激光驱动X光背光照相技术在金属靶微层裂研究中的应用探索

利用神光Ⅱ装置发射强激光一方面对铝靶进行烧蚀加载,另一方面驱动铜背光靶发射X光对铝靶微层裂产物进行针孔背光照相,结果获得了可忽略动态模糊的高清晰照片,标准丝阵检验表明分辨率优于40 m。铝靶微层裂产物照片清晰显示,靶破碎存在不同分区, 这直观揭示了靶破碎的不同机制。实验成功验证了激光驱动X光背光照相技术在金属靶微层裂研究中存在重要的应用前景。     

表面粗糙度对金属冲击熔化破碎的影响

对两种表面粗糙度的金属锡样品开展了一维平面冲击微层裂实验,采用自行研发的多点动量测试装置获取熔化金属破碎区粒子动量的时空分布信息。测试结果表明,对于百纳米级粗糙度精磨样品,在加载稀疏波的作用下,熔化金属出现典型的分层断裂现象。应用光滑粒子流体动力学方法与Autodyn程序,开展了金属锡微层裂过程的细观尺度模拟,研究自由面稀疏波沿样品厚度方向传播时界面不稳定性增长的特征。研究发现,微米尺度的表面粗糙度足以使扰动伴随反射稀疏波的传播而充分增长,卸载区熔化金属充分破碎,破碎粒子同时具有冲击方向和径向的分散性,与实验测试结果相符合。     

冲击波作用下微米尺度金属颗粒群的动力学行为

基于平面化爆驱动飞片高压加载技术和激光测速技术,研究了冲击波加载不同粒径锡颗粒群的微喷射行为以及在空气中的减速规律.实验结果表明,锡颗粒的最快喷射速度随粒径增大而显著增大.通过对微喷射形成过程的三维光滑粒子流体动力学方法数值模拟发现,大粒径锡颗粒之间存在较大的空隙结构,冲击波与空隙结构的相互作用诱导产生高速汇聚射流,空隙结构越大对应的喷射速度也越高.此外,通过研究不同粒径颗粒在复杂流场中的减速规律,进一步深化了对微喷射破碎后的颗粒尺度状态以及混合输运特性的认识.研究结果对于预测和分析冲击波加载微米颗粒群的微喷混合特性具有一定价值.     

材料层裂研究的主要进展

层裂是一种重要的动态损伤破坏现象,由物质界面的反射稀疏波相互作用引起,其细观尺度上的物理机制是微损伤(即微孔洞和微裂纹)的成核、生长和汇合。围绕美国物理学会George E. Duvall冲击压缩科学奖的3位获奖者Grady、Curran和Johnson的相关工作,概述层裂现象的一些主要研究进展,简要介绍层裂现象的研究历史,以期更深刻地理解那些著名的层裂物理模型和实验技术。此外,报道了最近取得的最新研究成果,阐述了冻结不同损伤水平状态的双层靶层裂实验技术与Hopkinson压杆共通的工作原理。针对微损伤成核和生长断裂破碎模型NAG/FRAG在数学上的不一致性和在物理上的不完备性,指出对于延性材料的层裂过程,只要微孔洞成核的累积数目密度满足尺寸的指数分布、微孔洞半径的生长速度与半径呈线性关系,就能够得到解析形式的损伤度演化方程,该修正模型MNAG在数学上是一致的,在物理上是完备的;对于白以龙等建立的欧拉形式的微损伤数目守恒方程,指出计算损伤度不必显式求解该方程,损伤度的表达式一般通过拉格朗日形式的微损伤数目守恒方程获得;针对损伤度函数模型或封加坡模型,以更加简洁的方法进行了推导。     

用改进的随机轨道模型数值模拟突扩液固两相流动

用改进的随机轨道模型数值模拟了突扩湍流液固两相流动。两相的轴向速度和湍动能的预报结果与实验符合得很好,同时还给出了不同计算截面上颗粒数密度和质量流量合理分布．预报结果对计算颗粒数敏感程度的研究表明：与通常的随机轨道不同,改进的随机轨道模型只需要很少的计算颗粒就可以给出合理正确的颗粒相分布。     

强激光辐照下纳米铜动态拉伸型断裂的数值模拟

 基于强激光辐照加载下纳米铜的层裂实验,采用含逾渗软化函数的损伤度函数模型对实验结果进行了数值模拟研究。强激光加载条件被简化为高斯分布脉冲压力施加在镍合金基体的前表面上。数值计算结果显示：损伤演化明显地改变了试样中波传播特性,无论是对微损伤还是完全层裂的试样,计算都较好地再现了实测自由面速度剖面,表明了含逾渗软化函数的损伤度函数模型在强激光加载条件下纳米铜层裂问题分析中具有较好适用性。     

爆轰加载下锡金属连续层裂损伤机理的数值分析

结合实验对所采用的计算程序和损伤模型进行验证,在此基础上开展了爆轰加载下锡材料连续层裂损伤机理研究。结果显示:锡靶板的破坏模式与加载强度、加载波形以及靶板的几何结构相关;材料初始微结构的作用反映在对临界截止孔隙度的影响上,进而影响靶板的损伤破坏;损伤模型中临界截止孔隙度越大,靶板的破坏程度越小。此外,材料拉伸、压缩损伤的计算结果与相应实验结果的对比显示,材料的损伤主要以拉伸损伤破坏为主。     

二维颗粒破碎过程的计算机模拟

以材料力学为基础构建单颗粒破碎模型,通过分子动力学方法模拟二维颗粒的破碎过程.结果表明:最终的颗粒大小分布为幂律分布,其分形维数为1.1,与实验结果相符,表明颗粒的破碎是一分形过程.     

强激光加载下金属材料微喷回收诊断

金属材料在冲击载荷下的动态响应在许多民用工程、航空航天等领域都有重要的应用背景.而金属材料在冲击载荷下的微喷形成过程,包括微射流、碎裂以及微层裂的物理过程的研究中尚存在许多空白.介绍了国内首次在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上开展的金属材料微喷回收实验,实现了激光加载下低密度泡沫材料对微喷颗粒的回收,对回收样品进行了X光CT分析,通过图像重建,获得了回收微喷颗粒的三维图像,以及颗粒不同形态分布、颗粒尺寸、颗粒质量等定量结果.     

晶粒尺度对延性金属材料层裂损伤的影响

微细观结构对材料动态损伤、破坏的影响是目前国内外力学领域的研究热点之一. 基于相关文献的实验结果, 通过理论分析, 给出了一个新的反映晶粒尺度效应的孔洞成核模型, 并将其耦合到延性金属材料层裂损伤模型中. 采用数值方法分析了晶粒尺度对高纯铜材料层裂损伤演化过程的影响. 计算结果显示: 随着材料平均晶粒尺度的增加, 自由面速度回跳点降低, 回跳后速度曲线的斜率增加; 损伤材料内部的孔洞数减少、平均孔洞尺寸增大.计算结果与相关文献所报道的实验 分析结果定性上符合较好. 该结果对于层裂损伤的深入研究具有一定的启发性. 关键词： 层裂 晶粒尺度 延性金属材料 冲击     

Universal elements of fragmentation

A fragmentation theory is proposed that explains the universal asymptotic behavior of the fragment-size distribution in the large-size range, based on simple physical principles. The basic principles of the theory are the total mass conservation in a fragmentation process and a balance condition for the energy expended in increasing the surface of fragments during their breakup. A flux-based approach is used that makes it possible to supplement the basic principles and develop a minimal theory of fragmentation. Such a supplementary principle is that of decreasing fragment-volume flux with increasing energy expended in fragmentation. It is shown that the behavior of the decreasing flux is directly related to the form of a power-law fragment-size distribution. The minimal theory is used to find universal asymptotic fragment-size distributions and to develop a natural physical classification of fragmentation models. A more general, nonlinear theory of strong fragmentation is also developed. It is demonstrated that solutions to a nonlinear kinetic equation consistent with both basic principles approach a universal asymptotic size distribution. Agreement between the predicted asymptotic fragment-size distributions and experimental observations is discussed.     

弹核碎裂过程随入射能量的系统演变

计算了重离子引起的碎裂过程产生的类弹碎片动量分布约化宽度,拟合了实验数据.讨论了弹核碎裂过程从低能区到相对论能区随入射能量的系统演变.     

Fragment distributions for brittle rods with patterned breaking probabilities

We present a modeling framework for 1D fragmentation in brittle rods, in which the distribution of fragments is written explicitly in terms of the probability of breaks along the length of the rod. This work is motivated by the experimental observation of several preferred lengths in the fragment distribution of shattered brittle rods after dynamic buckling [J.R. Gladden, N.Z. Handzy, A. Belmonte, E. Villermaux, Dynamic buckling and fragmentation in brittle rods, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 35503]. Our approach allows for non-constant spatial breaking probabilities, which can lead to preferred fragment sizes, derived equivalently from either combinatorics or a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. The resulting relation qualitatively matches the experimentally observed fragment distribution, as well as some other common distributions, such as a power law with a cutoff.     

超高应变率拉伸破碎铝的粒子尺寸测量

材料在超高应变率下发生的动态拉伸破碎是冲击波物理领域的一个重要内容,受诊断技术限制,粒子尺寸直接测量的数据非常有限。基于脉冲激光同轴全息技术,建立了一套材料超高应变率破坏状态和破碎粒子诊断的高精度联合测量系统,利用该系统,成功开展了107～108/s超高应变率范围内铝的动态破碎粒子在位测量,获得了粒子尺寸分布数据。     

Scale invariance in dynamic fragmentation of quartz

In the work, we studied statistical regularities in fragmentation of cylindrical quartz specimens under dynamic loading. The original equipment used in the study ensured integrity of the specimens after impact for the determination of fragment size distribution (spatial scaling) and allowed recording fractoluminescence pulses at newly formed fracture surfaces for the determination of pulse spacing distribution (temporal scaling). The results of experimental data processing show that the size distributions for both the spatial parameter (fragment size) and the temporal parameter (fractoluminescence pulse spacing) are described by a power function. This enables us to refer dynamic fragmentation of quartz to phenomena exhibiting self-organized criticality.     

ANALYSIS OF THE MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION WIDTH OF THE PREOJECTILE-LIKE-FRAGMENT FROM HEAVY ION COLLISIONS

A model taking into account both fragmentation and transfer process agrees well with experimental data on projectile-like-products momentum distribution resulting from heavy ion collisions in Fermi energy domain and in relativistic energy domain.The resulted reduced widths σ₀ are given for both fragmentation and transfer process respectively.     

电极感应熔化气雾化制粉技术中非限制式喷嘴雾化过程模拟

电极感应熔化气雾化(electrode induction melting gas atomization, EIGA)是一种制备超洁净无夹杂物的先进制粉技术,本文以粉末高温合金的氩气雾化过程为研究示例,对现有用于实际生产的国内某厂家提供的EIGA用非限制式喷嘴进行建模,采用商用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,分布采用欧拉-欧拉VOF(volume of fluid)多相流方法与欧拉-拉格朗日DPM (discrete phase model)离散相方法,对非限制式环缝喷嘴主雾化与二次雾化过程进行了数值模拟.通过对主雾化过程中多相流大涡模拟速度流场,主雾化过程中不同阶段高温熔体云图模拟以及二次雾化过程中TAB (Taylor analogy breakup)模型速度流场及TAB模型粒度分布的模拟研究,实现了对EIGA制粉技术中非限制式喷嘴雾化过程的全过程模拟,并预测了雾化后的粉末粒度分布.在此基础上,采用本文模拟使用的非限制式环缝喷嘴,设定与模拟条件一致(进气压力4 MPa,液流直径约4 mm)的实验条件,制备的粉末大部分颗粒的直径大小在100μm左右,该实验结果与模拟得到的粉末直径D50=100μm大小一致,进一步验证了模拟数据的合理性.该方法也适用于非限制式喷嘴里,其他金属或合金的雾化过的模拟研究.     

Dynamic fragmentation of solid particles interacting with a rigid barrier

Fragmentation of small solid particles as a result of collision with a rigid barrier is considered. It is shown that the application of the Griffith energy approach to dynamic fracture is characterized by specific surface energy differing from its value determined from static tests. The existence of the threshold fragmentation velocity is established and the method for its prediction is proposed. The method for experimental estimation of the fracture incubation time is also proposed.     

热核三重碎裂中的两种模式

在30MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+¹⁵⁹Tb反应中测量了热核碎裂成三块差不多大小的碎片的出射道.这种碎裂可能有两种模式:一种是接续的两体过程,如跟随裂变和级联裂变;另一种是瞬发的三重碎裂(3F).从实验上区分了这两种模式并特别关注其中具有集体多轴形变的3F模式,对3F中的碎片质量分布和最可几碎片质量比进行拟合后找出了通用规律.用碎片发射平面的定向角分布来测量碰撞参数,从而将中心碰撞的3F事件与跟随准弹性散射或深部非弹性散射后的裂变事件分开.     

An improved model of fine particulate matter formation coupling the mechanism of mineral coalescence and char fragmentation during pulverized coal combustion

An improved model of fine particulate matter formation coupling the mechanism of mineral coalescence and char fragmentation under different pulverized coal combustion environments has been constructed. Firstly, based on the theoretical model of char fragmentation and percolation, the included minerals with different types and particle sizes are constructed in the model, and a three-dimensional char particle sub-model is established. And the type, content and particle size distribution of included minerals are introduced as input parameters by using computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) technology. All of the above makes it more in line with the actual distribution of the included minerals. Then a sub-model of char fragmentation is built based on the sub-model of the char particle. And considering the influence of char combustion reaction on the particle formation process and melting characteristics of included minerals, a sub-model of mineral melting coalescence under different combustion environments is established. Finally, based on this improved model, we compared the calculation results with the experimental data and the calculation results of the traditional model. Fully considering the process of mineral coalescence and char fragmentation, which contains the characteristics of different included minerals, the results show that the newly established model has a good fitting effect for the experiment and is closer to the actual process of char particle combustion to generate particles. By the new model, the influence of the factors (mineral content, particle size distribution and porosity) on the formation of particulate matter is preliminarily analyzed.