超光滑加工技术中光学元件表面材料的均匀去除

超光滑加工通常是在保证光学元件面型精度不劣化前提下提升其中高频精度.均匀去除是保证超光滑加工过程中光学元件面型精度不劣化的重要途径.本文以四轴三联动小磨头超光滑加工机床为基础,结合Preston假设,研究了四轴三联动超光滑加工机床对光学元件的材料去除特性,发现当机床取某些特定的参量时,通过等值的驻留时间规划即可实现光学元件表面材料的均匀去除.最后,对这些特定的参量进行了对比实验,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性,     

超光滑加工的后置处理算法研究

为了精确控制超光滑加工过程中磨头的运动轨迹,从而实现光学元件材料去除的均匀稳定,研究了超光滑加工的后置处理算法。分析了超光滑加工工艺的特点和相应的超光滑机床的机械结构,建立了机床的坐标系统,构造了机床的运动学模型。对于光学元件母线为任意平面曲线的情况,研究了磨头运动轨迹的等误差直线逼近算法。在曲率半径为290mm,相对口径为1∶2.9的凹球面上进行了超光滑加工实验。结果表明,利用所述算法可以精确地控制磨头的运动轨迹,从而保证材料去除的稳定性。     

空间光学元件超精密气囊抛光的去除特性研究

为得到空间光学元件超光滑表面,对超精密气囊抛光方法的去除特性进行了理论和实验研究.以Preston方程为基础,应用运动学原理建立了气囊抛光"进动"运动的材料去除模型,针对抛光气囊工具的物理特性,按照Hertz接触理论对去除模型进行了修正;利用计算机仿真的方法,分析了几个主要工艺参数对"进动"抛光运动去除特性的影响规律,并在超精密光学数控抛光机上进行了正交实验;仿真和实验结果吻合较好,总结得到4点气囊抛光方法中重要的结论,给出了"进动"角与压缩量的取值范围,以此得到了面型精度RMS值为0.024λ(λ=0.6328 μm)的超光滑表面,为开展光学元件气囊抛光工艺研究提供依据.     

非球面超光滑加工磨头控制技术研究

为了避免在超光滑加工过程中破坏光学元件的原有面形,同时保证整个表面粗糙度的均匀一致,研究了超光滑加工过程中的磨头控制技术.首先分析了超光滑加工机床的结构形式及超光滑加工工艺特点;然后研究了非球面母线的双圆弧拟合算法以及磨头进给速度的控制方法;最后将所研究的磨头运动控制算法应用于超光滑加工控制软件.以顶点曲率半径为300...     

弹性发射光学制造技术研究进展

深紫外光刻、极紫外光刻和先进光源等现代光学工程需求牵引先进光学制造技术持续发展,要求超光滑光学元件表面粗糙度达到原子级水平以及表面全频段面形误差达到RMS(Root Mean Square)亚纳米量级甚至几十皮米,推动超光滑光学元件制造要求不断逼近物理极限。目前,对于如何实现上述超高精度要求的超光滑加工技术及装备仍然存在技术挑战。尤其对如何实现柱面,椭球面,超环面等复杂曲面的原子量级超光滑加工仍是国内外前沿研究方向。弹性发射加工技术是一种去除函数稳定,超低亚表面缺陷,面向原子级的超光滑加工方法,可以作为加工上述精度要求光学元件的手段。本文总结了弹性发射加工技术的国内外研究现状及最新进展,归纳了弹性发射加工技术的原理,包含流体特性、抛光颗粒运动特性和化学特性,弹性发射加工装备,影响弹性发射加工技术表面粗糙度提升和材料去除效率的因素,分析了弹性发射加工技术面临的问题,展望了未来的发展方向,期望为弹性发射加工技术进一步发展和应用提供一定的参考。     

基于环摆式双面抛光法加工预测模型的去除均匀性研究

针对环摆式双面抛光难以建立稳定去除函数并进行加工面型预测这一问题,提出了基于磨粒运动学的环摆式双面抛光加工预测模型,并通过预测模型分析不同参数影响下元件表面去除均匀性,针对不同特征面型给出优化策略以指导加工实验。首先,根据环摆式双面抛光机理,探究了环摆式双面抛光中影响去除均匀性的主要因素,提出了元件上、下表面磨粒运动学模型,结合Preston方程给出了基于磨粒运动学的环摆式双面抛光去除均匀性预测模型。根据实际加工工况,分析了不同抛光均匀性影响因素下的磨粒轨迹分布与抛光去除非均匀性,最后通过加工实验验证环摆式双面抛光加工预测模型。实验结果表明：环摆式双面抛光加工预测模型的预测结果与实际加工结果基本吻合,其面型去除特征相同。元件上表面是元件去除非均匀性的主要来源,通过改变中心偏心距、径向摆动距离等参数能改变元件上表面的去除非均匀性,从而影响元件整体面型特征,并实现基于预测模型指导下元件表面面型的快速收敛。     

大口径非球面元件可控气囊抛光系统

根据大口径非球面光学元件的实际加工需要,设计并制造可控气囊抛光系统,并对机构进行运动学仿真,仿真结果表明,气囊自转轴的运动空间可以满足大口径非球面光学元件的连续进动加工要求。为了证明所设计系统的可加工性,以直径320 mm的圆形平面光学元件进行加工实验。经过该气囊抛光工具24 h的抛光后,工件达到较好的面型精度,光学元件的表面粗糙度由0.272减小到0.068(＝632.8 nm), PV值从1.671降低到0.905。对光学元件的实际加工实验结果表明:可控气囊抛光系统在加工过程中结构稳定性好,符合设计要求,可有效提高加工工件面型精度。     

大尺寸硅镜超光滑表面加工的面型控制

使用机械-化学抛光法加工大尺寸单晶硅可获超光滑表面,但很难保证良好的面型.提出通过采用开圆孔并连续注入抛光剂的方法来避免抛光盘中心蜂窝眼的出现,可以保证得到良好的面型.最后实验达到较好的面型精度,PV值0.268λ,rns值0.065λ.     

激光核聚变光学元件超精密加工技术的研究

论述了脆性材料延性加工机理。应用超精密加工技术解决了激光核聚变光学元件的大批量加工问题。研究了平面光学元件、KDP晶体和方形透镜超精密加工技术,给出了这三类光学元件超精密加工的工艺过程、机床设计准则和最佳工艺参数。     

大尺寸硅镜超光滑表面加工的面型控制

 使用机械-化学抛光法加工大尺寸单晶硅可获超光滑表面,但很难保证良好的面型。提出通过采用开圆孔并连续注入抛光剂的方法来避免抛光盘中心蜂窝眼的出现,可以保证得到良好的面型。最后实验达到较好的面型精度,PV值0.268λ,rms值0.065λ。     

Ultra-smooth polishing of high-precision optical surface

A new method of ultra-smooth uniform polishing was presented, which can avoid high-precision surface figure getting worse after ultra-smooth polishing. At first, the fundamental and process were introduced. Then the process was simulated with “Gauss” and “V” type removal function. It shows that there will be no significant influence on optical surface figure after ultra-smooth uniform polishing with any type removal function. To demonstrate the process, a high-precision Ø100 mm fused silica flat optical element was polished, which was prior figured by IBF. Its surface figure accuracy root-mean-square (rms) value is improved from initial 3.624 nm to final 3.393 nm, the mid-spatial frequency surface roughness rms value is improved from initial 0.477 nm to final 0.309 nm, and the high-spatial frequency surface roughness rms value is improved from initial 0.167 nm to final 0.0802 nm. At last, the surface quality of the lens was analyzed by power spectral density (PSD). The result indicates that the surface roughness of high-precision optical element could be improved by ultra-smooth uniform polishing method without the surface figure destroyed.     

光学元件精密加工中的磁流变抛光技术工艺参数

为了充分掌握磁流变抛光中磁场强度、浸入深度、抛光轮转速、磁流变液水分含量等工艺参数对抛光结果的影响规律,以期提高元件的面形精度和表面的质量,在研究了磁流变抛光材料的去除数学模型的基础上,结合实验室的PKC100-P1型抛光设备,对上述的关键工艺参数分别进行了研究,设置了一系列的实验参数,进行了详细的实验探索,分析了单因素条件下材料的去除量以及元件表面质量同关键工艺参数的内在联系,得出了相应影响关系曲线。从关系曲线表明:工艺参数对抛光斑的去除效率以及被加工元件表面质量存在着明显的影响规律,掌握这些影响关系就能用于分析和优化磁流变加工的结果,为高精度光学表面的加工提供可靠的保障,同时实验的结果也很好地验证了磁流变抛光材料去除理论的正确性。     

Surface engineering with ion beams: from self-organized nanostructures to ultra-smooth surfaces

Low-energy ion-beam sputtering, i.e. the removal of atoms from a surface due to the impact of energetic ions or atoms, is an inherent part of numerous surface processing techniques. Besides the actual removal of material, this surface erosion process often results in a pronounced alteration of the surface topography. Under certain conditions, sputtering results in the formation of well-ordered patterns. This self-organized pattern formation is related to a surface instability between curvature-dependent sputtering that roughens the surface and smoothing by different surface relaxation mechanisms. If the evolution of surface topography is dominated by relaxation mechanisms, surface smoothing can occur. In this presentation the current status of self-organized pattern formation and surface smoothing by low-energy ion-beam erosion of Si and Ge is summarized. In detail it will be shown that a multitude of patterns as well as ultra-smooth surfaces can develop, particularly on Si surfaces. Additionally, the most important experimental parameters that control these processes are discussed. Finally, examples are given for the application of low-energy ion beams as a novel approach for passive optical device engineering for many advanced optical applications. PACS 81.16.Dn; 81.16.Rf; 81.65.Cf; 81.65.Ps; 68.35.Ct     

Study of weighted space deconvolution algorithm in computer controlled optical surfacing formation

Theoretical and experimental research on the deconvolution algorithm of dwell time in the technology of computer controlled optical surfacing （CCOS） formation is made to get an ultra-smooth surface of space optical element. Based on the Preston equation, the convolution model of CCOS is deduced. Considering the morbidity problem of deconvolution algorithm and the actual situation of CCOS technology, the weighting spatial deconvolution algorithm is presented based on the non-periodic matrix model, which avoids solving morbidity resulting from the noise induced by measurement error. The discrete convolution equation is solved using conjugate gradient iterative method and the workload of iterative calculation in spatial domain is reduced effectively. Considering the edge effect of convolution algorithm, the method adopts a marginal factor to control the edge precision and attains a good effect. The simulated processing test shows that the convergence ratio of processed surface shape error reaches 80%. This algorithm is further verified through an experiment on a numerical control bonnet polishing machine, and an ultra- smooth glass surface with the root-mean-square （RMS） error of 0.0088 tim is achieved. The simulation and experimental results indicate that this algorithm is steady, convergent, and precise, and it can satisfy the solving requirement of actual dwell time.     

脆性光学材料的超声磨削实验研究

分别采用超声磨削和普通磨削加工方法加工了几种脆性光学材料,研究了几种主要工艺参数对工件加工表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明,超声频率和振幅、金刚石磨料粒度、切深、工具的横向进给速度和旋转速度等工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响较大。通过比较发现,超声磨削方法比普通磨削方法具有更好的加工表面粗糙度,更高的材料去除率,以及更低的工具磨损量。     

Software for the polishing technology for x-ray optical element substrates using small-sized tools

The software package for dimensional precision processing of multilayer reflecting X-ray optical elements using small-sized tools is described. The program structure is described, which includes the following main components: database, required shape setting unit, specific workpiece setting unit, processing path calculation unit, and G-code generator for a numerical control machine. The feature of the presented work is the use of low-cost equipment, first of all measurement instrumentation. This necessitated the development of specialized programs of surface reconstruction. The features of three-dimensional surface reconstruction by the results of individual linear scans using a coordinate measuring machine were analyzed. An important element of reconstruction is noise removal. Noise classification was performed. For each noise type, a specific suppression algorithm was developed and implemented in the program.     

小工具数控抛光对元件表面中频误差的匀滑研究

数控抛光已被广泛应用于光学元器件的加工制造,而抑制元件表面中频误差是加工过程中一项十分重要的内容。基于Presston方程对数控小工具抛光盘去除函数进行了建模,得到了理论化的去除函数表达式。结合去除函数,在参数化匀滑模型基础上通过建立多参数的时变理论模型,表明元件表面中频误差是随抛光过程呈指数型收敛的,其收敛效率取决于材料参数、体积去除率等抛光工艺参数。对理论模型的匀滑曲线进行了模拟分析,实现了不同工艺条件下的匀滑效率的对比。结果表明:在不同抛光盘材料的匀滑过程中,材料系数越大,其整体匀滑效率越高。同样,抛光盘体积去除率越大,对表面误差的匀滑效率也会越高。进行了一组空间周期分别为3,5,7 mm的波纹误差的匀滑实验,其结果表明,在相同的抛光参数下,具有较大空间频率的波纹匀滑效率会更高,收敛曲线下降得更快。最后对比了不同材料抛光盘匀滑效率,从实验上证实了沥青盘在波纹匀滑效率上远高于聚氨酯材料的抛光盘。     

双面对称角度楔形镜的超光滑表面加工方法

对两个通光面均为超光滑表面的双面对称角度楔形镜的加工提出了一种新工艺方法,并根据零件的特点对工艺方法进行了改进。利用组合楔板工装、粘接上盘等方式对零件进行成盘加工,不仅使零件的角度、厚度得到了很好的保证,而且还避免了光胶上盘对已加工表面的损伤,使通光面的疵病、面形、粗糙度、一致性等指标有很大的改善,超光滑表面粗糙度rms均优于0.2 nm (AFM测量),表面疵病达到0级,角度精度达到15,一次交检合格率达到85%以上,有效地解决了生产中的瓶颈问题。     

磁流变抛光工艺参数的正交实验分析

对利用自行配制的水基磁流变抛光液和磁流变抛光实验样机进行了以抛光去除效率和表面粗糙度为考核指标的工艺实验。应用正交试验方法分析了磁流变抛光中主要工艺参数(磁场强度、抛光粉浓度、抛光盘的转速、抛光盘与工件间的间隙)对抛光去除效率和表面粗糙度的影响规律,并结合磁流变抛光机理对其进行了分析。根据实验结果对工艺参数进行了优化。