太阳能甲醇分解能量转换机理实验研究

本文通过太阳能分解甲醇燃料实验,来研究太阳能与化石燃料互补的能源利用系统的能量转换新机理,揭示减少燃料化学能释放过程(火用)损失和提升太阳热能品位的本质,并得到基于实验的量化依据。实验研究了反应过程能量品位关联机理和效果,并揭示了主要因素影响规律。太阳热能温度的升高,有利于分解反应的进行,但温度过高会负面影响品位提升的效果,260℃左右是较合理的;与太阳能甲醇分解反应装置规模对应的进料量条件是影响能量转换过程的关键因素,也将影响太阳热能品位提升效果。研究成果将为开拓太阳能与化石能源互补的能量系统提供理论支撑和实验数据。     

太阳能热化学互补发电系统的变辐照性能研究

本文基于10 kW中低温太阳能与甲醇热化学互补发电实验平台,采用不同太阳辐照强度与吸收反应器内甲醇裂解反应、甲醇重整反应两种化学反应的有机集成,提出了一种新颖的变辐照与不同化学反应相匹配的主动调控新方法,针对不同典型日太阳辐照强度偏离设计值,探讨了热化学互补发电系统变辐照工况的特性规律。研究结果表明,在中低温太阳能热化学互补发电系统中,与采用单一的太阳能驱动甲醇裂解反应相比,本文提出的主动调控方法使互补系统的日均太阳能净发电效率从30%提高到36%,更接近设计工况,有效提高了甲醇燃料化学能的梯级利用程度。该方法为减小单位镜场面积、提高太阳能年均净发电效率提供了有效途径。     

中温太阳能驱动天然气钙钛矿化学链燃烧实验研究

提出一种天然气基钙钛矿型氧化物化学链燃烧中温太阳能燃料转化方法,利用近400℃太阳热驱动天然气基的LaCu_(0.1)Ni_(0.9)O_3化学链燃烧,将太阳能转化为高品位燃料化学能。新方法不仅能利用低焦比的槽式聚光吸收反应器,而且降低了太阳能天然气热化学互补反应热品位。采用热重实验,开展天然气基LaCu_(0.1)Ni_(0.9)O_3反应与再生性能研究。研究结果表明:天然气-LaCu_(0.1)Ni_(0.9)O_3化学链燃烧的还原温度为350℃,氧载体最大释氧量为22%,多次循环反应之后氧载体的晶格结构和表面形貌均没有发生明显的变化。本文为开展中温太阳能与天然气热化学互补利用提供了新途径。     

聚光光伏与甲醇重整热化学互补发电系统性能研究

本文提出了太阳能光伏电池与甲醇中低温重整反应相结合的发电系统;通过太阳能的梯级利用以及物理能与化学能之间的品位耦合,太阳能净发电效率较单一光伏或甲醇热化学发电方式获得显著提升。热力学分析表明,在100~250℃C的系统运行温度范围内,系统的理论太阳能净发电效率达43.6%~44.3%(已考虑光学损失),显著高于光伏系统(22.5%)及热化学系统(32.7%)。系统约50%的太阳净发电量来自甲醇重整产物氢气,以化学能形式实现了太阳能的高效储能,且光伏、热化学发电随温度变化的相反趋势间互补达到了稳定输出的效果。此外,系统产生的电能中约25%来自太阳能,高于单一太阳能甲醇热化学发电系统的14%,对化石能源的依赖度降低。光伏与热化学互补发电为太阳能高效综合利用提供了新的思路。     

低CO2排放的太阳能/甲醇互补系统热力经济性分析

基于品位匹配和多能源综合梯级利用的原则,本文提出了低CO₂排放的太阳能与化石能源互补发电系统LESOLCC,并对其进行了热力经济性能分析。所提系统以甲醇为燃料,中低温太阳能首先提供甲醇重整反应的反应热,从而转化为富氢合成气的化学能,实现品位提升;其次通过燃烧前对CO₂的捕集,实现燃料的清洁燃烧,最终在高效联合循环中实现其热功转换。结果表明:基本工况下,系统当量效率达到55.1%,比投资为833$/kW,发电成本为0.124$/kWh,回收期17年;与相同化石燃料输入及CO₂捕集水平的尾气捕集CO₂的常规燃气-蒸汽联合循环（CC-Post）相比,发电成本下降了10.1%,充分显示其优越性。     

中低温太阳能品位间接提升及系统集成

本文提出了中低温太阳热能品位间接提升的概念、方法和系统集成,其核心是热集成和热化学转换的有机结合。在所提出的太阳能和化石能源综合互补的化学回热循环系统(SOLRGT)中,中低温太阳热能首先提供蒸汽蒸发潜热从而转化为蒸汽内能;其次通过蒸汽参与重整反应进一步转化为合成气化学能,实现品位提升;最后得以在高效的燃气轮机系统中实现热功转换。由于太阳能的引入,燃气轮机透平排气余热回收部分的热匹配得到极大改善,并减少了化石能源消耗;同时,蒸汽产率的增加有助于增进系统化学回热和物理回热收益。系统中太阳能热转功净效率可达26.5%;和常规化学回热循环相比,化石能源节约率可达20%～30%,实现相应数量的CO_2减排,系统中实现了中低温太阳能的高效热功转换和与化石燃料的梯级互补。     

太阳能高温热化学与甲烷互补的多联产系统

本文基于高温太阳能热化学等温法循环分解H_2O或CO_2制备H_2或CO,通过在其下游加入甲烷进行重整及部分氧化反应,在进行余热余气回收的同时实现了甲醇动力多联产,提出三种系统方案并进行了能耗及效率分析。结果表明,等温法同时分解水和CO_2的甲醇动力多联产系统,可以取消水煤气变换反应及CO_2的分离单元,进行合理的热回收后达到太阳能甲醇转换效率为30.52%,制取甲醇的净太阳能能耗为65.25 GJ/t,甲烷单耗为25.74 GJ/t。采用甲烷互补的甲醇动力多联产可取代超高温换热器以及甲醇合成过程的自备电厂,与仅有太阳能作为输入的高温太阳能热化学双温法制取甲醇相比,效率可提升两倍。     

中低温太阳热能的甲醇重整制氢能量转换机理研究

通过甲醇-水蒸汽化学反应,本文提出中低温太阳热能与甲醇重整反应结合的制氢新方法,探讨了中低温太阳热能与甲醇重整制氢过程的能量转换机理,分析了不同压力条件下的水碳比、反应温度对中低温太阳热能-甲醇重整制氢的影响规律.研究结果表明:集热180～240 ℃的低品位太阳热能(品位为0.34～0.42)将能更好地与甲醇重整反应所需的品位相匹配.在反应压力为1×1.01325×105 Pa,反应产物中H2浓度可有望达到72%～75%,中低温太阳热能转化为化学能占燃料化学能的份额可达12%.该研究为低能耗制取清洁燃料氢提供了一条新途径.     

中低温太阳热能与甲醇重整互补制氢实验研究

本文提出一种利用150～300℃中低温太阳能驱动的甲醇-水重整反应制氢的新方法,该方法操作温度远低于其他太阳能热化学制氢方式.在5kW抛物槽式太阳能集热器.吸收/反应器上对制氢关键过程进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:甲醇转化率可达90%以上,产物氢气浓度为66%～74%;1mol甲醇制氢量可达2.90mol,接近理想状态3mol;基于能量品位的概念,深入分析了这一过程的能量转换机理;并对制氢成本进行了初步分析.本文的研究成果为高效利用中低温太阳热能与低能耗、低成本制氢提供一条新途径.     

集成太阳能热化学过程的冷热电联产系统

提出了集成抛物槽式双轴跟踪镜场的太阳能与清洁燃料热化学互补的微燃机冷热电联产系统。双轴跟踪的抛物槽镜场产生中低温太阳能热驱动吸收/反应管内甲醇分解生成合成气。合成气作为微燃机燃料,驱动分布式能源系统输出冷热电产品。研究了太阳能热化学关键过程吸收/反应管内甲醇转化率、沿程温度分布规律,对系统进行了能量分析和拥分析。结果表明,新系统热效率为74.74%,系统发电效率达到32.34%。研究结果为高效、稳定利用太阳能和清洁燃料提供了一种有效途径。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.