层流等离子体制备球形氧化铝粉末的实验研究

为研究非转移弧层流等离子体制备面向新材料领域的μm级球形氧化铝粉末的能力,使用自制的非转移弧分段式阳极层流等离子体球化设备,以载气送粉的方式,对η相的不规则μm级三氧化二铝粉末进行等离子体球化处理,并采用均匀设计法,研究等离子体发生器和送粉器不同的工作参数对氧化铝粉末球化率的影响规律。结果表明,实验所采用的直流非转移弧层流等离子体发生器能有效制备球化率接近100%的高球化率球形氧化铝粉末。实验发现,高球化率、高分散性和粒径大小均匀的球形氧化铝粉末可在不同工艺参数组合下制备,并证明了采用非转移弧分段式阳极层流等离子体发生器可实现较低功率下制备较高球化率球形氧化铝的可行性。实验还通过XRD与PDF卡片索引技术对球化前后的氧化铝粉末进行了物相定性分析,发现η相的氧化铝粉末经射流作用转化成了Corundum型的氧化铝粉末。     

射频感应等离子体制备球形钛粉的工艺研究

采用单因素法对制备球形钛粉的工艺进行研究,通过控制和调节射频等离子体工作的阳极电流与电压、中气流量、边气流量、粉体携带气流量、抽风负压和钛粉送粉速率等参数,以获得制备球形度较佳的钛粉工艺参数。通过射频感应等离子体对粒度为(17.02.0) m的钛粉球化处理研究,制备出球形度好、球化率高、表面粗糙度低的钛粉,钛粉球化率随着抽风负压增加而增加,当抽风负压大于1 800 Pa时,钛粉的球化率随着抽风负压的增大迅速降低;同样钛粉球化率也随着钛粉送粉速率增加而增加,当钛粉送粉速率大于90.0 g/min时,钛粉的球化率随着钛粉送粉速率的增大而迅速降低。     

射频感应等离子体制备球形钛粉的成分分析

射频等离子体制备球形钛粉技术是利用等离子体炬产生的高温热将形状不规则的钛粉快速熔融成液滴,随后急冷,冻结成球形钛粉。通过射频等离子体球化处理前后的钛粉的粒度与粒径分布的测试表明,钛粉经过球化处理后,平均粒度基本上没有改变,而粒径分布相对变窄。实验通过随机对球化处理的钛粉进行X射线衍射谱检测,发现最终获得的球形钛粉没有物质结构和相的变化。C,O,H和N的含量有所降低,而Ti的含量略有所增加,可见射频等离子体的球化处理有一定的纯化作用。     

射频等离子体制备球形钨粉研究

采用射频(RF)等离子体对颗粒形状不规则的钨粉球化,研究了加料速率和钨粉分散方式对球化率的影响。通过用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观测得到的被球化粉末的百分比评估了球化效率。通过对球化处理的钨粉的X射线衍射谱(XRD)的检测,验证了在球化过程中无氧化发生和其它杂质介入。当钨粉以极短暂时间(约几毫秒)快速穿越等离子体炬时,钨粉颗粒因受热而熔化成液滴,快速冷却后,形成致密的球形固态颗粒。     

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采用射频(RF)等离子体对颗粒形状不规则的钨粉球化,研究了加料速率和钨粉分散方式对球化率的影响。通过用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观测得到的被球化粉末的百分比评估了球化效率。通过对球化处理的钨粉的X射线衍射谱(XRD)的检测,验证了在球化过程中无氧化发生和其它杂质介入。当钨粉以极短暂时间(约几毫秒)快速穿越等离子体炬时,钨粉颗粒因受热而熔化成液滴,快速冷却后,形成致密的球形固态颗粒。     

射频感应等离子体制备球形钨粉的工艺研究

 采用射频感应等离子体球化颗粒形状不规则的钨粉（平均粒度尺寸5～12 μm）,研究了加料速率、物料分散方式、钨粉颗粒大小等因素对球化率的影响。当加料速率大于95 g/min时,粉体的球化率随着加料速率的增大急剧减小,加料速率增大到135.75 g/min时,样品钨粉球化率仅为30%。当携带气量为0.12 m3/h 时,分散效果较佳,其球形度相应也较好,球化率几乎达到100%;随着钨粉球化率提高,其松装密度有所增大。通过对不同粒度分布的原粉进行球化处理,得出结论：钨粉原粉粒度分布均匀,则相应制备出的球形钨粉的粒度分布也比较均匀。     

基于Ar发射光谱的感应等离子体球化高温流场温度测量研究

感应等离子体可通过纯净、热等离子体的焦耳加热作用,实现不规则粉末颗粒的球化,感应等离子体球化在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景。气流温度是感应等离子体球化制粉的关键参数,等离子体发生器内高温流场温度的空间分布测量为感应等离子体制粉研究和相关工艺改进优化提供了定量依据。在传统接触式测量手段难以应用于感应等离子体高温流场测量的背景下,该研究发展了非接触式的发射光谱诊断技术,开展对100kW高频感应等离子体发生器制备球形钛粉过程中高温等离子体气流的诊断。通过测量氩气(Ar)在高温下的发射光谱谱线,结合电动位移扫描技术,获得了等离子体发生器内某一截面温度的径向空间分布。研究结果表明:感应等离子体发生器内径向气流温度的变化呈现马鞍形的变化趋势,不送粉条件下高温流场待测横截面的中心位置有一个低温区,温度在(10 120±240) K,气流最大温度值的区域位于测量横截面圆心的两侧,靠近趋肤层的位置,两侧最大温度值分别为(10 500±240)和(10 620±240) K;相比于不送粉条件,送入钛粉后感应等离子体发生器内高温流场内温度出现明显变化,钛粉送入区域下方出现一个明显的倒三角的低温区,送粉与不送粉下圆心低温区的温差在500 K左右,趋肤层最大温度区的温差在400 K左右,显示了颗粒送入被加热的过程中,附近气流温度也随之出现下降。发展的测量技术为定量了解感应等离子体球化流场温度二维空间分布提供了成熟的非接触式光谱测试手段。     

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采用感应耦合热等离子体作为高温热源,对形状不规则的铬粉末进行了球化处理,研究了送粉速率对球形粉末的流动性、球化率的影响,并采用金相显微镜和霍尔流速计对球形粉末的表观形貌和流动性进行了测定.研究结果表明:形状不规则的粉末经过等离子体处理后,绝大部分以上的粉末均变为球形或类球形.对于粒径在200~300目之间的铬粉,随着送粉速率的增加,球化后的粉末流动性逐渐增强,球化率增加;当送粉速率为35g.min?1时,其流动性和球化率分别约为56.18s/50g和85.6%,两者均达到了最佳效果.     

感应耦合等离子体制备球形铬粉末的工艺研究

采用感应耦合热等离子体作为高温热源,对形状不规则的铬粉末进行了球化处理,研究了送粉速率对球形粉末的流动性、球化率的影响,并采用金相显微镜和霍尔流速计对球形粉末的表观形貌和流动性进行了测定。研究结果表明：形状不规则的粉末经过等离子体处理后,绝大部分以上的粉末均变为球形或类球形。对于粒径在200～300目之间的铬粉,随着送粉速率的增加,球化后的粉末流动性逐渐增强,球化率增加;当送粉速率为35g•min^-1时,其流动性和球化率分别约为56.18s/50g和85.6%,两者均达到了最佳效果。     

梯度分布球颗粒复合介质的介电特性和光吸收特性

研究球形颗粒复合介质沿颗粒半径方向有梯度分布的有效介电响应和光吸收性质,利用微分有效偶极距近似方法计算有梯度分布球颗粒的等效介电常数.数值计算结果表明,对于一般的球形粒子,介电常数随半径按幂指数规律变化时,系统的有效介电常数随指数n的增大而减小;而对金属球形粒子,则存在等离子体共振吸收峰,且随参数mw和mv的增大,其位置将发生红移.这为复合材料的制备提供了一种新的理论依据.     

钡钨阴极优化与热电子发射性能

分别从基体和铝酸盐两方面优化了钡钨阴极.在基体方面,首先采用窄粒度钨粉结合放电等离子体烧结获得了孔径分布窄的基体;再利用射频等离子体球化技术制备了球形钨粉,采用球形钨粉制备了多孔基体,获得了孔通道光滑、内孔连通性好、孔径分布更加窄的基体.与窄粒度钨粉基体相比,球形钨粉制备的阴极,空间电荷限制区的斜率由1.25增加至1.37,发射均匀性得到提高,拐点电流密度由6.6 A·cm^–2增至6.96 A·cm^–2.在此基础上,采用液相法改善了铝酸盐物相组成,发现空间电荷限制区的斜率增加至1.44,拐点电流密度增加至21.2 A·cm^–2.通过理论计算对钡钨阴极发射的物理本质进行了研究,发现钡钨阴极发射规律遵循偶极子理论.     

高频感应热等离子体中粉末颗粒的运动行为研究

建立了高频电感耦合等离子体炬的二维轴对称模型,利用商用软件FLUENT对钛粉颗粒在纯氩热等离子体内的运动轨迹进行了模拟,研究了前驱体粒径及载气流量的变化对粉末颗粒受力过程的影响。研究结果表明,粒径小的颗粒受炬内回流作用的影响较大,颗粒运动轨迹杂乱,而粒径大的颗粒受回流的影响则很小;降低载气流量可以使钛粉的受热更加充分,使得更多的颗粒被加热至熔化,可提高粉末的球化率。     

A Method of Separation of Polydisperse Particles in the Plasma of Radio‐Frequency Discharge

A method of separation of polydisperse dust particles in the plasma of radio‐frequency (RF) capacitive discharge is considered. Investigations of plasma equipotential field enabled us to determine conditions for separation of polydisperse dust particles. The simplicity of the technology made it possible to obtain small dispersed particles of different materials. Samples of small dispersed microparticles of silica and alumina were obtained. The size and chemical composition of samples were examined using a Quanta 3D 200i scanning electron microscope (SEM, FEI, USA). The average size of separated silica nanoparticles was 600 nm, that of silica and alumina microparticles was 5 μm. Two separation methods were developed: the first one used a special trap and shape of the bottom electrode of RF discharge (for separation of microparticles) and the second used an electrical trap (for separation of nanoparticles). The graphs of particle size distribution were constructed using graphical and mathematical calculations. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Experimental study on parameters of dust plasma in SiH4/C2H4/Ar discharges

Measurements of dust plasma parameters were carried out in the discharges of （SiH4/C2H4/Ar） mixtures. Dust particles were formed in the capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharge of these reactive mixtures in a cylindrical chamber. Langmuir probe was employed for diagnosing and measuring the important plasma parameters such as electron density and electron temperature. The results showed that the electron density dropped, and in contrast the electron temperature rose when the dust particles formed. The curves of the electron density and temperature versus the RF power and pressure were presented and analysed. Further, it was found that the wriations of electron temperature and the size of dust void with the RF power followed the similar trends. These trends might be useful for understanding more about the characteristics of dusty voids.     

Numerical studies on velocity, temperature history and heat transfer to the particles injected into the argon plasma

A new approach to study the particle velocity in a thermal plasma in relation to input parameters (power, gas flow rate, injection velocity of the particle and particle size) and nozzle dimensions (nozzle length and diameter) has been made. Injected particle's temperature and thermal history were calculated for particles of three different materials (alumina, tungsten and graphite) in argon plasma. Allowable powder feed rate was calculated for the particles. Heat transfer per particle injected in to the plasma is reported. Liquid fraction of the particle after it reached the melting point is also reported. Particle velocity is found to increase with increase in power, gas flow rate and injection velocity and decrease with increase in particle size, nozzle length and nozzle diameter. Thermal histories of the particles in relation to the plasma temperature and particle diameter are presented. Particle's residence time is found to increase with increase in diameter of the particle. Allowable powder feed rate for complete melting of the particle is higher at higher percentage utilisation of the plasma power. Powder feed rate is seen to decrease with increase in particle size and it is higher for tungsten and lower for graphite particle. Heat transfer rate from plasma to particle is seen to decrease with increase in time and the same is higher for plasmas of higher temperature and smaller sized particle. Received 4 May 2000 and Received in final form 15 March 2001     

Nanosize silicon nitride: characteristic of doped powders and of the related sintered materials

The paper reports on both the characteristics of ultrafine silicon nitride powder produced by plasma synthesis and the microstructure and properties of the relative sintered material. The powder, already containing yttria and alumina as sintering aids, has a bimodal particle size distribution and it is partly amorphous. The chemical composition and morphology of the particles are shown. Yttria and alumina were not found in separate particles but the elements constituting them (i.e., Y, Al, O) are either in solid solutions in the crystalline particles or dispersed within the amorphous portion of the powder. Dense materials were obtained by pressureless sintering at 1750 °C. Microstructure and composition of silicon nitride grains and of grain boundary phases are analyzed and discussed. When compared to a micro-sized Si₃N₄, nanoindentation tests clearly revealed the inverse Hall Petch relation. The nanosize Si₃N₄ shows a Young’s modulus which is almost independent on the peak load. PACS 81.05.J,M; 81.40; 81.05.Y; 81.05.J; 46.30.P