迁移率对单层有机发光器件中电场与载流子分布的影响

有机发光器件的宏观特性与有机层中的电场和载流子浓度分布密切相关。建立的有机电致发光器件模型是由两个金属电极中间夹一层有机发光薄膜材料组成的单层器件,金属与有机发光层之间为欧姆接触。模型以载流子运动的扩散-漂移理论为基础,利用数值方法研究了有机发光层中双极载流子注入时的电势、电场、载流子浓度和复合密度分布。分析结果表明:当两种载流子的迁移率相同时,电场强度、载流子浓度、复合密度的分布呈对称形式。而当电子和空穴的迁移率μn和μp相差比较大时,高迁移率的载流子不仅仅分布在注入端附近而且还有一小部分能够传输到另一端,而低迁移率的载流子只分布在其注入端附近;当μn、μp的大小相差不大时,载流子传输情况就介于两者之间。当μn/μp的比值变化时,电场强度的极大值向载流子迁移率小的注入端偏移。     

有机电致发光器件中载流子的输运和复合发光

以高场作用下载流子对三角势垒的FowlerNordheim隧穿理论为基础,建立了单层有机电致发光器件中载流子输运和复合发光模型,给出了薄膜中电子空穴对的解离和复合概率及电子和空穴的密度分布.计算并讨论了外加电压和注入势垒对器件电流和复合效率的影响. 关键词： 电致发光器件 载流子输运 载流子复合     

温度对单层有机电致发光器件电流平衡因子的影响（英文）

考虑有机薄膜中的陷阱,建立单层双极性有机发光器件的电学模型,研究了在不同的载流子迁移率和注入势垒条件下,器件工作温度对器件电流平衡因子的影响.研究表明:在低温工作区,当电子注入势垒和空穴注入势垒相等时,器件的电流平衡因子最大;在高温工作区,当电子迁移率大于空穴迁移率时,若电子注入势垒大于空穴注入势垒,器件的电流平衡因子最大,而当电子迁移率小于空穴迁移率时,情况恰好相反;当电子迁移率等于空穴迁移率时,电子注入势垒和空穴注入势垒相等时器件的电流平衡因子最大.此外,器件的电流平衡因子随着器件工作温度的升高而逐渐增大.可对设计高性能有机发光器件提供一定的理论参考.     

载流子迁移率对单层有机发光二极管复合效率的影响

建立了在单层有机发光二极管中电场强度不太大(E≤104Vcm)的情况下,载流子注入、传输和复合的理论模型.通过求解非线性Painleve方程得出了电场强度随坐标变化的解析函数关系式以及电流密度随电压变化关系,给出了电流密度以及器件的复合效率在不同的载流子迁移率情况下随电压变化关系图像.结果表明,复合效率受载流子迁移率影响较大,在器件中多数载流子应具有较低的迁移率,而少数载流子应具有较高的迁移率,这样有利于载流子的注入和传输,从而可提高发光效率.并且得出当空穴迁移率大于电子迁移率时,复合区域偏向阴极,反之亦 关键词： 单层有机发光二极管 复合效率 迁移率     

量子点发光二极管功能层厚度确定方法

为改善量子点发光二极管器件载流子注入平衡,提出一种量子点发光二极管各功能层厚度的确定方法.首先选定量子点发光层厚度,基于隧穿模型进行仿真分析确定电子传输层厚度;然后采用空间电荷限制电流模型进行仿真分析确定空穴传输层厚度.采用CdSe/ZnS量子点作为发光层、poly-TPD作为空穴传输层、Alq_3作为电子传输层,按照该方法仿真分析得到各功能层厚度进行旋涂-蒸镀法实物器件制备.对比实验结果表明:当poly-TPD、QDs及Alq_3厚度分别为45nm、25nm及35nm时,获得了较高的发光效率及色纯度,器件性能最好.该方法确定的各功能层厚度有助于减少载流子在发光界面积累,获得载流子的注入平衡,从而改善QLEDs发光性能.     

界面空间电荷对双层有机电致发光器件效率的影响

本文建立了双层有机电致发光器件中载流子在有机/有机界面复合的无序跳跃理论模型.计算表明:①内界面处电子和空穴的有效势垒高义决定OLEDs中的电子和空穴密度的分布,而电子与空穴密度又决定了电场强度的大小;且复合效率随着有效势垒高度的增加而增加;②当电压较低时,复合效率随载流子有效跳跃距离的增加而增加;当电压较高时,复合效率随载流子的有效跳跃距离的增加而减少;③当界面场强差较小时,有机层界面场强突变增大,复合效率增大,当界面场强差达临界值时,复合效率反而随着界面场强差的增大而减小.该理论模型可较好地解释相关的实验现象.     

量子阱垒层掺杂变化对双波长LED调控作用研究

采用APSYS软件研究了InGaN/GaN量子阱垒层掺杂变化对双波长 发光二极管发光光谱的调控问题. 在不同掺杂类型和浓度下对器件电子空穴浓度分布、 载流子复合速率、 能带结构、 发光光谱进行分析, 结果表明, 调节量子阱垒层n型和p型的掺杂浓度可以精确而有效地根据需要调控发光光谱, 解决发光光谱调控难的问题. 这些现象归因于掺杂的量子阱垒层对电子空穴分布的调控作用.     

高效率的有机电致发光器件

有机电致发光器件 (OL EDs)的发光机理包括电子和空穴从电极的注入、激子的形成及复合发光 ,其中 ,空穴和电子的注入平衡是非常重要的。为了平衡载流子的注入以得到高效率和稳定性好的器件 ,人们不仅使用了电子注入更为有效的 L i F/ Al[1] 和 Cs F/ Al[2 ] 等复合电极 ,同时也使用了空穴缓冲层 ,如 S.A.Van Slyke等 [3]在ITO和 NPB之间使用 Cu Pc,使得器件的稳定性得到了明显的提高 ;A.Gyoutoku等[4 ] 用碳膜使器件的半寿命超过 3 5 0 0小时 ;最近 ,Y.Kurosaka等 [5]和 Z.B.Deng[6 ]分别在 ITO和空穴传输层之间插入一薄层 Al…     

利用LiF空穴阻挡/激子限制层提高有机电致发光器件效率

将厚度为0.5 nm的LiF薄层引入到双层有机电致发光器件(OLEDs)的Alq3发光/电子传输层中作为空穴阻挡/激子限制层,研究其位置对器件光电性能的影响。发现LiF薄层在不同位置均明显提高器件的发光效率,当LiF薄膜距离TPD/Alq3界面20~40 nm时,OLEDs的最大发光效率约为4.5 cd/A,是对比器件(没有LiF薄层)的1.8倍。OLEDs的电流密度随着减小LiF薄层与阴极的距离而增大。研究表明,这是因为LiF薄层可有效阻挡进入复合发光区域未复合的过剩空穴并导致其积累,空穴积累可提高电子传输区域中的电场,提高其中电子的传输和从阴极的注入,从而提高复合发光区域中的载流子平衡及其复合几率;LiF薄层可将激子限制在复合发光区域,减少激子被阴极淬灭的几率。     

InGaN/GaN多量子阱结构发光二极管发光机理转变的低频电流噪声表征

本文对InGaN/GaN多量子阱结构发光二极管开启后的电流噪声进行了测试, 结合低频电流噪声的特点和载流子之间的复合机理, 研究了低频电流噪声功率谱密度与发光二极管发光转变机理之间的关系. 结论表明, 当电流从0.1 mA到10 mA逐渐增大的过程中, InGaN/GaN发光二极管的电流噪声行为从产生-复合噪声逐渐接近于低频1/f噪声, 载流子的复合机理从非辐射复合过渡为电子与空穴之间载流子数的辐射复合, 并具有标准1/f噪声的趋势, 此时多量子阱中的电子和空穴之间的复合趋向于稳定. 本文的结论提供了一种表征InGaN/GaN多量子阱发光二极管发光机理转变的有效方法, 为进一步研究发光二极管中载流子的复合机理、优化和设计发光二极管、提高其发光量子效率提供理论依据.     

Analysis of the photovoltaic efficiency of a molecular solar cell based on a two-level system

A molecular solar cell is modelled as a two-level system connected to electrodes by chains of electron-transporting and hole-transporting orbitals. Light absorption and emission are simulated using the generalised Planck equation and intermolecular charge transfer using non-adiabatic Marcus theory. Quantum efficiency–voltage characteristics, open-circuit voltage and monochromatic power-conversion efficiency are calculated as a function of the following parameters: charge-separation rate, interfacial recombination rate, charge mobility, light intensity and built-in bias. We find that slow charge separation, fast recombination and low mobility all contribute to a decrease in efficiency compared to the ideal (detailed balance) limit. When charge-separation and interfacial recombination rates are related through the intermolecular coupling, maximum efficiency is achieved at some optimum, but not the maximum, charge-separation rate. Two regimes are distinguished for the open-circuit voltage: when interfacial recombination is important, V_oc varies approximately linearly with the donor–acceptor energy gap; but when recombination is insignificant, V_oc is determined by the optical gap. Including exciton binding energy in the driving force for charge separation reduces V_oc. In systems with significant recombination, V_oc first increases and then saturates with increasing light intensity. Low mobility and interfacial recombination are the main avoidable sources of loss when realistic parameters are used, but the effects of low mobility can be partly compensated by applying a built-in bias between the electrodes. PACS 72.40.+w; 73.40.Lq; 72.80.Le     

Trap-assisted recombination in disordered organic semiconductors

The trap-assisted recombination of electrons and holes in organic semiconductors is investigated. The extracted capture coefficients of the trap-assisted recombination process are thermally activated with an identical activation energy as measured for the hole mobility μ(p). We demonstrate that the rate limiting step for this mechanism is the diffusion of free holes towards trapped electrons in their mutual Coulomb field, with the capture coefficient given by (q/ε)μ(p). As a result, both the bimolecular and trap-assisted recombination processes in organic semiconductors are governed by the charge carrier mobilities, allowing predictive modeling of organic light-emitting diodes.     

Influence of charge carrier mobility on the performance of organic solar cells

The power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells based on donor–acceptor blends is governed by an interplay of polaron pair dissociation and bimolecular polaron recombination. Both processes are strongly dependent on the charge carrier mobility, the dissociation increasing with faster charge transport, with raised recombination losses at the same time. Using a macroscopic effective medium simulation, we calculate the optimum charge carrier mobility for the highest power conversion efficiency, for the first time accounting for injection barriers and a reduced Langevin‐type recombination. An enhancement of the charge carrier mobility from 10^–8 m²/V s for state of the art polymer–fullerene solar cells to about 10^–6 m²/V s, which yields the maximum efficiency, corresponds to an improvement of only about 20% for the given parameter set. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

注入和输运对单层有机发光器件复合发光的影响

通过分析聚合物电致发光器件中载流子注入、输运、激子的解离与复合过程,提出了激子解离与复合的理论模型. 基于电流连续性方程和Poisson方程,给出了激子复合密度、电流密度及复合效率表达式.研究两电极与有机层之间在Ohmic和Fowler-Nordheim接触条件下载流子迁移率对器件中激子的复合密度及外加电压和注入势垒对器件电流和复合效率的影响.结果表明:1)在一个较宽的注入势垒和迁移率范围内,复合密度不是由两个注入电极的相对注入比决定而是由有机层电子和空穴迁移率之比所支配;2)固定阴极势垒,而阳极势垒由小变大时,器件电流由接触限制向空间电荷限制转变;3)复合效率随外电压升高先增加,当电压达一临界值时而陡降,存在一个最佳的注入势垒值.结果说明:电极与有机层的能带匹配及有机层间的迁移率匹配对器件复合发光有着极其重要的影响.其计算值与所报道的理论结果相符.     

Physical modeling of direct current and radio frequency characteristics for In P-based InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs

Direct current(DC) and radio frequency(RF) performances of InP-based high electron mobility transistors(HEMTs)are investigated by Sentaurus TCAD. The physical models including hydrodynamic transport model, Shockley–Read–Hall recombination, Auger recombination, radiative recombination, density gradient model and high field-dependent mobility are used to characterize the devices. The simulated results and measured results about DC and RF performances are compared, showing that they are well matched. However, the slight differences in channel current and pinch-off voltage may be accounted for by the surface defects resulting from oxidized InAlAs material in the gate-recess region. Moreover,the simulated frequency characteristics can be extrapolated beyond the test equipment limitation of 40 GHz, which gives a more accurate maximum oscillation frequency( f_(max)) of 385 GHz.     

Charge transport in anodic TiO2 nanotubes studied by terahertz spectroscopy

We report on the photoelectrochemical and terahertz measurements, of the charge transport properties of 1 μm thick self‐organized TiO₂ nanotube layers, prepared by the anodization of titanium. We provide evidence regarding the complexity of electron transport, and dynamics in the nanotubes. Shortly after photoexcitation, charge mobilites in amorphous and crystalline nanotubes are similar, but still lower compared to the bulk anatase. The mobility subsequently decreases due to trapping‐detrapping processes. The recombination rate in anatase nanotubes is much slower than in the amorphous ones, enabling the material to reach an internal photon to electron conversion efficiency exceeding 60%.     

Analysis of microscopic parameters of surface charging in polymer caused by defocused electron beam irradiation

The relationship between microscopic parameters and polymer charging caused by defocused electron beam irradiation is investigated using a dynamic scattering-transport model. The dynamic charging process of an irradiated polymer using a defocused 30 keV electron beam is conducted. In this study, the space charge distribution with a 30 keV non-penetrating e-beam is negative and supported by some existing experimental data. The internal potential is negative, but relatively high near the surface, and it decreases to a maximum negative value at z = 6 μm and finally tend to 0 at the bottom of film. The leakage current and the surface potential behave similarly, and the secondary electron and leakage currents follow the charging equilibrium condition. The surface potential decreases with increasing beam current density, trap concentration, capture cross section, film thickness and electron–hole recombination rate, but with decreasing electron mobility and electron energy. The total charge density increases with increasing beam current density, trap concentration, capture cross section, film thickness and electron–hole recombination rate, but with decreasing electron mobility and electron energy. This study shows a comprehensive analysis of microscopic factors of surface charging characteristics in an electron-based surface microscopy and analysis.     

Electromigration with enhanced green emission in the titanium dioxide nanotube/graphene composite

One of the most studied photoluminescence emission peaks of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is green, located at about 520 nm, which is assigned to the radiative recombination between a mobile electron in the conduction band and oxygen vacancy defect as a trapped hole in the bandgap. Composite materials of TiO₂ with graphene are normally shown by the gradual quenching of photoluminescence intensity as a result of carrier lifetime extension, which is important to enhance photocatalytic activity. Herein we report an observation of the intensity enhancement of the green PL emission in a composite TiO₂ nanotube (TNT) and graphene produced through facile hydrothermal synthesis. The heterojunction formation of graphene and TNT makes the excited photoelectrons easy to diffuse from TNT to graphene. Hence, the recombination rate of mobile electrons in graphene and trapped holes located on the nanotube surface is enhanced due to the high mobility of electrons in graphene.