低能N离子注入对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变效应

为了研究低能N离子束的细胞遗传学效应, 以不同剂量的N离子束对蚕豆种子的种胚进行辐照, 观察分析根尖细胞的微核率、 有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变效应。 研究发现, 离子束的注入抑制了根尖细胞的有丝分裂, 干扰了正常的有丝分裂过程, 引发了染色体的结构、 行为和数目畸变; 随着离子注入剂量的增加, 微核率增加、 有丝分裂指数降低、 染色体畸变率增加。 In order to study the cytogenetic effects of low energy nitrogen ion irradiation, broad bean seed embryo was irradiated by different doses of nitrogen ions. Micronucleus rate, mitotic index and chromosome aberration in root tip cells were analyzed. The results showed that the injection of ions inhibited mitosis of root tip cells, interfered the normal process of mitosis, caused aberrations of chromosome structure, behavior and number. The frequency of micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations increased with the increasing radiation dosage, while mitotic index decreased.     

低能N+ 离子预处理对水稻UV-B辐射的当代损伤效应的影响

采用3种不同注量的N离子对供试材料进行了离子注入预处理, 再用10.08 kJ/(m2d1)增强UV-B辐射对其幼苗进行辐照试验, 测定了过氧化物酶（POD）活性、 过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、 过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、 丙二醛（MDA）含量、 还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和可溶性糖含量的变化。 研究结果表明: 经N离子注入预处理的水稻材料受到UV-B辐射时其POD和SOD活性明显升高, 并在注量为2.0×1017 ions/cm2时活性达到最强; CAT活性和MDA含量明显降低, GSH含量显著增加, 而可溶性糖的含量则变化程度很小。 从这些研究结果可以看出, 经过一定注量离子注入预处理的水稻材料当受到UV B辐射时能产生较强的抗氧化能力和防御能力,而且抗氧化系统优于碳水化合物系统而先于表达。 由此可见, 离子注入预处理对水稻UV-B辐射的生物学效应的影响相当明显。 The seedlings of rice (xindao18) were exposed to UV B (10.08 kJ/(m2d1 )) irradiation follo wing the pretreatment with three different implantation dosages of low energy N+ ions. Changes in the levels of the superoxide (POD),superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA),glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were measured. The result showed that the UV-B irradiation on the seedlings of rice pretreated with low energy ions implantation could lead to increase activities in POD and SOD,and the maximum appeared on the dose of 2.0×1017 ions/cm2. Meanwhile,it made the content of GSH increased, and caused the activity of CAT and the content of MDA to be decreased. But there was no obvious change in soluble sugar. It was suggested that the rice pretreated by low energy ion implantation could enhance the antioxidation capacity and defensive ability when irradiated by UV-B, and the antioxidation system could be induced earlier than carbohydrate system. Therefore, the biological effects of UV-B irradiation on rice pretreated by low energy ion implantation were quite obvious.     

离子注入对黑松花粉粒细胞核的损伤效应

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术和碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术对经过离子注入后的黑松花粉粒内细胞核的直接损伤效应进行了观察鉴定。 研究结果表明, 离子注入后可以直接损伤细胞核结构, 导致细胞核裂解。 细胞核的损伤程度与注入离子的剂量密切相关, 即细胞核DNA分子的损伤程度随着注入离子剂量的增加而提高。 The damage of pollen nuclei of Pinus thunbergii induced directly by ion implantation were measured by the laser confocal microscopy technique and the single cell gel electrophoresis test. The results showed that ion implantation caused the nuclei structure to be damaged, leading to the nuclei degradation. The results of statistical analysis showed that the damage grade of nuclei was very correlative with the ion dosage. The damage degree of DNA in the nuclei at the level of single cells was increased with the increase of the ion implantation dose.     

离子束介导技术在生物体遗传改良上的发展趋势

在利用离子束介导技术对生物体进行遗传改良的研究领域内仍然存在着7大研究难题值得注意。 明确提出了离子束介导技术进一步发展的技术思路, 即立足于离子束介导技术这一物理学技术平台, 注重研究两个关键性问题(即离子束介导异源遗传物质进入受体基因组的机理和受体发生异源基因重组的机制)。 在研究中完成3个有效转变(从形态学鉴定为主有效地转变为对其遗传学规律进行研究, 从对介导当代群体的变异效应的研究为主有效地转变为研究突变性状在多个世代内所表现的后效性, 从对单一性状的研究为主有效地转变为研究突变性状的综合表现), 寻找4个方面的实验证据(形态学、 生理生化、 细胞和分子生物学的证据), 研究5大生物学特性(生殖特性、 发育特性、 光合特性、 抗逆性和品质等特性)。 The 7 research puzzles in the genetic improvement of biological bodies made by ion beam mediated technique, are worth noticed. The technical ideas, including one mediated technique in physics, 2 significant subjects, 3 effective changes, the mediated evidences of 4 aspects and 5 biological characteristics, were particularly put forward according to the existing states in the field. The 2 significant subjects consist of the mechanics of the allogenetic materials entering into the acceptor and they being to be recombined. The 3 effective changes include from studying morphology to genetic laws, from researching M1 generation to the next generations, from determining the single character to the synthetic traits. The mediated evidences of 4 aspects come from morphology, physiology and biochemistry, molecule biology. The 5 biological characteristics are mainly reproduction, development, photosynthesis, bad condition resistant and quality.     

不同辐照源对黑松花粉粒的生物学效应

研究了N+离子束、 紫外线和γ射线辐照对黑松花粉粒的影响, 对3种辐射源在诱发花粉粒细胞出现损伤效应上的差异性进行了比较分析。 研究结果表明, 3种辐照源对黑松花粉粒萌发和花粉管生长所表现出的效应存在明显的差异。 γ射线的剂量效应曲线表现为近S型; 紫外线辐照的剂量效应曲线呈现出近L型; 离子束的生物学效应主要在两个方面表现出特异性, 即离子束所导致的剂量 效应曲线呈“马鞍型”趋势和N+离子束注入后会诱发花粉管顶端产生出明显的肿胀现象。The effects of pollens and pollen tubes of Pinus thunbergii induced respectively by N+ beam, γ ray and ultraviolet ray were measured , and the differences of the effects caused by the different radiant factors were distinguished. The results showed that there was obvious difference in the damages of the pollen germination and the pollen tube growth led by the radiant factors. The curve of dose effects from γ ray irradiation was similarly S type, and that from ultraviolet ray treatment approximately L type . The effects from ion implantation expressed the two characteristics, the curve of the saddle type and the top inflation of pollen tube.     

激光扫描共聚焦显微技术对水稻不育系花粉减数分裂的特性研究

以不育系新稻97200A为材料,利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对其花粉母细胞减数分裂及成熟花粉育性进行观察研究,此外还调查了不育系自交结实率和人工授粉异交结实率。结果表明：不育系异常减数分裂占15.8%,包括拖拽染色体、落后染色体、三极纺锤体、染色体桥、微核和子染色体分离不同步等。成熟花粉育性检验典败花粉占6.15%,圆败花粉占10.26%,染败花粉占80.77%。绝大部分的花粉败育可能是由于减数分裂过程中出现的染色体异常配对、异常分裂、染色体断裂及细胞质分布不均匀等使得花粉粒发育不能正常进行而导致的。     

离子注入对黑松花粉粒和花粉管内骨架系统的损伤效应

以黑松花粉粒和花粉管为试验材料, 研究了离子注入对细胞骨架系统的损伤效应。研究结果表明, 离子注入会不同程度地破坏花粉管内微管网络的完整性, 花粉管形态的异常状态与其微管骨架结构的异常状态密切相关。离子注入对黑松花粉管内的微管骨架系统的正常结构有明显的效应, 这种效应的明显程度与离子注入剂量有一定的相关性, 即随着离子注入剂量的增加, 微管骨架系统受到破坏的程度更加明显。离子注入对黑松花粉管内微丝骨架系统的分布状态有明显的影响, 其程度也与离子注入剂量的大小存在一定的相关性。     

离子束诱变水稻多胚苗突变株的筛选及其多胚来源

以低能氮离子束为诱变源, 通过对同源四倍体水稻品系“IR36 4X”进行离子注入后在其第2代群体内筛选得到了1株具有多胚苗性状特征的突变株（IR36 双）, 对该突变株后代的多胚苗形态特征及其多胚来源进行了研究。 结果表明, 多胚苗突变株系“IR36 双”在双胚苗性状的表现形态上有其特异性, 在同一纯合株系的群体内双胚苗的苗位有非完全双苗和完全双苗两种类型。 非完全双苗包括单胚轴单胚根双苗和单胚根异胚轴双苗这两种类型; 完全双苗也可以进一步划分为正常双苗和异常双苗两种类型。 在多胚苗材料中, 单胚根单胚轴双苗所占的比例相对较大。 其多胚（额外胚）的来源主要有4种可能性, 即双套胚囊形成多胚、 多卵卵器形成多胚、 反足细胞团发育形成不定胚及胚乳细胞形成不定胚（胚乳细胞胚状体）。 由此可见, “IR36 双”植株表现双胚苗性状有其胚胎学根源。