浅海波导环境失配下的协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计

实际浅海波导中环境噪声为相干噪声,最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法能在相干噪声背景下准确估计声源辐射功率,但该方法受环境不确定性影响较大;此外,由于最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法使用信号幅度作为中间量估计声源功率,信号幅度估计误差会二次放大并传递到声源功率估计结果中。本文提出一种协方差矩阵拟合稳健最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法,该方法引入信道传递函数不确定集,结合协方差矩阵拟合思想将声源功率估计问题建模为在信道传递函数不确定集约束下对函数取极值的问题,使用Lagrange乘子法求解该问题得到信道传递函数估计值和声源辐射功率估计值。环境失配影响声源辐射功率估计性能的根本原因在于信道传递函数偏差较大,协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计方法有效减小了环境失配时信道传递函数的偏差,从而显著提升环境失配稳健性。此外,该方法使用权值直接估计声源功率,无需使用信号幅度作为中间量,避免了估计误差的传递。仿真验证了协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计方法的环境失配稳健性。     

浅海时变声速环境下的自适应匹配场定位算法实现*

针对浅海环境下声速剖面失配引起的匹配场处理器失配问题,提出了一种自适应匹配场定位算法在声速剖面时变环境下的实现方式。将先验声速剖面集简化为经验正交函数表示,结合蒙特卡洛方法与环境扰动约束算法对当下时刻的目标声源进行匹配场定位。本文以某次试验获取的连续20小时的声速剖面数据为研究对象,通过仿真试验对该算法进行验证,结果表明：在先验声速剖面集的半小时之后,利用自适应算法的距离和深度定位成功率较常规匹配场算法有较大提升,其中,深度正确定位概率相对较低。     

一种基于双引导声源和warping变换的拷贝声场计算方法

提出了在均匀浅海环境中只知道少量环境参数的情况下,利用不同距离上的两枚引导声源和warping变换的拷贝声场计算方法。这种方法主要基于简正波估计技术,从声场衰减信息和相位信息两个方向来重构拷贝声场,从而与目标声场匹配进行定位。其优点在于能避免传统的匹配场定位技术中拷贝场计算时对环境模型和环境参数的依赖。在简正波估计技术中采用warping变换的处理方式,数值仿真主要采用线性Bartlett匹配处理器分析了目标定位效果,在信噪比高于1015 dB的情况下,定位效果良好。      

一种预测扩散声场在非规则形状刚性壁面附近干涉图样的方法

扩散声场会在反射边界附近形成干涉图样,研究方法包括平面波模型、简正模态分析、渐进模态分析等,但仅适用于尺度远大于声波波长的矩形声腔。提出一种预测扩散声场在非规则刚性壁面结构附近形成的干涉图样的数值方法,表明结构附近“受挡”声压的互谱矩阵取决于:(1)假定该结构在自由空间中振动辐射声音时其表面法向振速到表面及场点声压的边界元系数矩阵;(2)假定结构置于自由空间中且表面刚性时,点声源辐射声波入射到结构表面上产生的散射声场的边界元系数矩阵;(3)扩散声场均方声压。仿真表明,该途径预测的干涉图样与理论值完全吻合。该预测方法还可用于混响环境下声源附近直达声压均方值的空间分布估计,为混响环境下设备的声源定位提供帮助。      

采用四阶累积量多重矩阵重构的低信噪比相干声源波达方向估计

针对相干声源子空间能量扩散且协方差矩阵欠秩难以有效估计波达方向(DOA)的问题,提出了一种采用高阶矩阵变换的估计方法-四阶累积量多重矩阵重构(FOC-MMR)。该方法首先对阵列声压数据分帧进行短时傅里叶变换,然后对四阶累积量扩展的高阶协方差矩阵进行奇异值分解(SVD)得到高阶噪声特征向量,保证该噪声特征向量与扩展后的高阶阵列流形矢量正交匹配,最终实现相干信号的DOA估计。相干单频矩形脉冲信号仿真结果表明,将FOC-MMR方法应用于均匀线阵(ULA, M=4),在信噪比SNR≥-15 dB时,相干信号(θ₁=-20°和θ₂=20°)的均方根误差保持在1.5°以内;在SNR=10 dB时,可正确分辨的两相干信号方位间隔Δθ可以低至5°。在相干脉冲声源实验中,通过混入SNR=5 dB高斯白噪声,验证了FOC-MMR算法在应用于由多个ULA组成的矩形面阵时,其分辨邻近声源和抑制高斯噪声的能力较高。FOC-MMR算法通过对声压阵列数据扩展得到满秩的高阶协方差矩阵,不仅解决了由信号相干造成的噪声和信号特征向量之间能量扩散的问题,还实现了以较高的测向精度和...     

传声器阵列特征值滤波去噪方法

作为二阶统计量的互谱矩阵(CSM)是声学成像算法的核心输入量。为增强传声器阵列的去噪表现,研究了互谱矩阵特征值滤波的机理,并提出了两种新型的特征值滤波方法的设计准则:(1)声源互谱矩阵的Stein无偏风险估计(SURE收缩),即基于SURE准则的特征值软阈值收缩;(2)进一步提高声源互谱矩阵EYM (Eckart-Young-Mirsky)估计误差的最优收缩(Opt-Shrinkage)方法,即对声源特征值所含有的噪声进一步去除。然后,在3000个快照数,0 dB信噪比(SNR),100个传声器的环境下进行仿真。通过仿真,与经典的MUSIC方法比较原声源信号与去噪后信号的互谱矩阵对角线误差,其中MUSIC方法的互谱矩阵对角线误差为74.15%,SURE收缩为41.97%,最优收缩为20.62%。并通过改变快照数、声源数与SNR,对比了不同特征值滤波去噪方法的效果。从仿真结果上看,在少声源(少于40个)工况下SURE收缩方法的去噪效果优于MUSIC方法与最优收缩方法;在声源数超过42个后,最优收缩方法取得更显著的效果。最后,在3个声源、60个传声器数、-5 dB信噪比的声源定位实验中,SURE收缩与最优收缩均获得了相比MUSIC方法更好的去噪效果。研究表明在现有传声器阵列特征值滤波方法的基础上,对特征值的进一步处理可以得到更好的去噪效果。      

利用宽带引导声源重构拷贝声场的目标声源定位

为了避开传统的匹配场目标定位技术对环境先验知识的依赖性,提出了在均匀浅海环境中只知道少量环境参数的情况下,利用垂直接收阵和不同距离上的两枚宽带引导声源重构声场对目标声源进行定位的一种方法。这种方法主要基于简正波估计和声场重构两种关键技术,同时省去了匹配场定位技术中大量的拷贝声场计算。数值仿真主要采用线性Bartlett匹配处理器分析了目标定位效果,在信噪比高于10 d B的情况下,定位效果良好。     

高斯射线束法在深海声源定位中的应用

在深海匹配场(Matched Field Processing-MFP)声源定位中,拷贝场模型的计算精度和速度对声源的定位效果和定位效率有着直接的影响。针对这一问题,本文数值仿真研究了深海匹配场定位中采用高斯射线束理论作为拷贝场计算模型的可行性。高斯射线束理论具有计算速度快,物理意义清晰,并且适合并行化处理等优点。文中利用不同水文环境、不同频域范围的大量仿真实验来证明该模型的适用性。结果表明,高斯射线束模型在深远海的声源定位中有很好的定位精度,并且在较低频段同样有效,可以作为深远海声源定位的拷贝场计算模型。     

不确知海洋环境下的贝叶斯声源定位法

为了提高不确知海洋环境下的声源定位性能,贝叶斯声源定位法将环境参数与声源位置同时反演。该方法利用遗传算法在参数空间中寻优,将后验概率密度在环境参数起伏变化范围内积分,得到声源距离和深度的边缘概率分布,从中求得声源位置的最优值,并进行定位结果的不确定性分析。考虑到海底密度和衰减系数对匹配场处理代价函数的敏感性较弱,利用海底参数之间的经验关系实现这两个参数的间接反演。处理并分析了2000年的一次黄海声传播实验数据,研究表明,贝叶斯声源定位法对环境失配有较好的宽容性。采用经验公式可减少待反演参量维数,进一步提高定位的精度。      

嵌入随机多项式的抛物方程不确定声场快速算法

为了得到准确且高效计算起伏海洋介质中随机声场的算法,本文将随机多项式展开嵌入到宽角抛物方程声场计算模型(简称RAM模型)中,发展了一种不确定声场的快速算法.其计算结果比使用嵌入随机多项式的窄角抛物方程准确,计算时间小于作为参考的蒙特卡洛方法.在仿真算例中,随机多项式展开法对声强均值、方差、概率密度的计算准确;在一定的随...     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.