颠簸摇摆引起的车辆测速误差分析

分析了车辆颠簸摇摆时单光束测速系统的测量误差,提出了一种基于Janus配置的激光测速系统。该系统由两个单光束系统组成,安装于车辆底部,分别向车头和车尾方向以相同的倾角发射同频激光束,测量各自散射回波的多普勒频移,根据两多普勒频移和发射倾角得到摇摆角的值,进而求得车辆运行速度。理论分析和仿真结果表明:单光束系统的测速精度受光束的发射倾角、车辆摇摆角以及车辆垂直方向的速度影响较大;Janus系统对车辆的颠簸摇摆不敏感,可得到较高的测速精度,颠簸起伏速度为0.3m/s,当摇摆角为16°时,误差小于0.5%。     

多谐振宽带Janus-Ring换能器

提出了一种多谐振宽带Janus-Ring换能器,两个一定距离的压电圆环换能器(Ring换能器)嵌套在双面纵振Janus换能器的两端,Ring换能器的径向振动、Janus换能器的纵振动与它们中间形成的Helmholtz液腔振动相耦合,可大大拓展换能器的工作带宽。使用有限元方法设计并研制了Janus-Ring换能器样机,经测试在1.8~8.0 kHz范围内,样机最大发射电压响应144 dB,起伏小于6 dB。相比传统的Janus-Helmholtz换能器,Janus-Ring换能器有效拓展了工作频带,增大了发射电压响应,减小了频带内的发射电压响应起伏。      

Janus配置的激光多普勒测速仪的陆用组合导航（英文）

为了抑制车辆颠簸、倾角变化对传统激光多普勒测速仪的影响,设计了基于Janus配置的分光再利用结构激光多普勒测速仪,该测速仪由两个激光多普勒测速仪子系统镜像安装而成,可补偿倾角变化对速度测量的影响,因此对倾角变化不敏感.车载实验结果表明该测速仪的测速相对误差为0.3%,在55.6km的行程中组合导航的最大位置误差为5.8m.该结构激光多普勒测速仪能够抑制车辆颠簸、倾角变化对速度测量的影响,提高组合导航定位精度,更适合陆用组合导航.     

基于双频环形激光器的激光多普勒测振系统研究

为进一步提高激光多普勒测振仪(LDV)的测量分辨率,实现物体表面微小振动的测量,设计了一种以双频环形激光器作为光源的LDV,介绍了该系统的光源及光路结构,推导了测振原理,并通过实验验证了该系统的可行性和准确性。在该系统中,利用四频差动激光陀螺频差稳定和谱线窄的优点,将四频差动激光陀螺改进为双频环形激光器,产生两束具有一定夹角和固定频差的线偏振光,结合光栅技术可实现对物体表面横向微小振动的测量。与其他LDV相比,该系统光路简单且分辨率较高,在实验室环境下振幅分辨率最大噪声不超过0.012μm?Hz1 2。     

基于激光多普勒测速仪的车载组合导航

 针对车载纯捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)导航精度随时间增长而降低的不足,提出了基于激光多普勒测速仪（LDV）这一新型速度传感器的组合导航方案。通过建立SINS/LDV组合导航系统的状态方程和量测方程,设计了系统的卡尔曼滤波器,并对组合导航系统进行了仿真模拟。结果表明：SINS/LDV组合方案能够有效减小SINS导航参数随时间的累积误差,可以实现全自主、高精度导航;当LDV测速精度为0.1%时,组合导航系统的位置精度提高了2个数量级,速度精度提高了1个数量级。     

激光光栅多普勒效应微小振动测量

为了提高测量微小振动的精度和动态范围，提出一种基于激光光栅多普勒效应的微振动测量系统。通过对差拍信号的频率分析，以峰值频率比值的方法可以排除干扰获得被测振动频率，找到振动的翻转点并判断振幅的大小；推导了在翻转点附近的微小位移与电压值的关系，对于小于计数当量值的位移由测量电压得到，提高了微小振动位移的测量精度以及系统测量的最小分辨率、动态范围。实验系统的频率范围为0．5～500Hz，振幅为20～10mm，相对误差小于1％，其动态范围大于100dB。     

基于计数法测量激光多普勒测速仪的测速精度

为了测量所设计的激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)的测量精度,用均匀转动的斩波片代替高精度的转台作为标准的速度源,并基于单片机AT89S52,采用光计数的方法测量斩波片上某一固定位置的切向运动速度,LDV的测量结果与之相比较。实验结果表明,LDV测速的相对精度不超过8‰,稳定性较好。     

激光推进冲量耦合系数测量方法比较

 针对测量冲量耦合系数的水平导轨法和冲击摆法,分别进行了误差计算和实验研究。计算结果表明:水平导轨测量法的相对误差（4.6%）略小于冲击摆测量法的相对误差（6.1%）,其中位移参数和最大摆角的测量精度对于相对误差的影响最大。实验结果表明:两种方法的测量结果基本一致,冲量耦合系数均随着入射脉冲能量的增大而增大,且两组数据相差在6%以内,在入射脉冲能量为3~14 J时,冲量耦合系数最高可达260 N·MW^-1。     

DAC垫片孔侧壁绝缘程度对电导率测量结果的影响

通过有限元方法,计算了DAC内垫片孔侧壁与样品发生不同程度短路的情况下,范德堡法测量样品电阻率的相对误差. 发现垫片孔侧壁与样品短路面积小于20％时,相对误差可以控制在10％以内. 而当短路面积超过25％时,相对误差迅速增大. 研究中还发现,电极越靠近样品边缘,相对误差越小.     

基于时域多分辨算法的非球形气溶胶散射特性仿真模拟

非球形气溶胶的散射特性是影响辐射传输模拟准确性的重要因素.为实现非球形、非均质气溶胶散射特性的模拟,基于MRTD(multi-resolution time-domain)方法建立了一个新的气溶胶散射模型.采用MRTD技术实现了近场电磁场的计算;考虑气溶胶的特殊性,推导了基于体积积分方法的近远场外推方法,实现了粒子散射振幅矩阵和穆勒矩阵的仿真;构建了粒子吸收和消光截面的计算模型,实现了粒子积分散射特性的高精度模拟.将MRTD散射模型的结果与Mie理论、T矩阵法进行了对比,验证了模型的准确性;讨论了空间网格粗细对模拟精度的影响,并定量分析了模型的运行效率.结果表明,MRTD散射模型的相函数模拟误差小于8%,其中前向散射方向小于4%;当粒径与入射光波长相当时,消光和散射效率因子的相对误差小于0.1%;空间网格粗细对模拟精度影响显著,当粒子尺度参数小于20时,在相同模拟精度要求下,所需网格尺寸随尺度参数呈先增大后减小的特征.     

Combined dual-beam and reference beam LDV for vehicle inertial navigation system

In order to adapt to the complicated environment of ground for the vehicle, a combined dual-beam and reference beam LDV is presented. It is made up of a single dual-beam subsystem and a single reference beam subsystem. Each optical head detects its own backscattering, and then the signal processing unit chooses one of the signals from the two detectors according to the validity of signal to extract the Doppler frequency and calculate the vehicle's velocity. Measurement results of combined LDV show good agreement with data obtained using DZL-1 electronic speedometer. The relative measurement error is less than 1.5%, which shows the reliability of the technique and potential for it to be applied to inertial navigation system.     

Research on laser Doppler velocimeter for vehicle self-contained inertial navigation system

An idea of using laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to measure the velocity for the vehicle inertial navigation system was put forward. The principle of measuring its own velocity with laser Doppler technique was elaborated and reference-beam LDV was designed. Then Doppler signal was processed by tracking filter, frequency spectrum refinement and frequency spectrum correction algorithm. The result of theory and experiment showed that the reference-beam LDV solved the problem that dual-beam LDV cannot be used for measuring when the system was out of focus. Doppler signal was tracked so that signal-to-noise ratio was improved, and the accuracy of the system was enhanced by the technology of frequency spectrum refinement and correction. The measurement mean error was less than 1.5% in velocity range of 0-30 m/s.     

Optimum Seeding Particles for Successful Laser Doppler Velocimeter Measurements

Seeding particles for laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurement have been developed which are of uniform diameter, spherical shape, low loose weight and high melting temperature. Evaluation test results show that the use of the particles can increase the signal quality substantially and extend the measurable field of the LDV, which can hardly be accessed by conventional measurement methods.     

Two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter using polarized beams and 90° phase shift for discrimination of velocity direction

A laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) for two-dimensional velocity measurement using a simple optical configuration without any optical modulator is proposed. The structure using polarized beams and the 90° phase shift of the reference beam is used to discriminate the direction of velocity. The analytical relation among beat frequencies and velocity components is derived and the characteristics of the proposed LDV are simulated. The simulation results indicate that the direction of velocity can be discriminated by the proposed LDV as well as the magnitudes of the components of the velocity.     

Transflective liquid-crystal display using low-twisted vertically aligned mode

We present the design of a transflective and low-power LCD using a low-twist vertically aligned liquid crystal (LC) cell, achieved by blending a chiral additive with a patterned reflector in a single-domain configuration. Unlike the conventional single-domain transflective LCD, in which it is possible to optimize only one of the transmissive and reflective regions, the device suggests that it is possible to optimize both the transmission and reflection design to obtain favorable results in both reflective and transmissive light conditions by optimizing the chiral pitch and twist angle. From the parameter space diagram (PSD) method, which does not include the information on chiral pitch and the nonuniform LC director tilt angle, optimization focused on the transmissive region is performed. By analyzing the relation between the transmittance and the chiral pitch under the applied voltage, the optimized twist angle and chiral pitch are proposed. It is described that the optimized twist angle is also available for the reflective region by the dynamic PSD method by considering the average tilt angle under applied voltage.     

Laser Doppler velocimeter for vehicle application with improved signal-to-noise ratio

Laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) with improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is presented to measure the vehicle velocity. A novel optical structure named split-reuse type configuration is developed to improve the SNR of LDV. Reference measurements were provided by measuring the outer surface of a precision single-axis turntable. Under these conditions, the measurement uncertainty of the instrument is better than 0.56 % with 95 % confidence interval. The split-reuse type LDV has been tested with an automobile on the open road, and the measurement results are comparing with the results of a precision spatial filter velocimeter, which verify the feasibility of split-reuse type LDV to measure the self-velocity of vehicle.     

Measurements of velocity distributions in the deformation zone in cold rolling by a scanning LDV

Experimental determination of the velocity distribution in the deformation zone is of significant importance to investigate the metal flow in both conventional and asymmetrical rolling processes. In this paper, a scanning laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system, designed for measuring the velocity distributions in the deformation zone in plate rolling is reported. The LDV used for the rolling process is briefly described and then the scanning mechanism based on beam displacement by a rotating transparent plate is introduced. The relationship among the scanning distance, the beam-cross angle of the LDV system and the rotating angle of the plate is established. The scanning LDV was first tested with a rotating disk and then applied in the rolling process. The test results have demonstrated the feasibility of the scanning LDV.     

激光多普勒技术在固体测量方面的运用

介绍了激光多普勒测量技术的原理和后散射型固体表面测量方式。通过声光调制器的偏频后 ,能够确定物体的运动方向。对多普勒信号进行光学外差处理并对多普勒信号进行测相 ,可以提高测量的精度。用差动微分多普勒技术进行测量 ,可以消除由固体表面特性和激光光强的波动引起的误差。     

参考光束型激光多普勒测速仪的误差分析

阐述了参考光束型激光多普勒测速仪的基本原理,从理论上分析了原理公式近似、高斯光束干涉、激光线宽、探测器孔径、有限渡越时间、信号处理算法、空气折射率变化及角度测量等诸多因素对激光多普勒测速仪测量结果造成的误差,研究并给出了每一种影响因素所引起误差的理论公式,在每一种影响因素中具体讨论了各种光学参数对测量误差的影响并对部分参数进行实验研究。理论分析和实验表明:在实验中需要选择线宽较窄的激光器及孔径较小的光电探测器,而在选择光束光斑半径和信号光中心光线的方向与粒子运动方向的夹角时,既要考虑激光的质量和多普勒信号的强度,同时也需要考虑原理公式近似、探测器孔径的尺寸、有限渡越时间及高斯光束干涉等多种因素对测量结果的影响。