奇异核特性及相关反应研究

论述了晕核,尤其是质子晕核的特性及实验研究．探讨了放射性核引起的转移反应以及晕核的近库仑位垒熔合反应． The properties of halo nuclei, especially proton halo nuclei and their experimental researches have been reviewed. The transfer reactions induced by radioactive beams and near barrier fusion with halo nucleus are discussed.     

推广的液滴模型及其应用

简单介绍了近年来在研究重核和超重核衰变性质及熔合反应方面取得的理论成果和面临的挑战,着重阐述推广的液滴模型(GLDM) 理论框架及其应用。基于原子核的质量数、质子数以及反应Q 值,GLDM考虑了质量和电荷的不对称性、形状演化、亲近势和温度等,很好地描述了重核和超重核的质子放射性、 衰变、重离子放射性、自发裂变的半衰期和重离子熔合反应截面,同时也研究了原子核的粒子(质子、 、重离子) 放射性与自发裂变的竞争。Recent theoretical achievements and challenges about the fusion and decay properties of heavy and superheavy nuclei are generally introduced. Especially, the Generalized Liquid Drop Model(GLDM) as well as its application are emphatically described. Based on the mass number, proton number and the reaction Q value, the GLDM has taken the mass and charge asymmetry, the shape evolution, the proximity potential, as well as the temperature of nucleus into account, well described the proton radioactivity, the decay, the heavy particle radioactivity, the half life of spontaneous fission of heavy nuclei and superheavy nuclei, and the cross-sections of heavy ion fusion. The competitions between the spontaneous fission and other decay modes such as proton and heavy particle radioactivity, the alpha decay, and so on are also studied.     

超重核性质的新观点(英文)

简单回顾了超重核的理论研究现状,讨论了形变对长寿命重核α衰变半衰期的影响。分析了相对论平均场模型的有效范围。强调了α衰变、结团放射性和自发裂变中应保持宇称守恒。提出了一些新观点。Status of theoretical studies on superheavy nuclei is simply reviewed.We investigate the influence of nuclear deformation on half lives of α decay forlong lifetime nuclei beyond 208Pb. The range of the validity of relativistic mean field model is analyzed and discussed. The conservation of parity in α decay, cluster radioactivity, and spontaneous fission of nuclei is stressed. New views on the properties of superheavy nuclei are presented.     

核爆炸产物放射性衰变过程的研究

核爆炸后产物放射性和毒性及其随时间的变化是有关安全保障和环境保护的主要问题．利用新开发的数据库和程序对该问题进行了详细的理论研究,给出了裂变产物的放射性活度、生物潜在危害因子和能量沉积等量的演化情况,列出了主要放射性核的贡献,还分析了由于诱导反应在土壤和岩石中产生的放射性同位素的变化. The evolution of radioactivity and poisonousness of the products after nuclear explosion is very important for safety and environmental protection. The detailed study of the evolution of radioactivity of fission products, biological hazard potential, energy deposition and so on was performed by using the new data base and code. The contributions of the main radioactive nuclei and the evolution of radioisotopes in soil and rock are also discussed.     

放射性核束的库仑激发

综述了利用中、高能放射性核束的库仑激发方法研究位于N＝20和28主壳隙附近的丰中子核结构所取得的进展．系统的实验结果清晰地表明,在离开β稳定线区域时N＝20兰壳隙突然消失和N＝28主壳隙的减弱过程．提出了利用兰州放射性束流线开展双幻核Ni50附近核素的低位能级核结构研究的构想． The study of coulomb excitation of the neutron-rich nuclei around N=20 and 28 shell closure with radioactive ion beam at intermediate energy is reviewed. The systematics of the measured energy of the 2+1 state shows that the N=20 shell closure in neutron-rich isotopes with Z≤12 disappears suddenly and N=28 shell elosure appears to be weak for 44S.The coulomb excitation studies of the exotic nuclei around the double magic 7828Ni50 at RIBLL are proposed.     

超重核研究实验方法的历史和现状简介

简单介绍了超重核合成的历史,详细讨论了目前超重核合成最成功的技术路线,包括产生方法、分离手段以及探测技术,并就各种技术的优缺点进行了比较.探讨了目前超重核研究所面临的困难以及介绍了国际上几个主要相关实验室的研究动态,并对超重核研究的发展趋势做了简单展望. The history of the synthesis of the transuranium nuclei is briefly introduced. The most successful techniques currently used for synthesizing super heavy nuclei are surveyed and discussed in detail. The drawbacks and the problems for reaching the stability island of super heavy nuclei with the techniques currently used are discussed. The present status and perspectives of the super heavy nuclei research at different laboratories are also introduced. Finally, a brief prospect on the trends...     

远离β稳定线奇异核性质的理论研究

回顾了对远离β稳定线奇特核性质的理论研究现状，并用相对论平均场理论研究了远离β稳定线奇特核的性质．包括轻核的中子晕和质子晕、远离β稳定线核的壳效应和超重核的性质等.The present situation of studies on exotic nuclei far from the β stable line is simply reviewed and then the relativistic mean field study on these nuclei has been carried out. This includes studies on neutron halos and proton halos in light nuclei, on nuclear shell effects of nuclei far from the stability, and on the properties of superheavy nuclei.     

9,11Be+209Bi近垒熔合

阐述了9,11Be+209Bi近垒熔合反应研究的意义,给出实验结果并讨论弹核破裂对近垒熔合反应截面的影响. The purpose and importance of the study of 9,11Be+209Bi near barrier fusion were reviewed. The breakup effects of the halo nuclei on fusion were discussed and compared with the experimental results of 9,11Be+209Bi systems.     

中能轻奇异核反应总截面的激发函数测量

通过对中能区和相对论能区反应总截面的比较, 可对了解核中核子密度分布的尾巴分量提供重要的信息, Ｇｌａｕｂｅｒ 模型的计算总是低估中能区的反应总截面, 对中子晕核和中子皮核, 这种低估更为严重． 因此, 基于 Ｇｌａｕｂｅｒ 模型从反应总截面提取核的大小存在着一些问题． 对一些轻的奇异核进行中能区核反应总截面的激发函数测量可能会有助于上述问题的解决.A comparison of interaction cross section at relativistic and intermediate energy provides important information about the existence of tail component in the density distribution. The Glauber model calculation always underestimates the total reaction cross section at intermediate energy. The differences are enhanced for halo and skin nuclei. The method to extract the size of nuclei via Glauber model seems to have some ambiguity. The excitation function of total reaction...     

A～130过渡区核的高自旋态研究

评述了Ａ～１３０过渡区Ｉ、Ｘｅ、Ｃｓ和Ｂａ核的高自旋核结构研究．在这些核中观测到的极为丰富的核结构现象,如质子中子转排竞争、形状共存、带终结、带交叉延迟、Ｓｉｇｎａｔｕｒｅ反转和八极关联等与这些核的价质子、价中子都位于ｈ１１／２支壳及这些核易产生γ形变有关. The studies of high spins states of A ～130 transitional I,Xe,Cs and Ba nuclei are reviewed. The variety of nuclear structure, such as proton neutron alignment competition, shape coexistance, band termination, crossing delay, signature inversion, octupole correlation, etc. observed in these nuclei is closely related to that both the valence proton and neutron of these nuclei are located in the h 11/2 subsell and the nuclei are soft against the γ deformation.     

关于极端原子核的相对论自洽角动量投影壳模型计算(英文)

相对论自洽角动量投影壳模型是最近发展出来的一个自洽模型, 它对于不同核区具有稳定的参数, 能够很好地描述已知和未知具有稳定形变的各种原子核的性质。 计算了若干包括稳定核素、 极端核素和超重核素, 并把计算结果与现有的实验数据进行了比较。     

A Reliability Analysis of Calculated Results for Odd-Even and Odd-Odd Nuclei in Relativistic Mean-Field Theory

We calculate the binding energies of Ni, Cu, Xe, Cs, Pt, Au, Np, Pu isotope chains using two interaction parameter sets NL-3 and NL-Z, and compared the relative errors of the even-even nuclei with those of odd-even nuclei and odd-odd nuclei. We find that the errors of binding energy of odd-even and odd-odd nuclei are not bigger than the one of even-even nuclei. The result shows that comparing with even-even nuclei, there is no systematic error and approximation in the calculations of the binding energy of odd-even and odd-odd nuclei with relativistic mean-field theory. In addition, the result is explained theoretically.     

A Reliability Analysis of Calculated Results for Odd-Even and Odd-Odd Nuclei in Relativistic Mean-Field Theory

We calculate the binding energies of Ni, Cu, Xe, Cs, Pt, Au, Np, Pu isotope chains using two interaction parameter sets NL-3 and NL-Z, and compared the relative errors of the even-even nuclei with those of odd-even nuclei and odd-odd nuclei. We find that the errors of binding energy of odd-even and odd-odd nuclei are not bigger than the one of even-even nuclei. The result shows that comparing with even-even nuclei, there is no systematic error and approximation in the calculations of the binding energy of odd-even and odd-odd nuclei with relativistic mean-field theory. In addition,the result is explained theoretically.     

Fast helium nuclei in interactions induced by very heavy nuclei

Fast helium nuclei emitted in interactions between heavy cosmic ray nuclei (12≦Z≦26) and photoemulsion nuclei at energies >1 GeV/nucleon have been studied. Comparisons with interactions where the incident particles are protons, pions or light nuclei reveal some characteristic features of nucleus-nucleus interactions. The frequency of fast target helium nuclei is much larger and the high energy tail of the energy spectrum of these helium nuclei is more pronounced in nucleus-nucleus interactions than in proton-nucleus and pion-nucleus interactions. The number of helium nuclei emitted depends on the size and disintegration of the interacting nuclei. In order to explain our experimental data several possible production mechanisms have to be considered. Some characteristics of the emission of multiply-charged projectile fragments have-also been studied.     

用推广的Viola-Seaborg公式计算α衰变寿命

根据Audi等编评的最新核数据表, 对Z≥84, N≥128的核的α衰变实验寿命用Viola-Seaborg公式进行最小方差拟合, 得到一套新参数. 用新拟合参数计算的偶偶核的衰变寿命与实验寿命很好地符合, 平均偏差1.3倍.而对奇A和奇奇核理论寿命与实验寿命相差较远. 考虑到处于基态时奇A和奇奇核与偶偶核的主要区别在于自旋和宇称, 对Viola-Seaborg公式做了推广. 在公式中引入了离心势垒(即α粒子轨道角动量)对衰变寿命的影响. 由推广公式计算的奇A和奇奇核的寿命与实验寿命平均偏差2.5倍,最大偏差5—6倍.     

In vivo label-free photoacoustic microscopy of cell nuclei by excitation of DNA and RNA

Imaging of cell nuclei plays a critical role in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. To image noninvasively cell nuclei in vivo without staining, we developed UV photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM), in which 266 nm wavelength UV light excites unlabeled DNA and RNA in cell nuclei to produce photoacoustic waves. We applied UV-PAM to ex vivo imaging of cell nuclei in a mouse lip and a mouse small intestine and to in vivo imaging of the cell nuclei in the mouse skin. The UV-PAM images of unstained cell nuclei match the optical micrographs of the histologically stained cell nuclei. Given intrinsic optical contrast and high spatial resolution, in vivo label-free UV-PAM has potential for unique biological and clinical application.     

离子注入对黑松花粉粒细胞核的损伤效应

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术和碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术对经过离子注入后的黑松花粉粒内细胞核的直接损伤效应进行了观察鉴定。 研究结果表明, 离子注入后可以直接损伤细胞核结构, 导致细胞核裂解。 细胞核的损伤程度与注入离子的剂量密切相关, 即细胞核DNA分子的损伤程度随着注入离子剂量的增加而提高。 The damage of pollen nuclei of Pinus thunbergii induced directly by ion implantation were measured by the laser confocal microscopy technique and the single cell gel electrophoresis test. The results showed that ion implantation caused the nuclei structure to be damaged, leading to the nuclei degradation. The results of statistical analysis showed that the damage grade of nuclei was very correlative with the ion dosage. The damage degree of DNA in the nuclei at the level of single cells was increased with the increase of the ion implantation dose.     

The interaction and fusion of arbitrarily oriented deformed nuclei

The fusion/capture cross sections between various deformed nuclei are calculated. It is shown that quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations of heavy nuclei are important for evaluating the barrier height, capture well depth, and fusion/capture cross sections of heavy nuclei. It is found that calculations of the capture cross section of two heavy deformed nuclei must be performed with averaging over all possible mutual orientations of the colliding nuclei.