基于多模二极管激光吸收光谱的氧气浓度测量

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)具有高灵敏度、高选择性和快速响应等特点,被广泛应用于环境监测、工业生产监控和生物医疗等众多领域。为克服传统TDLAS技术成本高以及长时间工作过程中由于中心波长偏移造成的稳定性差等问题,提出了利用多模二极管激光关联光谱和谐波检测技术实现氧气浓度在线监测的研究。以Fabry-Perot(FP)激光器为光源,通过对760 nm附近氧气分子的多条吸收谱线的探测,实现了对氧气浓度的测量。输出光束被分光系统分成两路信号,分别经过样品池和测量池,双路接收采集含有气体浓度信息的光信号送后级处理,通过测量信号和参考信号之间的相关性及比例关系对氧气浓度进行反演,其中关联光谱技术和谐波检测技术被用于提高系统稳定性和信噪比。结果表明,在1个大气压条件下,系统的探测极限为280 ppm·m,对同一样品在30 min内的30次连续测量的标准偏差为0.056%,表明了系统良好的稳定性。该系统在软、硬件上的设计可以满足氧气的在线监测,且系统稳定性高、装置简单、易用,便于复杂环境应用。     

基于可调谐多模二极管激光吸收光谱的二氧化碳浓度测量

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等特点,是气体探测中的主流技术。使用多模二极管激光器作为光源,将多模二极管激光吸收光谱技术与关联光谱技术相结合有助于提高测试可靠性和稳定性,同时还可有效解决单模二极管激光器长时间工作时中心波长随外界温度或机械特性的变化而发生偏移的问题。以1 570 nm多模二极管激光器为光源,利用多模二极管激光关联光谱和波长调制的气体测量技术(TMDL-COSPEC-WMS),通过计算待测气体和参考池气体之间二次谐波信号峰值高度之间的关系,实现了对二氧化碳浓度的测量。实验中二氧化碳浓度测量范围在0.6%～30%之间,计算结果表明,二氧化碳浓度与真实浓度值之间具有良好的线性关系,其线性度为0.998 7,线性拟合的斜率为1.061±0.016 8。对二氧化碳与氮气混合气体的连续测量结果表明,系统的探测极限达到335 ppm·m,对同一样品在20 min内的20次连续测量的标准偏差为0.036 7%,表明了系统良好的稳定性,所有测量结果都显示了系统用于二氧化碳气体监测的有效性。     

L-M非线性拟合的TDLAS氧气测量研究

氧气浓度是工业生产过程中重要监测参数,采用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱法(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,TDLAS),结合波长调制技术,可以实现对现场氧气浓度的高精度在线监测,利用氧气位于760 nm处的特征吸收峰进行了氧气浓度的测量。由于激光具有很强的相干性,所以TDLAS技术的检测灵敏度受到光学干涉噪声的严重制约,特别在低浓度时,光学干涉引起的基线起伏使得提取吸收峰波形信号时出现较大误差,影响了TDLAS分析仪的监测灵敏度。针对这一情况,采用了Levenberg-Marquardt非线性拟合算法,并且利用了吸收谱线线型——洛伦兹线型的导数形式对波长调制后获得的二次谐波波形信号进行拟合,提取波形信息。另一方面Levenberg-Marquardt非线性拟合方法需要有大量的计算,为了使研制的TDLAS分析仪能够实现现场的实时监测,采用了支持浮点运算的DSP的C28系列芯片进行数据处理,实现仪器在现场实时监测的功能。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效提取二次谐波信号的吸收峰特征值、克服背景噪声影响,由算法反演得到的氧气浓度与实际浓度的线性比值为1.01,浓度测量的线性误差为1.18%。     

可调谐二极管吸收光谱痕量气体浓度算法的研究

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱学的大气痕量气体在线监测分析仪具有高灵敏、快速响应和高选择性的特点。分析了可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)二次谐波信号的特征,以高浓度谐波信号作为标准,采用线性最小二乘拟合的方法对谐波信号进行数值拟合,高精度的反演出了痕量气体浓度值。并对标准信号和检测信号之间的相关系数和浓度反演规律进行了研究。以甲烷气体的测量信号和浓度反演为例,验证了算法。     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱的氧气浓度测量研究

采用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术,利用氧气在760 nm波段的吸收谱线对氧气浓度进行实时在线测量。研制了基于TDLAS直接吸收技术的氧气检测系统,采用压控放大器设计了自动增益控制模块,实现了对光谱信号幅度的精确控制,解决了现场测量中信号幅度波动的问题;采用归一化洛伦兹函数实现Voigt函数的近似计算,并结合Levenberg-Marquardt非线性拟合算法实现了对光谱吸光度曲线的快速Voigt线型拟合,以适应实时在线检测需要。实验结果表明,该算法可以实现吸光度曲线的Voigt线型拟合,对固定浓度的氧气进行连续测量得到系统的最低检测限为523×10~(-6)m,系统的标准偏差为1.75%。检测系统稳定可靠,满足实时在线氧气浓度检测应用。     

封装西林药瓶残留氧气检测中的谐波基线校正和去噪方法

可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术的成熟和快速非接触气体浓度测量的优点,十分适合用于对封装西林药瓶内残留氧气进行浓度检测。采用TDLAS技术对封装西林药瓶内残留氧气进行浓度检测,检测系统的光路经过空气和玻璃药瓶,玻璃瓶壁对激光的散射和衰减是检测系统的主要干扰,给二次谐波信号的稳定性带来了很大影响。设计和搭建了基于TDLAS的封装西林药瓶残氧量检测系统。针对从系统中提取出的二次谐波信号,提出了一种基于小波变换的基线消除和噪声滤除方法, 解决在残留氧气浓度检测过程中基线漂移和噪声干扰问题,克服玻璃瓶壁对二次谐波信号的干扰,效果明显。选用“sym6”小波,将实验测得的信号进行五层小波分解,根据每一层小波分解得到的低频分量求出相应的基线斜率,对五个基线斜率进行加权平均得到原始信号的基线斜率。由求得的基线斜率,对原始信号经过去基线处理,再进行小波分解和软阈值处理后得到重构信号。对氧气浓度为21%的西林瓶的测量结果表明,处理后谐波信号和理论信号之间的相对误差由处理前的1.26%下降到了0.12%,证明了此方法可以很好地解决在残留氧气浓度检测过程中基线漂移和噪声干扰问题,克服玻璃瓶壁对二次谐波信号的干扰,为氧气浓度测量提供很高质量的信号。     

基于激光吸收光谱乙炔在线监测技术的研究

乙炔作为有机化工产品原料,广泛应用于化学工业中,但易燃易爆,在储存和工业生产中有必要对其进行实时在线监测.可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术具有高选择性、高灵敏、快速响应等特点,在痕量气体检测中得到了广泛的应用.文章研究了乙炔气体在近红外波段的吸收线分布特征,详细地讨论了基于近红外可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术的乙炔在线监测系统设计方案;建立了实验测量系统,研究了信号检测方法和浓度反演算法,对长度10 cm的样品池和已知标准浓度乙炔气体配制的不同浓度乙炔气体进行检测,检测限可以达到1.46 cm3·m-3;进行了动态检测实验,测量结果具有较好的稳定性和可靠性.分析表明系统设计方案可行,由此发展的乙炔在线监测系统可用于乙炔储存、运输和使用过程中泄漏报警.     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱二次谐波信号的模拟与分析

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)作为近年来发展起来的一种气体检测技术,具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等特点。波长调制光谱信号的二次谐波分量常作为检测信号,用于气体浓度信息的反演。利用MATLAB中的可视化建模仿真平台Simulink,模拟了基于TDLAS的波长调制光谱信号,利用锁相放大原理提取二次谐波分量。采用数字锁相,正交双通道结构实现锁相算法。通过比较不同调制系数下二次谐波信号的变化情况,分析了二次谐波信号与调制系数的关系,以便确定最佳参数,用于二次谐波的提取。     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的逃逸氨在线监测研究

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)具有高选择性、高准确性的优点,为逃逸氨的在线检测提供了可靠的技术手段。首先研究了温度对NH3浓度检测的影响,表明在25³00℃之间,浓度随温度的升高而降低;然后在室温为25℃时,利用TDLAS系统对浓度为10300℃之间,浓度随温度的升高而降低;然后在室温为25℃时,利用TDLAS系统对浓度为10¹00ppm的NH3进行检测,采集得到其二次谐波光谱。比较了单光程和多光程样品池测量结果,得到单光程样品池最低检出限为22.9ppm,多光程样品池的检测限为1.21ppm,多光程样品池能够明显地提高检测精度。结果表明,该系统能够适应现场测量环境。     

基于Gabor变换的TDLAS检测信号的降噪研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术结合波长调制光谱(WMS)技术是用于痕量气体检测的重要技术手段。通过锁相放大器进行谐波检测,对解调得到的二次谐波信号进行分析可获得气体吸收的信息。但由于二次谐波信号受到噪声的影响,降低了检测系统的精度和稳定性。为了提高TDLAS检测系统的信噪比(SNR),提出了一种基于Gabor变换对二次谐波信号进行数字滤波降噪的方法。以CH₄在1 653.72 nm处的吸收光谱为例,通过仿真和实验对该降噪方法的有效性进行了验证。仿真结果表明,通过Gabor变换对信噪比为0dB的二次谐波信号进行处理后,系统的信噪比可提高15.73 dB。实验结果表明,基于Gabor变换进行降噪处理后,CH₄浓度在0.001%～0.02%区间内与二次谐波峰值的线性相关系数r达到了0.996 59,且系统的检测精度和稳定性明显提高。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.