LNG储运装置的小型BOG回收再液化方法的对比分析北大核心

首先简要介绍了目前LNG储运装置BOG产生的现状,以及目前回收BOG再液化的一些方法。接着分别针对低温制冷机和液氮作为冷源的两种回收再液化方法从设备投资(两者相当)、运营成本(前者比后者低约40%)、投资回收周期(两者相当)等方面进行综合分析比较,最终得出用低温制冷机作为冷源再液化BOG成为LNG是经济的(液化1kg的BOG仅需花费1.35元)。     

LNG储罐内BOG再液化工艺研究

LNG储罐是各类LNG工厂和LNG站必不可少的重要设备,由于LNG温度远低于环境温度,尽管对储罐采取绝热措施,但蒸发仍是不可避免的,LNG蒸发使储罐内压力和温度升高,对储罐产生不利影响。为了减少LNG储罐内低温蒸发气(BOG)直接放空或燃烧造成的污染与浪费,在以往BOG再液化工艺基础上进行优化,设计出适用于LNG站储罐内BOG再液化工艺。该工艺利用LNG站对外供气过程中输出的LNG自身冷能,在压缩机、冷凝器等设备的作用下将LNG储罐内BOG再液化,并以60方LNG储罐为例,用Aspen Plus软件对工艺参数进行优化。研究结果表明:该工艺利用对外供气过程中输出的LNG自身冷能不仅可提高BOG的回收率,使BOG在LNG储罐中循环利用,同时可有效减少LNG冷能浪费;60方LNG储罐,输出LNG流量达到110kg/h即可满足BOG冷凝要求;具有设备少、投资小、能耗低、操作简单的优点,为各类LNG站储罐内BOG再液化处理均有应用价值。     

低温液体蒸发气再液化系统内BOG动态分析研究

低温液体蒸发气再液化系统漏热引起的储罐内低温液体蒸发气(BOG)蒸发速率和压力有效控制是试验正常进行的关键,通过对储罐内低温液体的热响应分析,建立罐内低温液体和BOG计算模型,对制冷机关闭情况下储罐内压力(BOG压力)和BOG蒸发速率随储存时间的变化过程进行数值计算。结果表明:随着储存时间的增大,储罐内压力升高、压力增长速率加快、BOG蒸发速率减小;液氮和BOG温度升高对储罐内压力升高速率具有显著的影响;制冷机可以实现对罐内压力和BOG量的调节控制。为制冷机控制方案的制定和后续开展低温液体BOG再液化试验研究提供理论基础。     

船用新型闪蒸气再液化工艺设计与分析

液化天然气(Liquefied natural gas,LNG) 因单位热值二氧化碳排放量低、 能量密度高、 清洁等优点, 成为世界能源市场上增速最快的化石燃料. 利用液化系统对 LNG 储运过程产生的闪蒸气(Boiled off gas,BOG) 进行液化回收, 不仅有显著的经济效益, 同时可以满足环保要求. 基于 LNG 运输过程中 BOG 再液化需求, 本文设计了带冷量回收的新型混合工质再液化系统, 同时建立了4 种常规 BOG 液化系统模型, 利用化工流程模拟软件分析了典型工况下各系统的工作原理及内部能量传递关系, 并对比了不同工况下各系统性能. 结果表明, 在所设进出口条件下: 当 BOG 组分为纯甲烷时, 混合工质液化系统比功耗及所需冷却水量明显低于氮膨胀液化系统, 新型混合工质液化系统比功耗最低为0.53 kWh· kg-1 ;BOG 流量每增加100 kg· h-1 , 氮膨胀液化系统功耗增加约100.05 kW,而带冷量回收的液化系统功耗仅增加63.60 kW. 当 BOG 组分中氮气含量增加时, 液化率降低, 所需的制冷量、 冷却水量均降低; 当氮气含量约为5 % 时存在最小比功耗, 此时氮膨胀系统比功耗最小为0.96 kWh· kg-1 , 带冷量回收的混合工质液化系统比功耗最低为0.51 kWh· kg-1 . 带冷量回收的新型混合工质再液化系统结构紧凑、 能耗更低, 是应用于 LNG 船舶 BOG 再液化工艺的优选方案之一.     

LNG动力船BOG处理方案探讨

由于国际上严格限定船舶硫排放新规即将实施,液化天然气(LNG)动力船舶的发展迎来重大机遇。但甲烷本身是一种温室气体,LNG动力船储罐以及系统其他部件产生的闪蒸气(BOG)不应直接向大气中排放。针对上述情况,结合供气系统实例,提出一种处理LNG动力船BOG的方案——利用LNG自身外输冷能结合氮膨胀循环进行BOG再液化,并采用ASPENHYSYS对整个BOG处理流程进行模拟。结果表明,该再液化流程对储罐内压力与LNG组分有很大的响应,储罐压力越大,甲烷含量越少,比功耗相对也越大;同时BOG液化率也随着储罐压力的升高而不断减小,并且甲烷含量越低,液化率下降越快。经过对比,对进入换热器前的BOG进行预冷能有效降低能耗,并且本再液化流程从功耗方面明显优于其他船用氮膨胀再液化循环。     

利用天然气管网压力能的小型液化流程设计

针对城市天然气高中压管网调压站的压力能回收利用,综合考虑LNG储运过程中广泛面临的BOG(Boiloff gas)问题,提出了一种结合混合工质循环、利用天然气压力能生产高品质LNG的小型液化流程。研究分析了预冷温度、动部件效率、低温换热器性能及液化天然气温度对流程天然气液化比的影响,优化的流程结果参数表明,当所得液化天然气储存在4bar,-160℃时,流入系统18.26%的天然气可被液化,其余部分外输中压管网;提出了在LNG买卖市场中根据LNG品质议价的建议,以从根本上减少LNG储运、装卸及使用过程的BOG排放量,进而减少经济损失与能源浪费。该流程可应用于城市燃气调峰,也可进行二次销售,具有较好实用性和经济性。     

LNG船BOG再液化工艺影响因素分析

BOG是液化天然气(LNG)在运输过程中蒸发出的气体,采用HYSYS对LNG船氮气制冷BOG再液化工艺进行了模拟。以BOG再液化率及制冷系数为流程性能评价指标,分析了制冷剂流量、BOG压缩机出口压力PS1、BOG换热后N2温度TS12对其影响,得到优化的操作条件为:制冷剂流量为4.3kg.s-1,PS1为0.45MPa,TS12为-136℃,此时,BOG再液化率为82.44%,BOG再液化循环制冷系数εBOG为3.13,N2循环制冷系数εN2为1.36。在以上参数确定的情况下,借助拉格朗日-拟牛顿法,以功耗为目标函数,对N2制冷循环三级压缩机组进行优化,得到最小功耗为821.47kW。     

零蒸发率超导磁体系统氦液化冷凝器的设计

零蒸发超导磁体系统利用制冷机作为冷源,常温氦气经预冷后直接液化为液氦。同时零蒸发超导磁体系统将冷却系统蒸发的饱和氦气或低温氦气冷凝再液化。整个试验过程无需加注液氦和补充液氦,实现液氦零损耗。其中氦气液化冷凝器是低温磁体杜瓦部分的核心部件,它的设计成败将直接影响系统能否实现液氦的零蒸发与零消耗。     

LNG船用BOG再液化装置工艺流程模拟

文中运用工程模拟计算软件ASPEN PLUS对LNG船用蒸发气体(BOG)再液化装置工艺流程进行了较全面和深入的模拟计算.通过对模拟计算结果进行分析,得到用丙烯预冷的再液化工艺流程中的主要工艺设备运行参数:海水冷凝器冷凝温度、BOG压缩机出口压力、丙烯压缩机出口压力以及混合制冷剂压缩机出口压力对再液化效率和能耗有着不同...     

小型撬装式BOG再液化装置的研发及性能测试

以最新研制的大功率回热式脉管制冷机为核心,建立了一台小型撬装式BOG(Boiled off Gas)再液化实验装置。与传统的BOG再液化装置相比,该装置具有结构紧凑、操作简单、经济效益好等优点。通过测试实验,0.4MPa时,在9400W的电机功率下,该装置制冷功率达到267W@86K;对制冷机冷头和冷屏进行改进后,在8450W的电机功率下,该装置在0.3MPa时的制冷功率达到430W@83K。实验结果表明:对制冷机冷头和冷屏进行优化后,装置的有效制冷功率大幅提高。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.