探讨冰的熔解热实验中水温与室温差的适用范围

通过大量的冰的熔解热测量的实验结果,得到学生实验时比较合适的水温与室温差和冰水质量比为:当冰水质量比约为1 6时,水温与室温差可取9～13℃;当冰水质量比约为1 8时,水温与室温差可取6～9℃;当冰水质量比约为1 10～1 11时,水温与室温差可取5～7℃。     

外推法计算冰的熔解热的理论依据及Matlab实现方案

本文基于牛顿冷却规律给出了“冰的熔解热实验”中用外推法修正温度的完整的理论依据.采用Matlab编程实现了修正温度时面积补偿的要求,将其用于数字温度计所得实验数据的处理,计算得到的熔解热值基本符合预期.通过理论分析和数值计算发现,采用外推法处理实验数据基本上不依赖于冰、水质量以及投冰时水温等实验参数的设置,而环境温度测量虽然影响散热系数的计算,但对温度的修正与熔解热的计算影响很小,因此,基于该方法的熔解热测量很适合在实验条件要求不高的物理实验教学中推广应用.     

冰的熔解热测定的实验改进

冰在熔解过程中需要吸取热能,根据热力学第一定律,将冰与水混合的过程中系统的总能量守恒。混合法测定冰的熔解热作为大学物理中一个经典实验,在大学物理实验的教学中具有重要的地位。本文从细节出发对传统实验冰的熔解热的测定进行改进,包含对量热器进行改造、改良实验数据的处理等方法,提高了实验结果的精确度,节约了实验器材的成本。最后测得的冰的熔解热的数值误差仅为标准值的0.299%,对今后我校在本实验上的教学有深远的意义。     

从冰的熔解热看物理实验教与学中存在的问题

介绍了2011年天津市中学生物理奥赛中冰的熔解热实验题,通过分析学生在竞赛中出现的一些错误,指出了学生在物理实验学习和教师在物理实验教学中存在的问题.     

谈谈冰水混合的几种情况

在高二物理物态变化一章里,常会遇到冰水混合的問題。由于学生思維不够周密,加上对熔解热的概念理解不够透澈,故在計算当中往往会得出錯誤的結果。下面就是一个具体的例子: 在盛有200克、8℃的水的量热器中,投入一块300克—20℃的冰。在热平衡时,量热器     

用混合量热法测冰熔解热系统误差剖析

本文根据实验实际，对用混合量热法测定冰的熔解热的系统误差进行了估其与分析，并据此提出了减小系统误差的建议。     

谈谈冰水混合的几种情况

在高二物理物态变化一章里,常会遇到冰水混合的問題。由于学生思維不够周密,加上对熔解热的概念理解不够透澈,故在計算当中往往会得出錯誤的結果。下面就是一个具体的例子: 在盛有200克、8℃的水的量热器中,投入一块300克—200℃的冰。在热平衡时,量热器里的物体的温度是多高?(朱波夫、沙里諾夫合著物理学习題集第233題。) 学生的錯誤情况是: 設:冰水混合后終温为t,則200克水由     

测定冰的熔解热实验探讨

对混合法测定冰的熔解热实验中的一些特殊情况进行了分析,通过对比发现几种情况最终可以归结为一个统一的结论,在对学生讲解该实验时可以引发学生思考,提高学生自我分析问题的能力.     

电热法测定冰的熔化热实验仪的研制

为了解决混合法测量冰的熔化热实验中热量损失的问题,设计了电热法测定冰的熔化热实验仪.真空保温杯和冰水混合物双重隔离实验对象,降低了冰与环境的热交换,通过移液管测量冰熔化成水的体积变化,进而测定冰的熔化热.     

冰的熔解热实验装置的改进

将保温杯引入到测定冰熔解热的实验中,提高了实验装置的保温性能;利用马达和风扇自制了搅拌装置,保证了搅拌均匀性;利用单片机、传感器模块和液晶屏实现了温度数显功能,提高了实验精度.通过对比改进前后的实验装置的实验数据可知,改进后的实验装置有效地减小了实验误差.     

Multi-Zone Ice Accretion and Roughness Models for Aircraft Icing Numerical Simulation

A mathematical multi-zone ice accretion model used in the numerical simulation of icing on airfoil surface based on three water states, namely, continuous film, rivulets and beads is studied in this paper. An improved multi-zone roughness model is proposed. According to the flow state of liquid water and film flow, rivulets flow governing equations are established to calculate film mass distribution, film velocity, rivulet wetness factor and rivulet mass distribution. Force equilibrium equations of droplet are used to establish the critical conditions of water film broken into rivulets and rivulets broken into beads. The temperature conduction inside the water layer and ice layer is considered. Using the proposed model ice accretion on a NACA0012 airfoil profile with a $4^◦$ angle of attack under different icing conditions is simulated. Different ice shapes like glaze ice, mixed ice and rime ice are obtained, and the results agree well with icing wind tunnel experiment data. It can be seen that, water films are formed on the surface, and heights of the films vary with icing time and locations. This results in spatially-temporally varying surface roughness and heat transfer process, ultimately affects the ice prediction. Model simulations indicate that the process of water film formation and evolution cannot be ignored, especially under glaze ice condition.     

分离式螺旋热管管外融冰放冷特性分析

在提出分离式螺旋热管蓄冷空调系统的基础上,建立了螺旋热管管外融冰放冷过程的理论模型;分析了蓄冷桶内融冰量及放冷量随时间的变化关系。研究结果表明,在蓄冷桶进口水温一定的情况下,外融冰的循环水流量越大,其融冰放冷过程就越快;在外融冰循环水流量一定的情况下,放冷过程随蓄冷桶进口水温的升高而加快。     

渤海海冰反射光谱基本特征的观测研究

针对渤海海冰监测的需要,在分析前人相关研究的基础上, 从洁净平整冰入手, 通过控制实验,在辽东湾鲅鱼圈港内获取不同厚度的洁净平整冰、有积雪覆盖海冰和含有泥沙海冰的样本,开展海冰现场反射光谱观测实验。根据两年的观测数据, 在可观测到的小于30 cm厚度范围内,洁净平整冰的光谱曲线呈现出“一大一小” 的双峰特征,且主反射峰值与海冰厚度有较好的对应关系;有积雪覆盖海冰的主反射峰光谱值要大大高于相同厚度的没有积雪覆盖的洁净平整冰主反射峰光谱值;含有泥沙的海冰的光谱曲线在675～725 nm波长范围内表现为先略有抬升,然后再继续下降的特征,而且其主反射峰值也大大升高。积雪覆盖和泥沙是产生渤海海冰“同厚异谱”或“同谱异厚”现象的重要原因。     

气体直接接触式制取冰浆实验研究

冰浆具有良好的流动性,有着广泛的用途。气体直接接触式换热具有换热系数高的优点,由于气流的速度可以更高,换热也就可以更充分,换热性能更好。本文利用氮气作为直接接触制冰系统的低温介质进行了制冰实验,分析了流量、流速、温度等因素对系统换热性能和冰堵的影响。     

Isotope Studies of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Ground Ice - Experiences with the Equilibration Technique

Abstract

Equilibration technique suitable for a large amount ofsamples is described for hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of ground ice, especially ice wedges, including the sampling strategy and the analytical procedure as well as the calibration of the Finnigan MAT Delta-S mass spectrometer in June, 1999. Since for future analyses of ice wedges, a higher sampling resolution with limited sample volume is required, the limit of the equliibration technique for small water samples size of between 0.05 and 5 ml was checked. For water samples smaller than 1ml, corresponding to a molar ratio [H₂O]/[H₂] of smaller than 0.994, a balance correction has to be applied. The experimental errors due to partial evaporation during evacuation, the balance calcultion of the isotope equilibration process, the linearity as well as memory effects of the mass spectrometer for smaples with large differences in δ¹⁸O and δD are tackled in this paper. In the polar regions of Northern Siberia without Late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation, ground ice is used as an archive for paleoclimate studies. First results of stable isotope measurements on ice wedges clearly show a shift towards heavier isotopes and thus warmer winter temperatures as well as a change in the source of the precipitation between Late Pleistocene and Holocene. These results indicate the high potential of ground ice for paleoclimate studies.     

Dynamics of Ice Surfaces

The dynamics of faceted and partially faceted single crystal and polycrystalline ice are reviewed with an emphasis on the manner in which microscopic effects produce macroscopic shapes. Our understanding of the former is rooted in the basic kinetics common to all materials and our pursuit of the latter is largely motivated by the striking patterns exhibited in the natural environment when water changes phase to become ice.     

NMR characterization of the pore structure and anisotropic self-diffusion in salt water Ice

NMR imaging and one- and two-dimensional self-diffusion propagator measurements of the liquid phase in salt water ice are presented. The properties of the network of brine-filled pores are found to depend on the growth conditions of the ice. Two types of samples are compared: (a) shock-frozen ice produced in the probe in situ and (b) ice grown over several hours under controlled conditions. By shock-freezing, an ice structure could be produced which featured streak-like porous channels of diameters of up to 300 μm allowing almost unrestricted self-diffusion along one preferential axis but reduced diffusivities in the remaining directions. In ice grown under controlled conditions, the pore sizes are near the resolution limit of the imaging experiment of typically 50 μm. For this type of samples, strongly non-Gaussian self-diffusion propagators are obtained, indicating restricted self-diffusion on rms scales of 30 μm. Common to all samples was the observation of highly anisotropic self-diffusion. One- and two-dimensional propagators are compared in order to estimate the degree of anisotropy and the size of the restrictions.