,然后与Foss变换相结合,得到一组实用的复向量基,使之适用于求解复杂非比例阻尼线性系统的任意低阶复振型和相应的复特征值,适用于任意扰力作用下的动力反应分析.理论推导和实例计算表明,本文所给出的复向量基概念清晰,计算效率高,能够适应对具有非比例阻尼特性的大型复杂结构进行动力分析的实际需要,其中包括地震作用下的时程分析和反应谱振型叠加分析.     

A local pseudo arc-length method for hyperbolic conservation laws

A local pseudo arc-length method（LPALM）for solving hyperbolic conservation laws is presented in this paper.The key idea of this method comes from the original arc-length method,through which the critical points are bypassed by transforming the computational space.The method is based on local changes of physical variables to choose the discontinuous stencil and introduce the pseudo arc-length parameter,and then transform the governing equations from physical space to arc-length space.In order to solve these equations in arc-length coordinate,it is necessary to combine the velocity of mesh points in the moving mesh method,and then convert the physical variable in arclength space back to physical space.Numerical examples have proved the effectiveness and generality of the new approach for linear equation,nonlinear equation and system of equations with discontinuous initial values.Non-oscillation solution can be obtained by adjusting the parameter and the mesh refinement number for problems containing both shock and rarefaction waves.     

Structural damping identification method using normal FRFs

All structures exhibit some form of damping, but despite a large literature on the damping, it still remains one of the least well-understood aspects of general vibration analysis. The synthesis of damping in structural systems and machines is extremely important if a model is to be used in predicting vibration levels, transient responses, transmissibility, decay times or other characteristics in design and analysis that are dominated by energy dissipation. In this paper, new structural damping identification method using normal frequency response functions (NFRFs) which are obtained experimentally is proposed and tested with the objective that the damped finite element model is able to predict the measured FRFs accurately. The proposed structural damping identification is a direct method. In the proposed method, normal FRFs are estimated from the complex FRFs, which are obtained experimentally of the structure. The estimated normal FRFs are subsequently used for identification of general structural damping. The effectiveness of the proposed structural damping identification method is demonstrated by two numerical simulated examples and one real experimental data. Firstly, a study is performed using a lumped mass system. The lumped mass system study is followed by case involving numerical simulation of fixed–fixed beam. The effect of coordinate incompleteness and robustness of method under presence of noise is investigated. The performance of the proposed structural damping identification method is investigated for cases of light, medium, heavily and non-proportional damped structures. The numerical studies are followed by a case involving actual measured data for the case of a cantilever beam structure. The results have shown that the proposed damping identification method can be used to derive an accurate general structural damping model of the system. This is illustrated by matching the damped identified FRFs with the experimentally obtained FRFs.     

行波效应下结构非平稳随机地震峰值响应分析

地震运动在本质上是非平稳随机过程。对于一个典型的地震记录,如果地震平稳段持续时间较短,采用非平稳随机过程描述其地震动特性较为合理。目前被最广泛接受的地震非平稳随机振动模型是演变随机激励模型。本文将虚拟激励法和精细积分法相结合,高精度计算了结构在这种随机地震激励下的时变均方根响应,并等效转化为相应的平稳随机过程后进行结构峰值响应计算。不仅考虑了激励的非平稳性,同时高效精确地考虑了结构的动力特性和地震行波效应。能够方便地应用于大型复杂结构,特别是为大跨度桥梁抗震分析提供了高效的计算手段。实际结构算例表明平稳假设会得到偏于保守的结果。当阻尼比较小时,这种差别会更明显。采用非平稳激励模型,显然更为合理;采用本文提出的方法可以很方便地处理这类问题。     

Connection between Volterra series and perturbation method in nonlinear systems analyses

This paper is concerned with the connection between the Volterra series and the regular perturbation method in nonlinear systems analyses. It is revealed for the first time that, for a forced polynomial nonlinear system, if its derived linear system is a damped dissipative system, the steady response obtained through the regular perturbation method is exactly identical to the response given by the Volterra series. On the other hand, if the derived linear system is an undamped conservative system, then the Volterra series is incapable of modeling the forced polynomial nonlinear system. Numerical examples are further presented to illustrate these points. The results provide a new criterion for quickly judging whether the Volterra series is applicable for modeling a given polynomial nonlinear system.     

Homoclinic Shadowing

A new method for rigorously establishing the existence of a transversal homoclinic orbit to a periodic orbit (or a fixed point) of diffeomorphisms in Rⁿ is presented. It is a computer-assisted technique with two main components. First, a global Newton’s method is devised to compute a suitable pseudo (approximate) homoclinic orbit to a pseudo periodic orbit. Then, a homoclinic shadowing theorem, which is proved herein, is invoked to establish the existence of a true transversal homoclinic orbit to a true periodic orbit near these pseudo orbits.     

多自由度参激系统稳定性分析的数值解法

现有参激系统的动力稳定性问题研究主要集中在主不稳定区域上。为获得组合不稳定区域,基于Floquet方法,采用Bolotin方法在不同周期数下设解形式,结合特征值分析法得到确定多自由度参激系统动力不稳定区域的数值解法。对一个两自由度受周期轴向力的旋转轴系算例的稳定性分析,发现通过增加设解近似项数可获得高阶不稳定区域,且各阶不稳定区域边界随近似次数的增加逐渐趋于稳定,此外,增大阻尼可使各不稳定区域边界变得更加平滑。本文方法可用于一般多自由度周期参激阻尼系统,是一种简明易操作的直接数值解法。     

结构动力响应数值算法耗散和超调特性设计

对结构动力响应数值计算问题提出引入多个自由参数来获得所希望的算法特性. 多参数的一个明显的好处就是在算法设计上有更大的自由空间. 利用这些自由参数获得了两个新的无条件稳定、有二阶精度的、有好的耗散和没有超调的单步时间直接积分算法. 在存在阻尼情况下基于有限差分分析理论证明了新算法的这些特性. 其中一个有高频渐进消去特性，且在有阻尼情况下与Houbolt方法相比对高频有更强的耗散. 另一个在低频极限无耗散，高频耗散可以用一自由参数控制. 超调分析结果显示两个新算法都不显示超调，而HHT方法不仅有速度超调，还有位移超调. 最后使用一些算例并通过与传统方法的比较数值地验证了理论分析结果.     

人颅骨结构的动力参数

为了深入探讨人头部受撞击时颅脑损伤的力学计算模型,本文对颅骨结构的功力参数连行了测试和有限元分析。结果表明,人颅骨结构属于小阻尼结构,进行动力分析时可以抽象成弹性阻尼薄壳结构。     

Numerical schemes with high order of accuracy for the computation of shock waves

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Explicit computational method of dynamic response for non-viscously damped structure systems

Non-viscous damping models in which the damping forces depend on the past history of velocities via convolution integrals over some kernel functions have been raised in many engineering fields. This paper describes an explicit computational method of dynamic response for the non-viscously damped structure systems. The explicit formula is derived using the differential property of convolution and the central difference formula of acceleration. The explicit computational procedure of dynamic response is given in detail. Finally, the dynamic responses of MDOF structure system with double exponential model dampers and SDOF structure system with Gaussian model damper are computed using the proposed explicit method. The accuracy and efficiency are discussed by comparison with other two developed methods.