基于遗传神经网络的多光谱辐射测温法

针对BP神经网络易陷入局部极小等缺陷,将遗传算法(GA)与神经网络相结合,提出了一种将GA-BP算法应用于多光谱辐射测温的数据处理方法,并对基于亮度温度模型的多光谱辐射测温数据进行了仿真实验。结果表明：已训练样本的真实温度识别精度,GA-BP算法为±5 K,BP神经网络为±10 K;未训练样本的真实温度识别精度,GA-BP算法为±10 K,BP神经网络为±20 K;无论是GA-BP算法还是BP神经网络,已训练样本的真实温度识别精度比未训练样本的真实温度识别精度都更精确些,靠近训练样本集边缘的样本真实温度的识别精度偏低。说明GA-BP算法比BP神经网络可以更好地解决了目标真实温度的测量问题。     

基于吸光度的PET薄膜专色配方预测方法

基于吸光度与物质浓度的相关关系建立了一种PET薄膜印刷的混合油墨组分预测模型。该方法首先依据光的传播理论和光在墨层与承印材料中的多重内反射原理,利用基色和混合专色薄膜印品在黑白两色基底上的反射光谱,建立具有高透低反特性薄膜印品透射光谱的获取方法,并利用透射光谱求解吸收光谱;然后对专色吸光度与基色浓度进行回归分析,确定吸光度与基色浓度线性相关度高的特征波段,再根据郎伯比尔定律,利用特征波长处的专色样本吸光度与基色样本吸光度建立组分预测模型,求解专色样本的配方比例;最后,分析预测配方与预设浓度的偏差,并按照预测配方浓度重新打样,采用色差与光谱均方根误差对计算配方色与目标专色的匹配程度进行分析,验证模型精度。以凹印PET薄膜双基色混合样品为实验对象,对提出的方法进行测试。光谱分析表明,基色样本和专色样本光谱反射率曲线在黑白两种基底上有明显差异,但都随基色油墨浓度变化具有相同的变化规律,专色样本的光谱透射曲线随着基色浓度的变化接近浓度比例大的基色曲线,在400～580 nm区间,专色的吸收光谱随着基色油墨A浓度降低而升高,在580～700 nm区间随着基色油墨A浓度降低而降低。除570～590 nm吸收曲线相交区间以外,在可见光范围内专色油墨吸光度与基色油墨浓度之间的判定系数R2均大于0.95,平均值为0.990 0,两者具有强线性相关关系。分别选取基色A和B波长为520 nm(R2为0.994 2)和700 nm(R2为0.998 5)处的吸光度代入配色模型,并利用最小二乘法求解目标专色的配方比例。实验结果表明,六组预测浓度与预设浓度相比较,配方平均偏差为2.5%,无显著偏差。配方色样本与专色样本色差最大值为1.98,最小值为0.30,平均值为0.85,均满足GMI对专色复制的要求,其中5组专色色差小于1.5,符合专色忠实复制的要求;6组专色的光谱均方根误差最大值为2.93%,最小值为0.49%,平均值为1.40%,基本实现了同色同谱的高精度颜色复制。验证了该方法对于提高专色油墨配色精度和改善PET薄膜印刷质量具有显著效果,可为PET薄膜专色配方预测提供科学方法。     

喷墨打印系统多光谱特征化正向模型的建立

随着光谱技术的发展,打印系统的光谱特征化模型成为研究热点。基于光谱匹配的特征化模型通过直接预测设备基色的光谱反射比数据,可以有效的减少同色异谱现象的发生,为实现高保真印刷提供条件。主要基于Yule-Nielsen修正的Neugebauer光谱模型,开展了关于12色打印系统光谱特征化模型如何提高模型精度的研究。首先通过对颜色测量仪器及测量条件、喷墨打印机打印系统进行稳定性及精确度验证,为后续样本设计和测量提供可行性依据。然后,建立该研究设备适用的正向YNSN模型。依据CIELAB颜色空间中明度值L*均匀分布的原则,设计并输出了1 331个测试样本,抽取部分样本做训练样本,对所建立的光谱的特征化正向模型进行验证。结果表明,基于光谱的特征化模型预测精度较高,具有明显的优势。经验证,通过引入Yule-Nielsen修正参数n值,可进一步改善光谱预测精度。     

基于亮度因数分级BP神经网络的多基色显示系统色度转换模拟北大核心CSCD

针对多基色显示系统的颜色转换问题,提出一种基于亮度因数分级BP神经网络的色度转换方法,并建立CIE标准(X,Y,Z)空间到多基色(K_(1),K_(2),…,K_(n))空间的转换模型;将整个(X,Y,Z)颜色空间按训练样本的亮度因数Y分解成多个二维子空间,并形成亮度因数分级子空间BP网序列,从而减少了从低维度空间向高维度空间进行颜色转换时出现的同色异谱问题。以五基色LED显示系统为例,对亮度因数分级BP网的有效性开展验证实验。首先根据五基色LED显示系统的实际色度参数,建立了五基色显示系统(K_(1),K_(2),K_(3),K_(4),K_(5))空间到CIE标准(X,Y,Z)空间的线性转换模型;在此基础上采用最小色差匹配法,生成了典型亮度因数分级训练样本集和测试样本集,并完成了BP神经网络的训练和测试。结果表明,训练样本集的CIE1976L^(*)a^(*)b^(*)平均色差达到6.37以下,并且还有进一步的改进空间,为多基色显示系统的颜色转换工作提供了一种有效的技术途径。     

卷积神经网络用于近红外光谱预测土壤含水率

近红外光谱分析技术在土壤含水率预测方面具有独特的优势,是一种便捷且有效的方法。卷积神经网络作为高性能的深度学习模型,能够从复杂光谱数据中自主提取有效特征结构进行学习,与传统的浅层学习模型相比具有更强的模型表达能力。将卷积神经网络用于近红外光谱预测土壤含水率,并提出了有效的卷积神经网络光谱回归建模方法,简化了光谱数据的预处理要求,且具有更高的光谱预测精度。首先对不同含水率下土壤样品的光谱反射率数据进行简单的预处理,通过主成分分析减少光谱数据量,并将处理后的光谱数据变换为二维光谱信息矩阵,以适应卷积神经网络特殊的学习结构。然后基于卷积神经网络算法,设置双层卷积和池化结构逐层提取光谱数据的内部特征信息,并采用局部连接和权值共享减少网络参数、提高泛化性能。通过试验优化网络结构和各项参数,最终获得针对土壤光谱数据的卷积神经网络土壤含水率预测模型,并与传统的BP,PLSR和LSSVM模型进行对比实验。结果表明在训练样本达到一定数量时,卷积神经网络的预测精度和回归拟合度均高于三种传统模型。在少量训练样本参与建模的情况下,模型预测表现高于BP神经网络,但略低于PLSR和LSSVM模型。随着参与训练样本量的增加,卷积神经网络的预测精度和回归拟合度也随之稳定提升,达到并显著优于传统模型水平。因此,卷积神经网络能够利用近红外光谱数据对土壤含水率做出有效预测,且在较多样本参与建模时取得更好效果。     

BP神经网络用于肝炎患者舌诊近红外光谱的研究

为了对肝炎患者进行快速无创检测,用BP人工神经网络(ANN)方法在健康人与肝炎患者之间对人体舌面近红外光谱的反射率的关系进行关联方面的研究。分别采集了健康人和肝炎患者的舌左边、舌右边、舌下左边络脉、舌下右边络脉以及舌尖各部位各25例受试者的光谱数据,构造了一个3层神经网络结构,将所采集的各光谱数据进行归一化反射率预处理后作为神经网络的输入,建立了BP神经网络模型,分别选取对应的各个部位的40例作为训练样本集,用剩下的10例未知的样本进行预测,各部位测试的结果其相对偏差均在0.2以下,分类正确率为100%,达到满意的预测精度。结果表明提出的BP神经网络用于光谱舌诊进行无创检测识别不同病证提供了重要的参考价值。     

基于分区纽阶堡方程的6色印刷分色模型研究

借鉴颜色分区理论,以青、品、黄、黑、桔红、绿为基色构建6色印刷分色模型.从现有6色国际色彩联盟ICC)特性文件中获取光谱反射率数据,计算纽阶堡基色的色度数据,并创建各分区纽阶堡印刷呈色模型.在利用迭代法对分区纽阶堡方程组进行反向求解的过程中,引入了基于节点地址的色域压缩方案,成功地解决了对目标色域外样本点进行分色求解所...     

基于BP神经网络的数码相机特性化

由于数码相机的颜色空间是依赖于设备的,对于一个具体的数码相机,其光谱响应与设备独立的CIE标准观察者颜色匹配函数是一个非线性关系,因此不能真实复制场景的颜色。特性化彩色图像设备是提高图像的颜色复制质量的一个重要方法。介绍一种基于BP神经网络数码相机特性化方法。采用Munsell颜色系统作为目标色,大样本训练空间。测试了不同的网络结构和样本空间分布。训练样本平均色差为1.75CMC(1∶1)色差单位,测试样本为2.16。该方法在数码相机颜色测量、光谱重建等领域有广泛的应用前景。     

基于相机rawRGB通过加权多项式和维纳估计方法重建光谱反射率

基于相机RGB预测物体光谱反射率的研究一直备受研究者们的关注。传统方法都是通过单一光源下的信息进行光谱反射率恢复。最近,Zhang等在Color Research & Application报道了一种基于单光源相机RGB信息预测物体光谱反射率的两步方法。首先基于单个光源下的相机响应RGB值,挑选出一定量的训练数据,采用多项式模型和伪逆的方法预测出不同光源下的CIE XYZ值;然后根据预测的多光源下的CIE XYZ值及整体训练数据预估光谱反射率,再通过预估的光谱反射率挑选一定量训练样本,通过伪逆方法预测出物体光谱反射率。尽管仍然基于一个光源下的相机响应RGB,但通过映射到多光源下的色度值XYZ,提高输入信息的维度来优化光谱反射率的重建精度。受Zhang等工作的启发,提出新的基于单一光源下相机的raw RGB响应信息,通过三阶多项式模型扩展的加权最小二乘方法对多光源下的CIE XYZ值进行预测,然后根据预测出的多光源下的CIE XYZ值再通过维纳估计的方法进行光谱反射率重建,通过这样的两步方法实现从相机响应RGB到光谱反射率的重构。该新方法,采用全体训练数据,应用十分方便,避免了Zhang等的方法需要挑选一定量的局部训练样本的问题。同时Zhang等的方法挑选出的局部训练样本同等重要,而该方法在第1步中,根据训练样本与给定的测试样本的接近程度,赋予训练样本不同的权重,以提高预测精度。通过采用140色色卡作为训练样本,24色色卡和自制的44色印刷品样本进行测试,以判断预测和实测反射率接近程度的均方根误差（RMSE）和人感知色差为评价标准进行比较,结果表明,该方法明显优于Zhang等的方法,而且预测精度随着光源数量的增加而提高,当光源个数达到6时,表现最佳。     

基于改进加权欧氏距离的光谱反射率重建样本选择方法研究

获取物体的光谱反射率是准确再现物体在各种光照条件下真实颜色的关键保证,这对纺织服装、出版印刷、网络电商、远程医疗等对颜色有较高要求的行业有重要作用。光谱反射率重建的目的是利用训练样本建立数码相机等通用设备所获取的RGB三色值和光谱反射率高维向量间的映射关系,从而避免使用分光光度计等专业设备所带来的成本高、操作复杂、分辨率低等问题。训练样本的选择是影响光谱反射率重建算法效果的重要因素。从物理角度看,光谱反射率是一条关于波长的光滑曲线,光谱反射率向量最大的相关性特征就是其光滑性,因此,训练样本的选择应同时考虑空间距离和形状的相似性。针对局部学习方法中局部样本选择问题,提出一种能同时考虑光谱反射率向量形状相似和空间距离相近的更加有效的训练样本选取方法,以提高光谱反射率重建的精度。该方法利用待测样本与训练样本之间的加权欧氏距离与向量夹角距离结合后赋予不同权重作为相似性度量,根据样本容量动态地选出相似度较高的样本。实验以孟赛尔半光泽数据集(munsell matte)为样本集,基于伪逆法进行光谱反射率重建,以光谱均方根误差和色差为评价指标,与加权欧氏距离方法从样本选择的有效性和重构精度两方面进行...     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.