沟道效应作用下中性原子在激光驻波场中的沉积特性研究

基于半经典理论,建立了中性原子与激光驻波场相互作用的模型,分析了中性原子在激光驻波场沟道效应作用下运动轨迹及沉积特性,探讨了球差、色差和原子束发散角对沉积条纹的影响. 得到了上述三种影响因素下纳米光栅的半高宽分别为0.532,12.16,96.70 nm. 仿真结果表明,随着原子束发散角度的增加,沉积条纹的对比度将会下降,当原子束发散角分别为0.1 mard时,其对比度为85.2：1,发散角为0.3 mrad时,条纹对比度为5.33：1,而当发散角增加至0.5 mrad以上时,沉积条纹将会出现分裂现象,导致条纹的恶化. 关键词： 激光驻波场 纳米光栅 沟道效应     

一种新颖的实现纳米条纹沉积方法研究

利用近共振激光驻波场操纵中性原子实现纳米量级条纹沉积技术是一种新型的研制纳米结构长度传递标准的方法,采用了一种新颖的方法,通过预准直孔的设定,将原子束在空间分成三部分,利用中间部分的原子束和近共振激光驻波场相互作用,在激光驻波场辐射压力作用下使原子按照特定周期沉积在基板上,从而实现纳米条纹的制作.利用两侧部分的原子束与探测激光束相互作用,通过其感生荧光来监测中间部分原子束沉积过程中的准直效果,从而为原子的沉积过程提供实时的原子束特性监测.最后对纳米沉积条纹在经由三狭缝预准直结构作用前后的效果进行了三维仿真,结果表明,未采用该三狭缝预准直结构时,纳米沉积条纹的半高宽为32nm,对比度为8∶1,而采用该三狭缝预准直结构之后,纳米沉积条纹的半高宽为6.2nm,对比度为28∶1,大大提高了纳米沉积条纹的质量.     

激光功率对铬原子束一维沉积的影响

以粒子光学方法为基础,利用适当步长的四阶Runge-Kutta算法模拟研究了准直铬原子束经过波长为425.55 nm,功率分别为3.93mW和40 mW的一维高斯激光驻波场汇聚作用后所沉积的一维条纹情况.在以上两种激光功率下,沉积条纹沿ox方向的结构质量的周期性相同,而沿着oy方向的结构质量却存在很大的差异:在3.93 mW时,每一根沉积条纹在oy方向上都非常清晰,并且半高宽在[-0.5,0.5](以激光束腰半径为单位)的区域内具有较好的一致性,对比度在[-0.2,0.2]区域内有较好一致性;在40mW时,每一根沉积条纹呈现出较为复杂的结构,在激光束的中轴区域附近[-1.08, 1.08]内,原本在3.93 mW时的一根条纹分裂成三根.另外,3.93 mW时y=0的平面内条纹情况和40 mW时y=±1.08平面内情况对应性很好,即平均间距为212.78nm,半高宽为21.65 nm,对比度为24.78.分析结果表明,较好地沉积条纹与适当激光功率有关.     

中性钠原子在激光驻波场中的运动特性研究

基于半经典理论,分析了中性钠原子在激光驻波场中的受力特征,以此为基础分别对不同纵向运动速度和横向运动速度条件下中性钠原子的运动轨迹进行了仿真运算,得到了不同速度条件下中性钠原子的运动轨迹特征,基于累计算法进一步对不同速度条件下中性钠原子的沉积特性进行了仿真,当钠原子的纵向运动速度符合最可及速度(740 m/s)时,纳米沉积条纹的半高宽为2.78 nm,条纹对比度为38.5 ∶1,当纵向运动速度偏离最可及速度(350 m/s)时,纳米沉积条纹的半高宽为29.1 nm,其对比度下降为15 ∶1.而当中性钠原子 关键词： 原子光刻 激光驻波场 条纹半高宽 条纹对比度     

亚稳态氦原子束在激光驻波场中聚焦的衍射像差研究

用量子力学方法研究了一维激光驻波场对亚稳态氮原子束聚焦的衍射像差。建立了半经典模型，该模型在一定条件下和已有模型一致，提出了直接计算时间演化算符的数值方法，这种计算方法速度较快，收敛性较好，数值模拟结果表明在一定的激光强度和光束半径等参量下，亚稳态氮原子束被聚焦，焦点的半峰全宽为54nm，对比度16：1，焦长、焦深与入射原子束的速度有关，从而与动能有关，焦点的有限宽度主要是来自衍射效应的影响。     

偏斜椭圆激光驻波场作用下中性原子沉积纳米光栅结构特性分析

分析了椭圆激光驻波场的偏斜对中性原子运动过程和沉积过程的影响,对不同偏斜角度椭圆激光驻波场作用下中性铬原子沉积纳米光栅结构的特性进行了仿真研究,由仿真结果可以看出,随着偏斜椭圆形激光束偏斜角的增加,对应于不同y平面,激光驻波场汇聚中性原子所形成纳米光栅条纹的对比度不断减小、半高宽不断增大.当椭圆长短轴之比为2:1条件下,椭圆激光驻波场的偏斜角为0°时,纳米光栅的条纹半高宽为3.2 nm,条纹对比度为36:1,而当偏斜角为15°时,激光驻波场中心位置处的沉积条纹的半高宽为6.5 nm,条纹对比度为24:1,而当椭圆激光驻波场偏斜角度达到30°时,沉积条纹的单峰结构将会产生分裂,形成了双峰结构,且随着偏斜角的增加,沉积条纹的分裂越严重,纳米光栅的沉积质量越差.对于其他长短轴比例条件下的激光场亦可根据比例关系获得相应的纳米光栅沉积特性. 关键词： 原子光刻 偏斜椭圆激光驻波场 纳米光栅     

直边衍射驻波场中铬原子三维沉积特性分析

利用近共振激光驻波场操纵中性原子实现纳米级条纹沉积是一种新型的研制纳米结构长度标准传递方法。在会聚原子过程中,由于沉积基片的存在,激光驻波场内会产生直边衍射现象,从而影响原子的运动轨迹及沉积光栅。建立了直边衍射扰动下激光驻波场模型,通过四阶龙格-库塔法,对铬原子的三维运动轨迹及沉积效果进行仿真。考虑到激光功率与失谐量的影响,从半峰全宽(FWHM)和对比度入手,对铬原子运动轨迹及沉积条纹特性进行分析。结果表明,当激光功率为3.93mW,失谐量为200 MHz时,原子沉积光栅的FWHM为6.043nm,对比度为0.863,原子沉积光栅的质量最佳。与经典模型相比,该模型考虑了驻波场中直边衍射的影响,所得模拟结果更接近实际,对实验有理论指导意义。     

直边衍射驻波场中铬原子三维沉积特性分析EI北大核心CSCD

利用近共振激光驻波场操纵中性原子实现纳米级条纹沉积是一种新型的研制纳米结构长度标准传递方法。在会聚原子过程中,由于沉积基片的存在,激光驻波场内会产生直边衍射现象,从而影响原子的运动轨迹及沉积光栅。建立了直边衍射扰动下激光驻波场模型,通过四阶龙格-库塔法,对铬原子的三维运动轨迹及沉积效果进行仿真。考虑到激光功率与失谐量的影响,从半峰全宽(FWHM)和对比度入手,对铬原子运动轨迹及沉积条纹特性进行分析。结果表明,当激光功率为3.93mW,失谐量为200 MHz时,原子沉积光栅的FWHM为6.043nm,对比度为0.863,原子沉积光栅的质量最佳。与经典模型相比,该模型考虑了驻波场中直边衍射的影响,所得模拟结果更接近实际,对实验有理论指导意义。     

一种检测原子束激光准直效果的多狭缝技术

针对激光汇聚铬原子束沉积,提出了一种定性评价原子束横向准直度的多狭缝技术。与其他检测技术相比,它设计简单,使用方便,能够非常直观快捷地定量评价原子束横向准直度。理论模拟的结果显示,在我们实验条件下这种技术给出的铬原子束准直前横向宽度为13.8mm,半高宽为12mm,发散角为4.1mrad,准直后横向宽度为12.2mm,半高宽为4.8mm,发散角为1.6mrad。     

横向剪切干涉仪干涉条纹的对比度

<正> 在双光束干涉仪中,表示干涉场特征的几个因素是:条纹的形状和宽度、条纹的亮度、条纹的锐度、条纹的对比度和条纹的颜色。在干涉条纹的形状和宽度知道以后,最重要的因素就是条纹的对比度了。当然,条纹的亮度在一般情况下是可以保证的,条纹的亮度分布是正弦曲线形式的。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.