玉米作物多光谱图像精准分割与叶绿素诊断方法研究

为了快速获取大田玉米作物长势信息,基于多光谱图像开展了大田玉米叶绿素指标的非破坏性诊断研究。应用自主开发的2-CCD多光谱图像感知系统,在田间采集玉米冠层可见光[Blue(B),Green(G),Red(R);400～700 nm]和近红外(Near-infrared: NIR,760～1 000 nm)图像,并使用SPAD同步测量样本叶绿素指标。采集后图像经自适应平滑滤波处理后,进行图像玉米植株提取。为了选择最优算法实现玉米植株与杂草、土壤背景的分割,首先比较了最大类间方差(OTSU)分割算法和局部阈值处理分割算法,选取了基于局部统计的可变阈值处理方法对玉米NIR图像进行初步分割,进而采用区域标记算法进行精细分割,分割准确率达95.59%。将分割结果应用于玉米植株可见光图像R,G,B各通道,从而实现了玉米植株多光谱图像中可见光图像的整体分割。基于分割后R,G,B和NIR四个通道的玉米冠层图像,提取了各通道图像灰度均值(A_NIR,A_Red,A_Green和A_Blue)并计算了归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)和绿色归一化植被指数(NDGI)作为光谱特征参数,建立了玉米冠层叶绿素指标诊断的偏最小二乘法回归模型。结果表明,建模R2达0.596 0,预测R2达0.568 5,该方法通过玉米多光谱图像特征参数评估叶片叶绿素含量,可为大田玉米长势监测提供支持。     

基于作物谱图特征的植株分割与叶绿素分布检测

为了快速感知并分析田间作物生长状况,采用先进的半导体镀膜工艺光谱成像传感器,研究了玉米植株冠层叶绿素含量分布式检测方法。试验采用IMEC 5×5成像传感器,拍摄47株苗期玉米植株冠层,获取673～951 nm范围内的25个波长的光谱图像。实验中,利用SPAD-520叶绿素仪非破坏性地测量叶绿素含量,每株玉米冠层叶片设置2～3个采样点,每点测量3次取平均,共计242个样本数据。对光谱图像数据,经4灰度级标准板提取并校准反射率。为了实现玉米植株与花盆、土壤背景的有效分离,在分析不同对象光谱反射率与图像像素特征的基础上,提出了一种基于谱图特征组合的植株分割方法,即基于植被指数的图像初步分割与区域标记计算的冠层精细分割的植株提取算法。首先,计算各像素点归一化植被指数(NDVI),并开展基于NDVI的植株冠层分割方法分割结果优于基于最大类间方差法的全局阈值自适应分割算法。其次,采用边缘保持中值滤波算法剔除初步分割后图像中存在的噪声点后,基于区域标记算法进行精细分割,获得掩膜并最终得到仅保留玉米植株冠层的光谱图像。分别采用相关分析法(CA)和随机蛙跳(RF)算法选取反射光谱特征波长,并构建750～951 nm近红外(NIR)和673～750 nm红色(R)选中波长集合,遍历NIR和R集合组合计算比值植被指数(RVI),差值植被指数(DVI),归一化植被指数(NDVI)和SPAD转换指数(T_(SPAD))。然后,再次采用CA和RF算法筛选植被指数,利用SPXY算法将样本按照7∶3比例划分为建模集和验证集,并建立了叶绿素含量指标检测CA+RF-PLSR模型。结果表明,其建模集R■为0.573 9, RMSEC为3.84%,验证集R■为0.420 2, RMSEC为2.3%。利用建模结果对多光谱图像进行处理,绘制玉米叶片SPAD值伪彩色分布图,实现叶绿素含量分布可视化。研究表明采用镀膜型光谱成像数据,分析对象光谱与图像特征,探讨玉米冠层叶绿素含量分布检测的可行性,可为直观监测作物生长动态提供支持。     

基于RGB-NIR图像匹配的作物光谱指数特征可视化分析

归一化植被指数(NDVI)基于可见光的红色波段(630～680 nm)和近红外区(780～1 100 nm)的反射光谱进行计算,被认为是作物营养与长势诊断的重要指标。为了低成本、快速、无损的检测作物叶绿素含量,计算植株的NDVI并呈现作物的NDVI分布情况,并通过不同角度图像的分析,监测作物营养分布与动态。利用可见光和近红外波段双目成像技术获取图像,在讨论可见光(RGB)和近红外(NIR)图像的匹配算法的基础上,经图像分割与光照影响校正后,针对不同测试角度建立了作物植被指数空间分布图,并对其空间分布特征与影响因素进行了可视化分析。试验利用可见光和近红外双目相机对51株玉米植株,分别在90°,54°和35°视角下同步采集RGB和NIR图像。对RGB和NIR图像分别进行高斯滤波和拉普拉斯算子增强预处理后,选取了SURF,SIFT和ORB共3种图像匹配算法,并首先利用其进行RGB-NIR图像匹配对齐,以匹配时间(Time), 峰值信噪比(PSNR), 信息熵(MI)和结构相似性(SSIM)4个参数作为匹配性能评价指标,分别从时间、准确性、稳定性三个方面综合确定最优匹配方法。其次,研究玉米植株的分割方法包括超绿算法(ExG)和最大类间方差算法(OTSU),分别实现图像中作物和背景的分离,提取分割后的RGB图像R(Red), G(Green), B(Blue)分量和NIR图像分量。基于HSI颜色模型,提取I分量讨论了光照对图像的影响,并利用多灰度级标准板建立了植株光谱反射率校正线性公式。然后,利用R(Red)和NIR图像分量计算图像中每个像素的NDVI值,绘制作物植被指数的空间分布图,从而对比分析了不同拍摄角度下光谱植被指数的分布特征。通过不同角度图像的NDVI分布情况,展示监测作物植株不同位置的叶绿素分布情况。结果显示,RGB-NIR图像匹配时间SIFT(1.865 s)>SURF(1.412 s)>ORB(1.121 s),匹配准确性上SURF≈SIFT>ORB,匹配稳定性上SURF>SIFT>ORB,综合比较选取SURF为最优匹配算法。采用4灰度级标准板对R, G, B, NIR分量校正模型的R2分别为0.78,0.76,0.74,0.77。90°和35°视角分别展现了作物叶和茎的NDVI植被指数分布情况,可为分析和监测作物的营养分布提供技术支持。     

基于光饱和影响校正的作物叶绿素分布光谱成像检测

叶绿素含量是作物光合能力与营养评价的重要指标,因此快速检测作物叶绿素含量与分布可为作物营养动态分析与长势评估提供支持。基于RGB(Red, Green, Blue)和NIR(Near Infrared)多光谱图像的获取,开展玉米作物营养状态分布光谱学成像检测。构建了多光谱图像采集平台获取RGB和NIR图像,研究了基于光饱和校正算法的RGB图像的光饱和校正与NIR图像去噪方法,通过图像的匹配分割,冠层的提取校正,建立了基于冠层图像的作物SPAD值检测模型与分布成图。采集15株玉米植株RGB-NIR图像,并同步获取不同植株,不同位置共68个叶绿素含量指标SPAD值。首先对RGB图像进行光饱和校正,再对NIR图像进行滤波和图像增强,其次对RGB和NIR图像进行了SURF(speeded-up robust features)和RANSAC(random sample consensus)图像匹配,利用RGB图像的颜色特征,采用ExG(Extra Green)和OTSU算法生成分割掩模,对RGB图像和NIR图像进行分割提取,提取图像的R, G, B和NIR分量,利用4阶灰度板进行反射率校正,然后计算作物图像中像素级P_SPAD值,并建立图像P_SPAD值与叶绿素仪SPAD值的拟合模型,最后绘制作物SPAD分布图。通过HSI(Hue, Saturation, Intensity)彩色模型中的I分量直方图对比去饱和前后光分布范围,以作物SPAD值分布图验证光饱和校正算法对作物叶绿素含量分布检测提升的效果。RGB图像光饱和校正前I分量集中在[140～180]之间,光饱和校正后的RGB图像I分量集中在[85～130]之间, 校正了相机成像时产生模糊和RGB图像饱和。对分割后的RGB图像和NIR图像提取R,G,B,NIR分量进行4阶灰度板校正,相关系数分别为0.829,0.828,0.745和0.994,进而生成R,G,B和NIR四波段的反射率伪彩色图像,反射率R_NIR＞R_C＞R_R＞R_B。体现了作物的在蓝光和红光区域吸收光,在绿光区域和近红外区域反射光的光谱特性。校正前后的R和NIR分量反射率计算图像P_SPAD值拟合叶绿素含量指标SPAD值的模型结果显示,校正前R2为0.332 6,校正后R2为0.619 3,绘制作物的SPAD特征分布图,可为作物的营养动态快速分析与分布检测提供技术支持。     

基于可见光光谱和随机森林算法的冬小麦冠层图像分割

数字图像分析技术因其高效、快速等特点,已被广泛应用于作物长势和氮素营养状况的无损监测领域。获取作物冠层覆盖度及可见光光谱亮度值及其衍生的色彩指数,需要从作物冠层图像中准确分割出作物图像。研究以冬小麦与背景(土壤)在可见光波段反射率的差异为依据,利用基于CIEL*a*b*色彩空间a*分量的最大类间方差法和基于sRGB和CIEL*a*b*两个色彩空间的随机森林算法对冬小麦冠层图像进行了分割,并比较了图像分割精度。结果表明,三种方法均具有较高的分割精度,其中基于随机森林算法的图像分割效果明显好于最大类间方差法,而基于sRGB和CIEL*a*b*两个色彩空间的随机森林算法的图像分割效果差异较小。研究结果表明,随机森林算法可直接利用冠层图像可见光波段的三个色彩分量(R,G和B)分割冬小麦冠层图像。     

镀膜型光谱成像数据提取与作物叶绿素分布探测研究

为了快速感知并分析田间作物生长状况,采用先进的半导体镀膜工艺的光谱成像传感器,研究镀膜型光谱成像数据的提取与叶绿素含量分布式检测的方法。实验采用基于镀膜原理的IMEC 5×5成像单元式多光谱相机,对47株苗期玉米植株的冠层进行拍摄,获取673～951 nm范围内的25个波长的光谱图像。利用SPAD-520叶绿素仪非破坏性地测量叶绿素含量指标,每株玉米冠层叶片设置2～3个采样点,每点测量3次取平均,共计251个样本数据;同时使用ASD Handheld2型光谱仪采集相应位置区域的反射率曲线,以对比分析镀膜型光谱成像传感器提取玉米植株冠层叶片反射率曲线的特性。首先,在分析镀膜型光谱成像传感器的成像原理的基础上,通过对原始图像的拆分和重组分别提取成像单元中相同波段的像素灰度值,并利用相同波段的像素灰度值重构单波段光谱图像,获取各波段光谱图像。其次,利用4灰度级标准板建立图像灰度值和灰度板反射率之间的线性反演公式,对提取的反射率进行校准。然后,为了准确分割出玉米植株冠层,提出了大津算法(OTSU)和霍夫圆变换组合的玉米植株冠层图像二次分割方法,分别剔除图像中土壤和培养盆背景的干扰。最后,利用马氏距离算法剔除异常样本数据,利用SPXY (sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance)算法划分建模集和验证集,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)建立玉米植株叶绿素含量指标诊断模型,并绘制其分布伪彩色图用于分析叶绿素含量空间分布特征。研究结果表明,①对25波段多光谱图像提取和反射率线性校准拟合模型决定系数均达到0.99以上。分析校准前和校准后与ASD光谱仪测量反射率曲线,镀膜型成像传感器获取玉米冠层反射光谱总体与ASD采集反射率体现的光谱特征一致,且校正后数据比校正前与ASD光谱反射率的一致性得到了提升。②建立初次OTSU分割算法和基于霍夫圆变换识别的二次分割算法,可以有效剔除玉米植株光谱图像中的土壤和培养盆背景噪声的干扰。③叶绿素含量指标PLSR诊断模型建模集R■为0.545 1,验证集R■为0.472 6。玉米作物冠层叶绿素分布可视化图可以直观反映叶绿素含量分布与生长动态情况。通过对镀膜型光谱成像传感器应用方法的研究,为后续玉米植株叶绿素动态快速检测奠定基础和提供技术支持。     

大豆冠层多光谱图像提取方法

为解决大豆冠层在近地端的多光谱图像边缘灰度不均,目标与背景之间灰度差别小,难以准确高效地获取大豆冠层目标区域的难题,将多光谱成像处理技术与经典图像分割方法有机融合,提出基于多光谱图像处理技术的大豆冠层提取方法。以东北大豆为对象,通过Sequoia多光谱相机采集绿光、近红外、红光、红边和可见光五类大豆多光谱图像,采用高斯平滑滤波法对原始大豆多光谱图像进行预处理,分析多光谱图像中大豆冠层和背景的灰度直方图分布特性,在此基础上利用迭代法、Otsu法和局部阈值法提取原大豆多光谱图像中冠层区域,并以图像形态学开运算处理细化和扩张背景,避免图像区域内干扰噪声对大豆冠层识别效果的影响,同时以有效分割率、过分割率、欠分割率、信息熵以及运行时间等为监督指标,对大豆冠层多光谱图像识别模型进行效果评价。大豆冠层识别模型中迭代法可以有效分割近红外和可见光大豆冠层图像,有效分割率分别为97.81%和87.99%,对绿光、红光和红边大豆冠层图像分割效果较差,有效分割率低于70%;Otsu法和局部阈值法可以有效分割除红光波段的其余四种多光谱大豆冠层图像,且有效分割率均在82%以上;三种算法对红光大豆冠层图像的有效分割率均低于20%,未达到较好效果。在原始多光谱图像中应用迭代法、Otsu法和局部阈值法提取大豆冠层图像与标准图像的信息熵平均值波动幅度分别为：0.120 1,0.054 7和0.059 8,其中Otsu法和局部阈值法较小,表明了对于大豆冠层多光谱图像识别中两种算法的有效性。该算法中Otsu法和局部阈值法均可以有效提取绿光、近红外、红边和可见光等多光谱的大豆冠层图像,二者较为完整地保留了大豆冠层信息,其中Otsu法实时性能较局部阈值法更好。该成果为提取农作物冠层多光谱图像提供理论依据和技术借鉴。     

针对水稻植株三维叶绿素(SPAD)信息获取的最优波段选择问题研究

实时准确地获取作物叶绿素含量的三维空间分布信息,是作物营养、栽培和育种等科学研究和生产领域密切关注的问题。该研究以水稻植株为研究对象,采用改造后的普通单反相机加载近红外滤光片的方法,多角度获取水稻植株的多光谱图像。基于不同波段不同通道的组合图像计算多种植被指数,将其结果与对应的实测SPAD值之间建立水稻植株叶绿素(SPAD)预测模型,并筛选出最优预测模型。研究结果表明,近红外760 nm波段的R通道与可见光G通道构建的GNDVI植被指数,与实测SPAD值建立的二次函数预测模型能够很好地反演水稻植株叶绿素(SPAD)含量,其中,R2=0.758, RMSE=1.532。在此基础上,利用多角度成像三维建模方法建立具备纹理信息的水稻三维模型,将最优预测模型应用于水稻综合纹理图,得到水稻叶绿素含量三维空间分布信息, 从而实现水稻生长情况以及叶绿素养分分布状况的快速无损检测。     

应用数码相机进行绿肥翻压后春玉米氮素营养诊断和产量预测

在绿肥翻压条件下,常规的玉米氮素营养诊断技术存在耗时、费力和可靠性差的缺点。基于数码相机的可见光光谱技术已被广泛应用于大田作物的氮素营养诊断,但尚未见应用于绿肥翻压后的玉米氮素营养诊断。为评价利用图像处理技术进行绿肥翻压后玉米氮素营养诊断和玉米产量预测的可行性,设置了不同施氮水平下的绿肥翻压试验,利用数码相机获取不同生育期玉米冠层数字图像,分析了玉米冠层图像色彩参数与氮素营养诊断指标和成熟期籽粒产量之间的关系。结果表明,绿肥翻压显著改善了玉米的氮素营养,不同生育期的玉米叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、地上部生物量和吸氮量均高于单施化肥处理;绿肥翻压处理下,玉米冠层光谱指数与氮素营养指标间的相关性较单施化肥处理低,且其相关性在不同的生育期有较大变异,其中,12叶期(V12)的蓝光标准化值(B/(R+G+B))与灌浆期(R4)的红光标准化值(R/(R+G+B))与植株氮营养指标相关性较好,二者均与玉米产量间呈显著直线回归关系,回归系数分别为45%和46%。因此,数字图像技术在进行绿肥翻压后玉米氮素营养的诊断和产量预测方面具有应用潜力,但应注意诊断时期和关键指标的选择。     

病害胁迫下棉花叶片色素含量高光谱遥感估测研究

通过小区和大田同步调查棉花黄萎病,在不同生育期测定病叶光谱及其色素含量。将病叶光谱反射率、一阶微分及相应的特征参数与色素含量进行相关分析,建立病叶色素含量估测模型并检验。结果表明：病叶叶绿素a,b及a+b含量可见光反射率、与一阶微分光谱在蓝边、黄边和红边处与除红边振幅(Dr)外的其他光谱特征参数间均达极显著相关。转换叶绿素吸收反射指数(TCARI)和新建归一化植被指数(NDVI[702, 758])对叶绿素a, b及a+b含量的估测精度最高,相对误差均小于1.3%。考虑到NDVI[702, 758]建立的模型更实用,可做为病叶叶绿素a, b和a+b含量的最佳估测模型。研究结果对高光谱信息定量估测病害棉叶色素含量,对利用高光谱监测棉花长势及病害影响评价均具有较高的实用价值。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.