高重复率脉冲放电金属蒸气激光中电泳对金属蒸气分布的影响

建立了一个理论模型描述了高重复率脉冲放电金属蒸气激光中的电泳动力学过程.得到了稳态和瞬态时金属蒸气密度扩散方程的解析表达式.分别计算了高重复率脉冲放电的He-Sr⁺和He-Cd⁺激光在不同时刻金属蒸气密度的轴向分布过程.结果表明，在放电开始后约2s内即可在阴极区建立起相当均匀的轴向金属蒸气密度分布，从而确保了电泳式金属蒸气激光的稳定输出特性. 关键词： 电泳 高重复率脉冲放电 轴向金属蒸气分布 金属蒸气激光     

Method of Measuring Electron Density in Pulse Metal Vapor Lasers Using Microwave Technique

A method of measuring the electron density kinetics in the plasma of pulse-periodic metal vapor and metal compound vapor lasers using microwave technique within the wavelength region of 78–142 GHz is realized. The method is based on the dependence of the absorption efficiency of a probe microwave radiation on the frequency of electron collisions and also on the dependence of the cut-off or the critical density on the frequency of the probe radiation. In a quasioptical translucence scheme the plasma of a copper bromide vapor laser is studied within an interpulse time interval in a gas-discharge tube of 20 mm in inner diameter and with a 300 mm long active heated region excited by a capacitor discharge with a pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz. It is shown that under operational conditions typical for metal vapor lasers the absorption of the probe radiation within the interpulse intervals is totally determined by Coulomb electron–ion collisions. This allows one to measure both the density kinetics and the electron temperature. Probable measurement errors are analyzed and it is shown that they result in a systematic error for the absolute value of the electron density but have a slight influence on the density kinetics.     

Modulation Methods of Studying Processes in Pulsed Gas-Discharge Lasers

A method for detecting step-like excitation and ionization of particles in a plasma is suggested and adapted to pulse-periodic discharges in metal vapors. The method of the resonance optical drive as applied to transient processes in a plasma is developed and is shown to yield relative values of excitation constants, criteria for applicability of various kinetic models for pulsed lasers, and so on.     

Analysis of temperature distributions in diode-pumped alkali vapor lasers

Assuming the pump light to be a Gaussian beam and considering the medium absorption, we establish the heat conduction model to describe the temperature distribution in diode-pumped alkali vapor lasers (DPALs) with two different pumping ways. Combining with the experimental parameters in cesium laser, the spatial temperature distribution picture, the longitudinal and the radial temperature distributions of two cesium lasers are obtained by numerical solving the model. Influences of the pump power, the beam waist and the absorption coefficient on the axial and the radial temperature distribution are calculated and compared for the two Cs lasers. The result suggests that Cs laser pumped by two laser diode arrays can improve the spatial temperature distribution condition and reduce the longitudinal temperature gradient, which is good for reducing the thermal effects and improving the output characteristics of DPALs.     

脉冲放电金属蒸气激光

评述了脉冲放电激励的金属蒸气激光的发展历程和现状，根据激光发射过程，分别阐述了自终止跃迁激光和碰撞辐射复合激光的机理，报道了作者课题组最近在相关领域研究取得的新进展：包括共振－亚稳跃迁激光和复合激光的交替振荡现象，不同介质多谱线激光同时振荡现象以及碱土金属卤化物多谱线激光的实现和新发现的M－M跃迁激光。     

考虑金属蒸汽的钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用三维数值分析

基于局域热平衡状态假设并考虑金属蒸汽的作用, 建立了钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用的三维数学模型. 电弧等离子体的热力学参数和输运系数由温度和金属蒸汽浓度共同决定, 并使用第二黏度近似简化处理金属蒸汽在氩等离子中的输运过程. 在考虑熔池流动时, 主要考虑了浮力、电磁力、表面张力和等离子流拉力的作用. 通过对麦克斯韦方程组、连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分输运方程的耦合求解, 得到了金属蒸汽在电弧中的空间分布、电弧和熔池的温度场、速度场和电流密度分布等重要结果. 通过与未考虑金属蒸汽的结果对比, 研究了熔池上表面产生的金属蒸汽对电弧等离子体行为的影响, 以及电弧等离子对熔池行为的影响. 结果表明, 金属蒸汽主要富集在熔池上表面附近; 金属蒸汽对电弧等离子体有明显的收缩作用, 而对等离子速度和电势影响较小; 金属蒸汽的出现对熔池上表面速度分布和剪切力分布以及熔池形貌并无明显影响. 求解结果与已有的实验结果和计算结果符合良好.     

On the mechanism of carbon nanotube formation: II. The kinetics of explosive condensation of carbon molten drops in a metallic catalyst

The preliminary stage of the formation of carbon nanotubes by the vapor-liquid-drop mechanism is considered as applied to the condensation of drops from carbon and metal vapors. The problem of the condensation of molten drops is solved for a wide concentration range for both vapors at a condensation temperature. It is shown that, at very high concentrations of the metal vapor (10¹⁸–10¹⁹ cm⁻³) and high temperatures (about 0.3 eV), peculiar heterogeneous condensation of the drops can occur at huge supersaturation of the carbon vapor and the saturated metal vapor. This problem of the condensation of the binary vapor is of methodical interest. This condensation is shown to be unrealizable in real experiment at the parameters of the carbon and metal vapors; it virtually merges with the homogeneous condensation of the metal vapor. The maximum concentration of the carbon vapor below which carbon condenses into drops and above which carbon condenses into amorphous soot particles is calculated. The calculation makes it possible to propose a new approach to the controlled growth of carbon nanotubes.     

Frequency dependence of the output power of metal vapor lasers

The output power of two metal vapor lasers is measured versus operational frequency. The measured output of two lines of a copper vapor laser versus frequency has some maxima and minimums in the interval of 13-30 kHz, individually. So this behavior has occurred for a gold vapor laser in the interval of 12.5-25 kHz. It is found the relationship between these extremes.     

Limiting pulse repetition rate in copper vapor lasers

Two groups of processes which limit the rate-power characteristics of copper vapor lasers are examined. The first of these is related to the inadequate relaxation rate of the metastable states and accordingly their high prepulse concentration, which degrades the lasing pulse parameters. The second group of processes is initiated by the high prepulse electron concentration. It is shown that if the effect of the prepulse electrons is neutralized in pulse-periodic copper vapor lasers, then lasing starts up again in the next pulse within 1 μs after the preceding pulse stops. It is concluded that the rate of deexcitation of the metastable states is so high that it has no effect whatever on the lasing parameters in real gas-discharge lasers based on copper vapor or copper bromide vapor, and the prospects are opened up for attaining a lasing power of ∼10 kW/m with electron-beam pumping. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 54–60 (May 1997)     

二极管抽运铷蒸气激光的物理特性

结合激光微观动力学和热传学,充分考虑到发射激光时的各能级粒子数和热力学分布特性,建立了用于分析二极管抽运铷金属蒸气激光物理特性和增益腔内的温度分布模型,得到了抽运功率和激光输出、光-光转换效率及各物理参数之间的关系,分析了有效提高抽运能量吸收的具体措施,揭示了2P3/2和2P1/2两个精细能级之间的集居数弛豫对半导体抽运碱金属蒸气激光器(DPAL)物理特性的影响。结果表明:在设计不同用途DPAL时,必须要综合考虑各种因素,以确定相应的最佳结构参数。     

三角形银纳米柱阵列传感乙醇气体方法研究

提出了一种基于金属纳米结构局域表面等离子体共振光谱的有机气体的传感方法.通过时域有限差分法设计了一种具有较高折射率灵敏度的三角形纳米柱阵列,并利用纳米球光刻法进行了制作.对乙醇蒸汽的传感实验结果证明,所制作的三角形银纳米柱对乙醇分子浓度非常敏感,其探测灵敏度达到24ppm/nm.该金属纳米结构传感有机气体的方法有望应用于环境监测等方面.     

非零色散位移光纤的制造新工艺研究

介绍了一种新的改进化学气相沉积法(MCVD)+气相轴向沉积法(VAD)预制棒制备工艺,该工艺按照归一化波导结构进行工艺设计和参数控制,即采用MCVD法制备归一化结构参数轴向一致的芯棒,然后采用VAD法轴向沉积相应的外包层,从而得到波导结构轴向均匀一致的预制棒.采用新工艺实验研究了非零色散位移光纤的制造过程,成功制造了波...     

An improved radial temperature model of a high-powered He–SrBr2 laser

When designing and modeling metal vapor and metal halide vapor lasers, the radial distribution of the gas temperature is found by solving the steady-state heat conduction equation for the internal tube at mixed boundary conditions. The volume power density is usually taken as a constant and the unknown value for the temperature of the inner wall is substituted by the measured temperature of the outer wall of the composite laser tube. In this paper, these inaccuracies are overcome. A general solution of the steady-state heat conduction problem has been suggested for an arbitrary volume power density. In order to determine the temperature of the inner wall, a complete model of the radial heat flow has been constructed. The resulting model has been applied in order to evaluate the gas temperature of a new high-powered strontium laser at different qualitative distributions of volume power density. The results have been compared with the known simple models. The presented model could be used on its own for existing and future lasers or as part of other types of theoretical or computer models.     

On the mechanism of carbon nanotube formation: I. The thermodynamics of formation of carbon molten drops in a metallic catalyst

Carbon molten drops in a metallic catalyst are known to be nucleation centers for carbon nanotubes. The problem of the kinetics of condensation of such drops in wide concentration ranges of carbon and metal vapors is considered. The equilibrium distribution of the drops over the size and mole fraction of the components is obtained. The main result is the calculation of the quasi-steady-state rate of condensation of the molten drops in a supersaturated carbon vapor. This result forms the basis for the calculation of the characteristics of explosive and rapid condensation of the vapor upon its cooling. This calculation is performed in the next part of this work.     

Laser without inversion driven by short pulse

Lasing without population inversion in a three-level atomic system driven by a short pulse is considered. In the case of adiabatic interaction, the gain at a laser transition is shown to be caused by a simple mechanism associated with the fact that the driving field creates an unoccupied lower laser level. As a result, the system operates as a standard two-level laser. To control the population of the upper laser level, various schemes of incoherent pumping of this state are analyzed. The example of sodium vapors is considered. An important application of the method under study to metal vapor lasers is discussed.     

流速对混合蒸汽Marangoni凝结换热影响的实验研究

本文在蒸汽压力为47.36 kPa的条件下,通过实验研究了不同蒸汽流速(u=2、4、5 m/s)下纯水和不同酒精浓度水-酒精混合蒸汽沿重力方向流过竖直紫铜平板表面上的凝结换热特性,并实现了实验的可视化,同时分析了不同蒸汽流速下造成Marangoni凝结换热特性差异的原因.实验及分析结果表明,在相同蒸汽浓度、蒸汽压力和表面过冷度条件下,高流速下的凝结换热系数比低流速的大.且蒸汽流速对凝结换热的影响因混合蒸汽酒精浓度的不同而不同,低浓度0.5%和高浓度50%时流速的增加对凝结换热特性的影响较小,而在中间浓度2%时凝结换热强度随流速的增加明显.     

Investigation of odd-order nonlinear susceptibilities in atomic vapors

We theoretically deduce the macroscopic symmetry constraints for arbitrary odd-order nonlinear susceptibilities in homogeneous media including atomic vapors for the first time. After theoretically calculating the expressions using a semiclassical method, we demonstrate that the expressions for third- and fifth-order nonlinear susceptibilities for undressed and dressed four- and six-wave mixing (FWM and SWM) in atomic vapors satisfy the macroscopic symmetry constraints. We experimentally demonstrate consistence between the macroscopic symmetry constraints and the semiclassical expressions for atomic vapors by observing polarization control of FWM and SWM processes. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with our theoretical calculations.     

A study of longitudinal pulse-periodic discharges in high-pressure vapor-gas mixtures

A study is reported of high-power longitudinal pulse-periodic discharges at multiatmospheric pressures in mixtures of helium and metal vapor. It is shown that the metal vapor acting as the ionization controlling impurity (ICI material) will stabilize a homogenous discharge in a large-diameter tube (∼ 3 cm) up to at least 5 atm at excitation power levels of about 25 kW/m. Mechanisms responsible for the self-stabilization of this type of discharge are discussed. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 25–31 (April 1997)