PM2.5质量浓度廓线的激光雷达反演研究

针对PM2.5质量浓度在空间不同高度上的分布测量较难这一问题,采用激光雷达和大气透射仪以及粒径谱仪进行联合探测,反演PM2.5质量浓度廓线.考虑相对湿度等因素的影响,通过大气透射仪和粒径谱仪建立地面PM2.5质量浓度与大气透过率之间的函数关系.以大气透射仪所测地面大气透过率值为基准,修正激光雷达大气透过率在高空的边界值,结合Fernald后向积分法反演出大气透过率的垂直分布.依据建立的函数关系和大气透过率垂直分布,得到PM2.5质量浓度廓线,并采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析不同高度层气溶胶的输送和动态变化.通过激光雷达、大气透射仪和粒径谱仪的联合探测实验,结果表明:经大气透射仪修正后,大气透过率垂直分布精度得到了提高,PM2.5质量浓度廓线很好的反映了气溶胶垂直分布的微物理变化特征.     

不同粒径大气气溶胶含量及其透过率研究

运用FA-3型Anderson撞击式气溶胶粒度分布采样器采集南京北郊生活区大气中的可吸入颗粒物,用称重法测量大气中不同粒径可吸入颗粒物的质量浓度,同时用光学系统测量不同粒径上可吸入颗粒物的透过率,分析不同粒径大气气溶胶的透过率变化关系。结果表明：小于2．1μm颗粒物所占比例达59．88％,表明大气中细粒子污染严重;可吸入颗粒物粒径越小,其透过率也越小;细颗粒物质量浓度与其透过率呈很高的负相关;粗颗粒物对可见光波长的选择性弱。     

北京奥运前期典型天气喇曼激光雷达观测研究

以自行研制的双波长三通道拉曼激光雷达、振荡天平(PM10、PM2.5)、碳黑(BC)气溶胶分析仪及能见度仪相结合对"好运北京"2008年奥运会前期典型天气状况进行了测量与分析,给出了北京奥运主场馆上空气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布及其时空变化关系,计算了气溶胶的消光散射比,并分析了灰霾天气条件下大气能见度、气溶胶颗粒物PM10、PM2.5、BC及气溶胶消光系数垂直分布之间的相互关系.研究结果表明,灰霾天气条件下,大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度与气溶胶颗粒物消光系数之间具有直接的相关性.     

北京奥运前期典型天气拉曼激光雷达观测研究

以自行研制的双波长三通道拉曼激光雷达、振荡天平（PM10、PM2.5）、碳黑（BC）气溶胶分析仪及能见度仪相结合对“好运北京”2008年奥运会前期典型天气状况进行了测量与分析,给出了北京奥运主场馆上空气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布及其时空变化关系,计算了气溶胶的消光散射比,并分析了灰霾天气条件下大气能见度、气溶胶颗粒物PM10、PM2.5、BC及气溶胶消光系数垂直分布之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,灰霾天气条件下,大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度与气溶胶颗粒物消光系数之间具有直接的相关性。     

可见到近红外波段整层大气光谱透过率的测量研究

利用太阳光谱辐射计进行了可见到近红外波段整层大气连续光谱透过率的测量研究.在对太阳辐射计可靠定标的条件下，通过测量太阳直射光谱，运用Langley方法推算到达大气层顶的太阳辐射，最终获得了该波段范围内的连续大气光谱透过率及特殊波长上的透过率的实际变化情况.通过分析晴天无云大气条件下不同时间、不同气溶胶含量、不同季节、不同气溶胶模式下的大气透过率特征，初步获得了其变化规律，为大气层外目标探测提供了一些基础.     

气溶胶单粒子粒径的实时测量方法研究

介绍了近期研制的一台实时测量大气气溶胶单粒子粒径和化学成分的仪器在如何测量气溶胶单粒子粒径方面的测量原理及特点，并结合激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱技术，利用该仪器对木屑燃烧产生的烟气气溶胶粒子的实时测量结果. 关键词： 气溶胶粒子 空气动力学粒径测量方法 激光解吸附电离 飞行时间质谱     

基于侧向散射技术的近地面气溶胶后向散射系数廓线探测

气溶胶是大气中污染物PM2.5和灰霾的主要成分,近地面的气溶胶直接影响人们的生活和生产。利用电荷耦合器件(CCD)侧向散射激光雷达系统和相应的反演方法,对探测到的数据进行处理和分析。与后向散射激光雷达对比,验证了CCD侧向散射激光雷达探测结果的正确性。分析了2014年4月合肥西区董铺岛3 km高度范围内气溶胶后向散射系数的特点:随时间和高度变化;天气晴好时,地面上后向散射系数与地面站PM2.5质量浓度成正比;紧贴地面有一层较厚气溶胶。实验探测结果表明基于CCD的侧向散射激光雷达是探测近地面气溶胶浓度的一种有效的新方法。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱对枯草芽孢杆菌的光学特性研究

使用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术,测量了两种不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌的红外透过率谱,根据朗伯-比尔定律计算出它们的质量消光截面,通过算出复折射率的虚部,再使用KK(Kramers-Kronig)关系,导出复折射率的实部,并对实验结果作了分析和讨论。通过研究枯草芽孢杆菌复折射率的测量和分析方法,对于进一步研究生物气溶胶的吸收和散射特性、拓宽生物气溶胶的测量和遥测技术方法,具有重要的意义。     

透过率起伏光谱分析法测粒技术

提出的透过率起伏光谱分析法是一种新的颗粒测量方法。采用一细小光束照射匀速流动的颗粒系统,通过采集透射光起伏信号,经统计处理得到透过率的平均值与起伏谱。通过求解逆问题,从透过率的起伏谱中得到颗粒粒径分布信息,再结合透过率的平均值得到颗粒的体积分数信息。给出了关于单层颗粒透过率的平均值与起伏谱的理论表达式,并推广到三维单分散和多分散的颗粒系统。对粒径在32~425μm内的稀薄颗粒系进行了部分实验测试和模拟计算,结果表明该方法可同时对颗粒粒径分布和体积分数进行有效测量。     

基于光声光谱气溶胶吸收测量的标定方法研究

大气气溶胶吸收太阳辐射,直接影响地气系统辐射平衡,降低能见度,改变局地气候效应。光声光谱技术具有灵敏度高、原位测量、结构简单等优势,是研究气溶胶吸收特性最为直接、有效的方法。光声光谱近红外气溶胶吸收系数测量系统的精度与标定方法密切相关,为了探究不同标定方案的差异,选择NO₂气体(532 nm)和单分散苯胺黑气溶胶(532、 1 064 nm)分别开展气溶胶吸收系数标定实验。其中,单分散苯胺黑气溶胶的标定方法主要基于Mie理论,结合苯胺黑气溶胶粒子数浓度、苯胺黑气溶胶粒子的复折射率、苯胺黑粒子粒径分别计算532和1 064 nm单分散苯胺黑气溶胶吸收系数。实验结果表明：NO₂气体获取的标定系数介于苯胺黑气溶胶在532和1 064 nm波长处获取的标定系数之间,与532 nm波长处粒径225 nm的苯胺黑单分散气溶胶、 1 064 nm波长处粒径125 nm的单分散苯胺黑气溶胶标定系数相近,在其他粒径处存在一定差异。尽管NO₂气体与苯胺黑气溶胶在特定波长处具有相似的连续吸收特征,对于同一标定系统,标定气体和气溶胶性质、状态不...     

Identification of aerosol particle sources in semi‐rural area of Kwabenya,near Accra,Ghana, by EDXRF techniques

Small aerosol particles have for a long time been known to be harmful to humans, and are today regarded to cause a larger number of deaths than traffic accidents globally. Energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a well known method that has been used for identification of toxic as well as non‐toxic elements in the particles. The combination of elements will together with other information help to identify the sources and predict the effects of particles on environment and human health. The present work was conducted in Kwabenya, a suburb of the capital Accra of Ghana, which is frequently exposed to Harmattan dust from the Sahara–Sahel region. In total 171 filters each of PM2.5 and PM(2.5–10) were collected during 1 year. Levels of elements, black carbon (BC) and mass, were determined for both particle sizes. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the datasets from Harmattan and non‐Harmattan periods. The daily average of PM10 was very high, 179 µg m^?3 and the BC contents were 4 µg m^?3. The presence of crustal elements was large in PM(2.5–10) as well as in PM2.5, and had a more than tenfold increase in PM(2.5–10) during the Harmattan period. Major characteristic elements for different sources were identified from correlation coefficients and regression analysis of the data. Sahara sand aerosol was the major source in both study periods, but influence from biomass burning, sea‐spray and metal industries was also observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气溶胶凝聚粒子散射特性的数值计算

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由相同数目球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子．根据物质的电结构,将气溶胶凝聚粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了气溶胶凝聚粒子散射强度的角分布,并分析了散射强度随入射光入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子尺寸参数变化的规律．结果显示：当散射角较小时,气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度对散射强度影响不大,当散射角增大时,散射强度则明显依赖于气溶胶凝聚粒子取向和入射光的入射角度;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,在同一角度入射情况下,随尺寸参数的增加,气溶胶凝聚粒子的散射主要集中于前向散射．     

随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子光学特性研究

利用Cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA)模型,模拟了由64个球形原始微粒凝聚而成的四种随机取向气溶胶凝聚粒子。结合离散偶极子近似方法,分别得到了不同入射角和不同尺寸参数情况下气溶胶凝聚粒子的吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的数值结果,并比较分析了四种形状气溶胶凝聚粒子吸收、散射、消光效率因子和不对称因子的差异。结果显示：对于相同数目原始微粒的气溶胶凝聚粒子,其光学特性明显依赖于入射光的入射角度和气溶胶凝聚粒子的形状;对于不同尺寸参数的气溶胶凝聚粒子,当入射光波长给定时,吸收、散射和消光效率因子最初随尺寸参数增大而快速增大,随后又随尺寸参数增大缓慢变小,但在尺寸参数变化过程中存在一个极大值;不对称因子则随尺寸参数的增大一直呈增大趋势,且随尺寸参数的增大趋近于1。     

利用APD对大气气溶胶空气动力学直径测量分析

详细介绍了气溶胶大气粒子经过两个激光束后通过雪崩二极管（APD）探测其形成的双峰信号,从而得到气溶胶粒子飞行时间的方法,利用标准粒子对飞行时间进行校准后,实现了对大气气溶胶粒子直径的实时监测.通过不同粒径多组的实验数据进行分析组成专家模式,代入系统进行空气测量或标准粒子测量,得到的实验值与理论值一致.     

Phase transition of shocked water up to 6 GPa:Transmittance investigation

The phase transition behaviors of the shocked water are investigated by employing an optical transmittance in-situ detection system. Based on the light scattering theory and phase transformation kinetics, the phase transition mechanism of the water under multiple shocks is discussed. The experimental data indicate that the evolution of the transmittance of the shocked water can be broadly divided into three stages: relaxation stage, decline stage, and recovery stage. In the early stage of the phase transition, the new phase particles began to form around the quartz/window interface. It should be mentioned that the water/ice phase boundary seems to move toward the liquid region in one experiment of this work. Due to the new phase core being much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light, the transmittance of the sample within the relaxation stage remains steady. The decline stage can be divided into the rapid descent stage and the slow descent stage in this work, which is considered as the different growth rates of the new phase particle under different shock loadings. The recovery stage is attributed to the emergence of the new phase particles which are bigger than the critical value. However,the influence of the size growth and the population growth of the new phase particles on the transmittance restrict each other, which may be responsible for the phenomenon that the transmittance curve does not return to the initial level.     

Treatment of submicron particles using an electrostatic agglomerator in DC-negative voltage: Re-entrainment experimental study and modeling

The aim of this study is to highlight the re-entrainment phenomenon encountered with an electrostatic agglomerator having a fibrous collecting electrode and treating submicron particles. The idea is to propose a process to control the particle number emitted by automotive diesel engines. Rather than trying to directly measure agglomerates of diesel particles exiting the agglomerator, we propose working with a synthetic submicron aerosol dispersed in ambient filtered air as a representative exhaust gas. The study will contribute to build a numerical modeling of the behavior of particles in such a process. The particular point that will be treated here is the collected particle re-entrainment as micron-sized agglomerates. We propose a joint experimentation/modeling approach to approximate the re-entrained aerosol size distribution in controlled conditions. From the modeling point of view, a local approach which uses the method of the balance of moments on agglomerates provides the re-entrained particle size in the agglomerator, according to the filtration conditions. The experimental approach confirms the clearly micron-sized character of the re-entrained agglomerates. This is unambiguously shown by measuring a greater micron particle numerical concentration downstream from the agglomerator than upstream. We show that the fluorescein submicron particles use can greatly simplify the characterization of an electrostatic agglomerator by allowing the use of a commercial laser granulometer to measure the size and the number of the generated agglomerates.     

A technique for active measurement of atmospheric transmittance using an imaging system: implementation at 10.6 μm wavelength

An active method is presented for measuring atmospheric transmittance with an imaging system. In comparison to other measurement methods, this method has the advantage of immunity to background noise, independence of atmospheric conditions such as solar radiation, and an improved capability to evaluate effects of turbulence on the measurements. Other significant advantages are integration over all particulate size distribution effects including very small and very large particulates whose concentration is hard to measure, and the fact that this method is a path-integrated measurement. Attenuation deriving from molecular absorption and from small and large particulate scatter and absorption and their weather dependences are separated out. Preliminary results indicate high correlation with direct transmittance calculations via particle size distribution measurement, and that even at 10.6 μm wavelength atmospheric transmission depends noticeably on aerosol size distribution and concentration.     

整体毛细管X光透镜在大气颗粒物单颗粒分析中的应用

对大气颗粒物进行单颗粒X射线荧光(XRF)分析,是一种识别大气颗粒物来源的有力手段.为了利用实验室X射线光源对大气颗粒物进行单颗粒XRF分析,建立了基于整体毛细管X光透镜和实验室X射线光源的微束X射线谱仪.透镜焦斑处的功率密度增益在103数量级,焦斑直径为30 μm左右.该微束X射线谱仪对Fe-Kα线的最小探测极限为0.7 Pg.在Mo靶光源电压和电流分别为30 kV和50 mA的条件下,利用该谱仪对直径为9 μm的大气颗粒物单颗粒进行XRF分析时,测谱时间在180 s左右.实验表明,基于毛细管X光透镜和实验室X射线光源的微束X射线分析技术在大气颗粒物单颗粒分析中有着潜在的应用价值.