用QMD模型研究晕核11Be+208Pb的熔合机制

通过用QMD模型研究晕核¹¹Be+²⁰⁸Pb的近垒熔合反应,发现晕核引起的熔合反应中,并存着两种相互竞争的机制:一方面当入射晕核¹¹Be靠近靶核时,由于¹¹Be是弱束缚体系,与靶核的相互作用可使其很容易破裂或少数核子被靶核俘获形成核子转移反应,从而对于熔合表现出压制;另一方面当¹¹Be的少数中子进入靶核并与靶核相互作用而使得靶核有些激发,而使局部半径增大,导致熔合势垒降低,熔合截面增强.用QMD模型计算出的熔合截面与实验值基本符合,垒附近表现出增强效应.     

垒下熔合裂变中观察到的异常

测量了¹⁶O+²³²Th、²³⁸U和¹⁹F+²³²Th近垒和垒下熔合裂变截面以及碎片角分布.包含靶核静态形变的耦合道理论解释了垒下熔合截面增强,预言了复合核系统自旋分布展宽.而实验上观察到的碎片角分布各向异性明显与裂变统计理论的预言不一致.     

超重核266Hs形成截面的入射道依赖

计算和比较了²⁶Mg+²⁴⁴Cm, ²⁷Al+²⁴³Am和³²S+²³⁸U3个反应系统的俘获截面和复合核²⁷⁰Hs形成截面. 在俘获截面计算中, 考虑了靶核形变效应. 穿越库仑势垒后, 反应系统由熔合谷进入不对称裂变谷. 只有越过不对称裂变谷中的条件鞍点的事件才进入复合核组态. 我们用考虑中子流动和径向运动的二参量Smoluchowski扩散方程来处理中间阶段的动力学过程. 此外, 还计算了经4n蒸发形成超重核²⁶⁶Hs的截面. 研究表明, 入射道的势垒分布, 中间阶段的条件鞍点高度对俘获截面, 复合核形成几率, 以及最终的超重核形成截面有显著影响.     

热熔合反应合成超重核产生截面的同位素依赖性

通过在形成超重核的重离子俘获和熔合过程中引入位垒分布函数的方法对双核模型做了进一步发展. 超重核形成过程中的俘获、熔合和蒸发3个阶段分别采用了半经验的耦合道模型、数值求解主方程和统计蒸发模型的方法来描述. 计算了近年来Dubna小组利用热熔合反应⁴⁸Ca(²⁴³Am, 3n—5n)^288—286115和⁴⁸Ca(²⁴⁸Cm, 3n—5n)^293—291116合成超重新核素的蒸发余核激发函数. 系统分析了⁴⁸Ca轰击锕系元素U,Np,Pu,Am,Cm合成超重核Z=112—116产生截面的同位素依赖性. 给出了合成超重新核素最佳的弹靶组合和入射能量, 即有最大的超重核产生截面. 计算说明, 壳修正能和中子分离能是影响超重核生成截面产生同位素依赖性的主要因素.     

弱束缚弹核引起的熔合反应

⁶Li, ⁹Be为弱束缚核. 通过弱束缚弹核⁶Li, ⁹Be轰击靶²⁰⁸Pb,²⁰⁸Be的实验熔合激发函数与理论预言的比较, 讨论了弱束缚弹核破裂对熔合过程 的影响. 比较结果显示, 弱束缚弹核与重靶核的完全熔合截面在垒上能区 明显压低. 由部分熔合截面与完全熔合截面之和得到总熔合截面. 研究结果 表明, 破裂对总熔合截面几乎没有影响. 由此可见, 弱束缚核的部分熔合 可能发生在强吸收区域附近. 最后还给出了全熔合截面与部分熔合截面 之间的关系.     

重系统全熔合截面和中子蒸发截面的计算

用额外助推模型拟合了³⁵Cl,^40,43Ca+²³⁸U俘获截面和全熔合截面的实验数据.考虑到裂变与蒸发中子的竞争,计算了⁴⁰Ar+^233,235,238U系统的俘获截面,全熔合截面和中子蒸发截面的激发函数.     

形变区超重核的合成和衰变研究

理论预言超重核²⁷⁰Hs是形变双幻数核. 利用二参量Smoluchowski方程计算了不同弹靶组合下合成^266—270Hs反应的形成截面, 提出了最佳弹靶组合和轰击能量, 预言了α衰变半衰期.     

垒下熔合反应的一种α粒子转移的解释

本文提出了垒下熔合中α转移的分子轨道理论,以解释垒下熔合截面增加现象.由α转移导出的分子势是引起这一截面增加的原因.应用这一理论计算了²⁴Mg+³²S的熔合截面,结果与实验数据基本符合.     

16O+152Sm、184W准弹和弹性散射的位垒分布

利用¹⁶O束流轰击稳定形变靶¹⁵²Sm和¹⁸⁴W,在背角测量准弹散射和弹性散射激发函数,分别定出准弹和弹性位垒分布D^qel(E)和D^el(E).将结果与从已有的熔合激发函数、自旋分布及其相邻同位素¹⁵⁴Sm和¹⁸⁴W实验得出的位垒分布进行比较,得到相互自洽的结果,同时也用ECIS79程序作了耦合道理论计算.实验表明,靶的变形效应导致位垒分布是非对称的.     

用QMD模型研究晕核 11 Be+208Pb的熔合机制

通过用QMD模型研究晕核^11Be ^208Pb的近垒熔合反应,发现晕核引起的熔合反应中,并存着两种相互竞争的机制：一方面当入射晕核^11Be靠近靶核时,由于^11Be是弱束缚体系,与靶核的相互作用可使其很容易破裂或少数核子被靶核俘获形成核子转移反应,从而对于熔合表现出压制;另一方面当^11Be的少数中子进入靶核并与靶核相互作用而使得靶核有些激发,而使局部半径增大,导致熔合势垒降低,熔合截面增强。用QMD模型计算出的熔合截面与实验值基本符合,垒附近表现出增强效应。     

Interaction and fusion of deformed nuclei

It is shown that the height of the barrier and its position, as well the depth of the capture well, are highly sensitive to the relative orientation of colliding strongly deformed nuclei. It is found that the fusion/capture cross sections and the nucleus-nucleus potential for heavy nuclear systems depend greatly on the magnitude and sign of the quadrupole deformation of nuclear surfaces. In order to describe correctly the cross section for the capture of heavy strongly deformed nuclei, it is necessary to perform averaging over all three angles that describe their relative orientation. Allowance for a hexadecapole deformation leads to a significant increase in the capture cross section for very heavy nucleus-nucleus systems.     

The interaction and fusion of arbitrarily oriented deformed nuclei

The fusion/capture cross sections between various deformed nuclei are calculated. It is shown that quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations of heavy nuclei are important for evaluating the barrier height, capture well depth, and fusion/capture cross sections of heavy nuclei. It is found that calculations of the capture cross section of two heavy deformed nuclei must be performed with averaging over all possible mutual orientations of the colliding nuclei.     

生成超重核的熔合反应中的动力学形变效应

利用包含动力学势能面的双核模型对超重核的生成机制中的一些问题进行了研究。对双核系统的粒子交换势能面进行的计算结果表明,反应过程中原子核动力学形变对于粒子交换势能面的结构有显著的影响。进一步计算了生成超重核的熔合几率,结果显示,原子核的动力学形变导致内熔合位垒升高,进而明显降低了生成超重核的熔合几率。Some aspects in the fusion mechanism for the production of superheavy nuclei are investigated with the dinuclear system model with dynamical potential energy surface. The calculation results about the potential energy surface indicate that the inclusion of nuclear dynamical deformation affects the structure of potential energy surface significantly.The investigation on the fusion probability to synthesize superheavy nuclei indicates that the fusion probability decreases significantly due to the increase of the inner fusion barrier for the inclusion of the nuclear dynamical deformation.     

重离子熔合反应与双核模型

简单介绍了兰州-北京-吉森合作组对合成超重核的重离子反应进行的初步研究。研究的重点是熔合阶段的反应机制。在原有双核模型的基础上做了一些改进,把耗散相对运动过程与核子转移过程耦合起来,从更微观的角度来描写双核系统向全熔合复合核的演化。在双核过程中的每一步求解主方程,不对驱动势做谐振子近似。同时,还探讨了原子核形变与相对取向对驱动势的影响,存活几率与复合核蒸发中子的奇偶效应,以及入射道中原子核非弹性激发对俘获截面的影响等。In recent years, the Lanzou-Beijing-Giessen collaboration has studied the heavy ion reactions which are lead to the formation of super-heavy nuclei. The study emphases the mechanism of the fusion stage of the reactions. Based on the so called Di-nuclear System Model, some improvements have been made. The main points are the coupling of the dissipation of relative motion energy, angular momentum with nucleon transfer, and solving the Master equation in every step of the nucleon transfer with exact driving potentials, in order to describe the evolution of the system more microscopically. At the same time, we also discussed the effects of nuclear deformation and their relative orientation on the driving potentials, and studied the survive probability of the compound nuclei and its old-even effects, as well as the influence of inelastic excitations of nuclei in entrance channels to the capture cross sections.     

重离子熔合反应形成超重核的截面研究

在双核系统框架下,通过数值法解主方程计算了双核间的核子跃迁全熔合几率.两碰撞核内部激发能由相对运动能损提供,因此能够将核子转移过程与相对运动耦合起来.对一些以Pb为靶的形成超重核的冷熔合反应,计算了最佳激发能、形成双核系统的俘获截面、复合核形成几率及存活几率等,所得到的形成超重核蒸发剩余截面与已知实验值符合较好. In the concept of Dinuclear system (DNS) the complete fusion probability of two touch nuclei via nucleon transfer is described by numerically solving the Master equation. The excitation energy of two colliding nuclei is supplied by the energy dissipation of their relative motion, thus the nucleon transfer process and the relative motion are coupled. For Pb based cold fusion reactions to form super heavy nuclei, the optimal excitation energy, the capture cross section to form a DNS ...     

Production cross sections of the superheavy nucleus 117 based on the dinuclear system model

Within the framework of the dinuclear system model,the capture of two colliding nuclei,and the formation and de-excitation process of a compound nucleus are described by using an empirical coupled channel model,solving the master equation numerically and the statistical evaporation model,respectively.In the process of heavy-ion capture and fusion to synthesize superheavy nuclei,the barrier distribution func-tion is introduced and averaging collision orientations are considered.Based on this model,the production cross sections of the cold fusion system 76-82Se+209Bi and the hot fusion systems 55Mn+238U,51V-+244Pu,59 Co+232 Th,48 Ca+247-249 Bk and 45 Sc+246-248 Cm are calculated.The isotopic dependence of the largest production cross sections is analyzed briefly,and the optimal projectile-target combination and excitation energy of the ln-4n evaporation channels are proposed.It is shown that the hot fusion systems 48Ca+247 249Bk in the3n evaporation channels and 45Sc+248Cm in the 2n-4n channels are optimal for synthesizing the superheavy element 117.     

Production mechanism of superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions

Within the concept of the dinuclear system (DNS), a dynamical model is proposed for describing the formation of superheavy nuclei in complete fusion reactions by incorporating the coupling of the relative motion to the nucleon transfer process. The capture of two heavy colliding nuclei, the formation of the compound nucleus and the de-excitation process are calculated by using an empirical coupled channel model, solving a set of microscopically derived master equations numerically and applying statistical theory, respectively. Fusion-fission reactions and evaporation residue excitation functions of synthesizing superheavy nuclei (SHN) are investigated systematically and compared them with available experimental data. The possible factors that affecting the production cross sections of SHN are discussed in this workshop.     

Origin of Unexpected Isotopic Trends in Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei

We investigate the dependence of the yield of superheavy nuclei with Z = 110, 112, 114 on the neutron excess of the projectile nucleus with a two-parameter Smoluchowski equation. It is confirmed that in some cases, the cold fusion reactions with less neutron excess are more favourable than those with more neutron excess. In order to probe the origin of these unexpected isotopic trends, we also investigate the probabilities of capture, fusion and survival in the cold fusion reactions in detail It is found that the maximal ER cross sections of the superheavy nuclei exponentially increase as a function of Bf - Sn with Bf being the fission barrier and Sn being the neutron separation energy. Although the probabilities of capture and fusion have some influences, the unexpected isotopic trends mainly due to the dependence of the ER cross sections on the Bf - Sn value. Therefore, the reactions with larger Bf - Sn values should be more favourable for synthesis of superheavy nuclei.     

Nuclear dynamical octupole deformation in heavy-ion reactions

Within the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) model, the dynamical octupole deformation is studied as a function of the central distance between the projectile and target in the approaching process of heavy-ion fusion reactions. The dependence of the maximum dynamical octupole deformations on the incident energies is also investigated. The dynamical octupole deformations can be observed during the approaching process, and the maximum dynamical octupole deformations become more significant with decreasing incident energies. The distributions of the proton and neutron centers in the projectile and target are also investigated, respectively. In the approaching process of heavy-ion fusion reactions, the separation between proton centers for two nuclei is larger than that between neutron centers because of the strong Coulomb potential.