喷水温度对内燃兰金循环燃烧过程影响的试验研究

内燃兰金循环发动机采用氧气代替空气作为助燃剂,规避了氮排放物,可以以较低成本通过冷凝过程分离废气中的水蒸气和二氧化碳,随后对二氧化碳进行回收,实现了采用化石燃料的超低排放循环.本文利用自主开发的内燃兰金循环发动机试验台架对喷水温度对燃烧过程的影响进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,在燃烧过程中喷入循环水可控制燃烧速率,使最大爆发压力后移。相同的喷水脉宽及喷射压力下,高喷水温度时发动机的IMEP显著高于低温喷水工况,较高的喷水温度可增加上止点附近进入缸内的焓值,故可通过提高喷水温度增加IMEP,进而提高循环热效率。     

进气预冷富燃预燃混排涡扇发动机热力循环

为满足高超声速飞行器对高比冲和大推力发动机的需要,提出了一种可重复使用的进气预冷富燃预燃混合排气涡扇发动机(Pre-cooled and Fuel-rich Pre-burned Mixed-flow Turbofan,PFPMT)热力循环。PFPMT发动机的特点是增大内涵空气进气预冷程度,内涵压气机为富燃燃气发生器提供空气作为氧化剂,内涵空气与预冷器出口燃料混合燃烧产生富燃燃气,驱动涡轮、带动内涵压气机与风扇增压,风扇外涵空气与涡轮出口排气在主燃烧室中掺混燃烧,产生高温燃气由喷管产生推力。对发动机热力循环进行了参数化分析,发动机比冲随着压气机压比的增大而增加,尤其是随着风扇压比增加的更为明显;单位推力主要随风扇压比增加而增加,受内涵压比影响较小。发动机地面的比冲与单位推力分别可以达到4500 s与900 N·s/kg以上;在Ma=5.0飞行条件下,发动机比冲与单位推力在3500 s与1100 N·s/kg以上。     

压气机无级间冷燃气轮机性能的理论研究

本文针对压气机入口喷水方式,探讨了利用水的显热及蒸发潜热对压缩空气进行连续冷却的效果,建立了连续冷却（无级间冷）数学模型,在理论上研究了最大注水量、最佳注水量、以及注水最小压比,分析了相应循环的性能特点。     

喷水对半闭环燃气轮机循环的影响

本文对燃气轮机的简单循环、开环和半闭环系统,分别以空气和CO2作为工质、纯氧为氧化物、天然气为燃料时的热力循环过程,在喷水及不喷水条件下,利用自行设计的分析软件进行了较为系统的数值分析和性能评估,详尽分析了喷水量对使用空气或CO2作为工质的半闭环燃气轮机循环的影响,揭示了适量喷水有助于提高循环效率和输出功率的客观规律,为研制CO2零排放的高效燃气轮机装置奠定了坚实的理论基础.     

100 kW微燃机性能核算及压气机进气道喷水影响

通过对100 kW微型燃气轮回热循环的热力计算,得到了该燃机的总体性能并进行了敏感度分析。随后进行了压气机进气道喷水对燃机发电效率及发电功率影响的计算,指出进气喷水冷却是在夏天提高燃机效率及功率的有效手段之一,但其效果受到了环境条件,尤其是环境湿度的明显影响。     

一种基于内燃机余热回收的冷电联供系统

本文建立一种基于内燃机余热利用的冷电联供系统,构建了热力学数学模型,研究了关键热力参数对联供系统热力性能的影响。结果表明:布雷顿循环透平膨胀压比的降低、压气机进口温度的降低及透平进口温度的增加,均有利于系统热力性能的提升;有机朗肯循环透平进口压力的增加能使得系统的电能输出及总效率增加;喷射式制冷循环喷射器进口工作蒸气压力增加能提高制冷量及制冷效率。为了获得联供系统的最佳设计参数和性能,采用遗传算法,对系统进行单目标优化,得出此联供系统最大效率能达到54.22%,此时电能输出为31.58 kW,制冷量输出为3.15 kW,系统能较好地回收内燃机余热。     

布雷顿-逆布雷顿联合循环最优性能

用有限时间热力学研究布雷顿-逆布雷顿联合循环的热力学性能.调整质量流率和底循环压气机的入口压力优化该联合循环的功率和效率.分析表明,分别存在最佳的燃料流率和底循环压气机的最佳入口压力使循环输出功率最大,最大功率对应顶循环压气机压比有附加的最大值.给定质量流率和动力装置尺寸的情况下,通过合理分配顶循环压气机入口和底循环透平出口之间的流通面积,循环输山功率和热效率可以得到再次优化.     

超临界CO_2部分预冷循环特性分析及优化研究

针对超临界二氧化碳部分预冷循环,建立了循环热力学模型和经济学模型,分析了循环关键参数对循环效率和系统成本的影响。将透平进口温度、循环压比和换热器窄点温差作为优化变量,以系统的效率最大和成本最小为优化目标,利用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)进行多目标优化,获得优化解集的Pareto曲线。结果表明;超临界二氧化碳部分预冷循环是一种高效率的热力循环;在给定条件下,减小窄点温差、提高热源温度、提高透平和压气机的等熵效率可以增加系统效率,增大循环压比、降低热源温度、增加窄点温差可以降低系统成本;优化所得到的系统效率和成本呈同时增加的关系,需要从工程实际情况考虑来选取最优方案。     

集成SCO_2动力循环的燃煤电站余热回收系统研究

低温烟气热能的高效梯级利用是火电厂节能减排的重要方向之一。本文结合某1000 MW超临界机组,对常规低温省煤器烟气余热利用系统进行了热力学分析,发现该系统可使系统发电标准煤耗率降低2.50 g·(kW·h)~(-1),但分析发现,空气预热器耗散占输入媚的22.03%,多于锅炉排烟所携带的。为此,本文提出了集成SCO_2动力循环的火电厂低温烟气热能利用系统,旨在减少空气预热器中的耗散。对SCO_2动力循环参数进行了优化,在优化参数下该系统可以使发电标准煤耗率降低3.62 g.(kW·h)~(-1),进一步集成低温省煤器可使发电标准煤耗率降低达5.58 g·(.kW·h)~(-1),最后采用分析结果解释了系统节能的本质原因。     

对涡旋流对跨声速压气机转子Rotor67的影响

为研究对涡旋流畸变对压气机的影响,本文基于一种新设计的旋流畸变发生器,利用CFD技术,开展了对涡旋流畸变与NASA Rotor67跨声速转子的数值仿真研究。在100%换算转速下,对比分析均匀进气以及旋流进气条件下的压气机压比、效率特性线以及流场分布情况。结果表明,对涡旋流会引起压气机增压能力和效率的下降,并降低压气机稳定工作裕度。在100%换算转速、旋流进气条件下压气机峰值效率点处的流量值较之均匀进气条件下降低2.33%,峰值效率降低2.44%,该点处压比降低0.25%。压气机失速点流量增加0.99%,压气机稳定工作流量范围下降。     

硫酸镁微液滴水和重水交换动力学的微区拉曼研究

本文利用微区拉曼技术,研究硫酸镁液滴水和重水交换的动力学.在低湿度时,由接触离子对连接形成的链状结构使硫酸镁液滴表面形成胶态结构,阻碍其与环境之间的水交换,造成表面和内部的结构差异.拉曼光谱的高空间分辨能力为观测这一特殊的表面结构提供了便利.沉积在聚四氟乙烯疏水基底上的硫酸镁重水液滴呈球形,可以实现对液滴表面和中心的两...     

Boiling crisis in droplets of ethanol water solution on the heating surface

Evaporation of droplets of ethanol water solution on a heated surface is studied experimentally at high heat fluxes. The behavior of water-alcohol mixtures was examined under the conditions of heat transfer crisis. Direct measurement of the current mass of evaporating droplets allows us to study the behavior of liquid batches in significantly nonstationary processes. An insignificant alcohol admixture to water increases significantly the transitional area of the crisis. The maximal length of transitional area corresponds to a mass concentration of alcohol of about 30%. For this concentration the heat transfer coefficient of the water-alcohol solution is maximal. It is shown that addition of highly volatile liquids to water allows efficient control of evaporation rate, which can be used for engineering processes.     

Modeling the Water Droplet Evaporation Processes with Regard to Convection,Conduction and Thermal Radiation

A predictive model was developed for investigation of high-temperature heating and evaporation of water droplets. The model takes into account the basic interrelated processes of heat transfer and phase transitions. Typical velocity and temperature profiles were found in the high-temperature gas–water droplet system with external gas medium temperature varied from 100 to 800°C. Various formulations of the problem, significantly different in the type of considered processes and factors, are considered.We analyzed temperature conditions of heating and evaporation of water droplets, which allow the use of simplified models and which need consideration of all complex interrelated processes of heat and mass transfer (including convection, conduction and radiant heat transfer in droplets, and also in the surface vapor–gas layer).     

Heat transfer within combusting droplets

The improvement of the basic understanding of heat transfer in sprays is a key point in many engineering applications. In this paper, the temperature field within combusting ethanol droplets in linear stream is investigated by the two-color laser induced fluorescence technique. Additionally, a heat transfer model within the droplet is developed, taking into account both heat conduction and heat advection by the droplet internal fluid circulation, according to the Hill vortex pattern. Heat and mass exchanges between the liquid and the gas phases are described within the framework of the quasi-steady approach and the film theory. Comparisons between measurements and computational results allow determining the intensity of the Hill vortex related to the maximum velocity at the droplet surface. An expression of the friction coefficient for combusting and interacting droplets is derived from the case of an isolated droplet and a good agreement with the experimental data is observed.     

Parametric study on a compound-drop spray flame

The introduction of compound-drop spray in a combustion system is a new concept. These droplets bear two gasification stages to cause an integral positive or negative effect on a premixed flame to raise or lower the local temperature of the gasification region. In this paper, we adopt a compound drop which contains a water core encased by a layer of shell fuel. A one-dimensional homogeneous lean or rich premixed flame with the dilute compound-drop spray was investigated by using large activation energy asymptotic analysis. The compound-drop spray burning mode was defined and divided into completely pre-vaporised burning (CPB), shell pre-vaporised burning (SPB) and shell partially pre-vaporised (SPP) burning modes by way of the gasification zones of the shell fuel and the core water relative to the flame position. The influences of the initial droplet radius, the shell-fuel mass fraction and the liquid loading of the compound-drop spray on the lean and rich flames were analysed. By means of the normalisation parameter of flame propagation mass flux (), enhancement, suppression or extinction of the compound-drop spray flame can be represented clearly. Furthermore, from the observation of extinction, the necessary conditions of extinction of a lean spray flame by the internal heat transfer are that the spray is a negative effect and causes a sufficient heat loss rate at flame sheet downstream side. For a rich spray flame, three extinction patterns were observed; they occur in SPP, SPB or at the critical SPB mode, but do not in CPB. The extinction maps of the compound-drop spray demarcate the patterns and also indicate the limitations and corresponding conditions of the flame extinction.     

Monitoring the buckling threshold of drying colloidal droplets using water-ethanol mixtures

We visualize the drying of droplets of colloids suspended in a mixture of two miscible solvents, namely water and ethanol. After a period of isotropic shrinkage, droplets suddenly buckle like elastic shells. For a fixed colloid solid fraction, the buckling threshold evolves as a function of ethanol content, due to changes of the solvent mixture physical properties, such as viscosity and evaporation rate. A simplified model predicting the qualitative behavior of the buckling threshold as a function of the initial ethanol mass fraction has been developed that fits well experimental results.     

Aqueous Droplet Sizing by Inertial Classification

The particle size distribution of an aerosol generated from an aqueous system is difficult to analyse because of the shrinkage of the droplets due to solvent evaporation. These problems are very important for the characterization of medical nebulizers, since most of the drugs delivered via inhalation are water soluble. In situ methods for droplet size analysis, such as laser diffraction, phase Doppler anemometry and light scattering, do not determine either the initial or the equilibrium size distribution. With the residual technique, which means evaporating the droplets and measuring the size and concentration of the residuals, the instability of the aqueous droplets plays no role and the necessary radioactive labelling of the sprayed material allows a direct determination of the mass flow rate at the mouthpiece of the nebulizer. In this way it is possible to discriminate between the delivered drug solution and the water necessary to humidify the incoming air. The output of nebulizers of different designs is given for various operating conditions, filling volumes and solution concentrations. The measured droplet size distribution of a nebulizer is found to be fixed mainly by its internal impaction system.     

Visualization of aggregation process of dispersed water droplets and the effect of aggregation on secondary atomization of emulsified fuel droplets

The effect of aggregation of dispersed water droplets on secondary atomization of emulsified fuel droplets in a heating process was investigated. Secondary atomization was observed using a single droplet experiment in which a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsified fuel droplet prepared using colored water was heated by a halogen heater. The initial diameter of dispersed water droplets before heating was controlled, and the change in the diameter of dispersed water droplets was measured by image analysis. As a result, the aggregation process of dispersed water droplets in the heating process was successfully visualized. The dispersed water droplet diameter increased with an increase in W/O emulsified fuel droplet temperature. The occurrence probability of micro-explosion increased with an increase in the dispersed water droplet diameter in emulsified fuel droplets. It is suggested that the occurrence probability of micro-explosion can be increased by accelerating the aggregation and coalescence of dispersed water droplets below 430 K, which is the average temperature of the starting point of puffing.     

A novel method for analyzing formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections by mass spectrometry imaging

Significant advances have been made in the past decade in the field of mass spectrometry imaging (MS imaging). It is a relatively unestablished technique aimed at direct, high-sensitive and spatially exclusive detection of biological molecules from the surface of tissue sections, so that semi-quantitative distribution map of the analyte can be reconstituted from the mass spectra obtained. There is tremendous potential in its application especially in clinical field, such as biomarker discovery or pharmacokinetic study. However, vast majority of the work has been performed on frozen tissue sections, while it remains generally unpractical to produce frozen sections with clinically resected tumor samples. Here we report our novel sample preparation technique that enabled MS imaging from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue section, including retrospective archive as old as 11 years. FFPE sections were first dewaxed with pre-warmed xylene, and exposed tissue surface was enzymatically digested in nanoliter scale droplets to retain analyte localization. As a result, we succeeded in obtaining MS images of peptide peaks derived from several proteins, identified by MS/MS analysis, using ovarian cancer FFPE sections. The qualities of mass spectra obtained by this method were not significantly different from those obtained from frozen sections. By this, we opened the door to retrospective study of past clinical cases in aim to discover molecular biomarker.     

冰的熔解热实验中冰水质量比的探讨

冰与温水质量比对冰的熔解热实验的成败起着关键作用。文章对冰水质量比进行测量和分析,得出了冰的熔解热实验中最适合的冰水质量比的范围约为1／12-1／5。