采用二维载频条纹的二维伽博小波变换轮廓术

为解决三维形貌测量中非连续相位解包问题并提高测量精度,提出了采用二维网格光栅作为空间载频条纹的二维伽博小波变换轮廓术。与采用一维单一频率载频条纹轮廓术比较,该方法可以获得两倍的测量信息,并且可以达到相同的测量精度。提取二维网格条纹中的两个调制相位时,该方法不必设计带通滤波器来分离两个一维条纹,而是直接应用二维伽博小波变换。通过检测小波脊,从一幅变形网格光栅图像中直接提取两个方向光栅条纹各自所对应的包裹相位分布,结合查表法进行解包从而得到确定的调制相位分布。给出了详细的理论推导,实验结果证实了该方法的可行性。     

小波变换轮廓术中用小波脊系数幅值引导相位展开的研究

为了减少小波变换轮廓术中相位展开过程的误差传递,从小波变换的相关实质出发,提出了在小波变换轮廓术中利用以前被忽略的小波脊系数幅值作为可靠度判据指导相位展开的方法.该方法选择最大幅值的小波脊系数所在位置作为相位展开起始点,根据小波脊系数幅值的大小,确定一条由大幅值到小幅值的最优化的展开路径,最大限度减少了相位展开过程中的误差传递.由于充分利用了小波变换系数的幅值信息,最大限度减小了相位展开过程中的误差传递.计算机模拟和实验验证了基于小波脊系数幅值的相位展开方法的正确性.     

使用离散小波变换的相位轮廓术

提出了两种在相位轮廓术中使用离散小波变换提取条纹相位的方法:单次分解法和多次分解法.前者用多分辨率分析的多孔算法计算变形条纹解析信号的离散小波变换,寻找每一位置的小波系数在尺度方向上的模极大值点,通过提取该点的相位就可以得到原条纹的相化值;后者是在前者的基础上,通过插值改变条纹信号的抽样率,再次进行多分辨率分析,得到冗余的小波系数,提取条纹相位.单次分解法适合处理正弦载频条纹图,多次分解法抗噪性好,可以处理带有高次谐波的准止弦载频条纹图.相对于使用连续小波变换的方法.这两种方法较适合处理离散信号,对于512 pixel × 512 pixel的条纹图计算速度分别提高90%和50%.计算机模拟和实验验证了方法的有效性.     

二维实小波变换在空间载频条纹相位分析中的应用

将二维实小波变换和希尔伯特变换相结合应用到空间载频条纹相位分析中。首先对载频条纹进行希尔伯特变换构造解析信号,然后对其解析信号进行二维实小波变换,提取小波脊处对应的小波变换系数的相位信息即可得到有效的物体高度调制信息。给出了详细的理论分析。计算机模拟和实验表明当条纹中相位存在突变和快变的区域时,采用二维实小波变换比一维实小波和复小波提取相位精度更高,即使在存在噪声污染的情况下也表现出良好的可靠性,体现出了二维实小波提取相位的优势。     

基于时域小波变换相位提取的三维形貌测量

提出基于时域小波变换的连续振动物体相位提取方法,恢复连续振动物体的瞬时三维形貌。将小波变换用于序列影栅云纹相位分析中,对连续振动物体的序列影栅图像进行处理,利用小波变换的多分辨力特点,对各点的灰度变化进行连续复小波变换,通过提取小波脊所对应的相位,得到各点相对于基准光栅的完整相位调制信息,从而获取运动物体的瞬时三维形貌。利用该方法对连续振动悬臂梁进行了分析,得到连续振动悬臂梁的瞬时速度及瞬时三维形貌,再现了悬臂梁的连续振动过程。为研究动态物体瞬时特性提供了一种新的方法。     

采用小波脊系数幅值导数方差质量图的相位展开法

针对小波变换轮廓术中相位无法快速准确展开的问题,提出了一种能有效抑制噪音的相位展开算法.首先,分析了小波脊系数幅值质量图和相位导数方差质量图的特征;然后依据相位值与其数学期望的偏差程度,利用小波脊系数幅值矩阵和导数方差思想构造了"小波脊系数幅值导数方差"质量图;最后分别进行软件仿真和真实模型实验,并将利用新质量图引导的相位展开效果与传统相位展开质量图法和改进的质量图法进行对比.实验结果表明,本文算法提高了相位展开精确度,相位展开误差率降低了2.61%.所提质量图易于构造,在引导相位展开时不仅能得到较准确的绝对相位值,还能有效抑制噪音的影响,从而重建出精确度高的物体三维模型.     

小波变换轮廓术在双频光栅条纹中的应用

为了解决非连续物体三维面形测量中所存在的非连续相位解包问题,采用计算机生成的两频率之比为一无理数的电子光栅作为空间载频光栅条纹投影到待测物体表面。另外结合伽博小波变换分析的相位解调原理,在一幅变形双频光栅图像中分析得到两个频率各自所对应的包络相位分布,并且应用钟金钢等所提出的双频条纹查表法进行解包得到确定的调制相位分布。提出的双频光栅-小波变换-查表相位解包法很好地解决了傅里叶变换轮廓术,以及连续相位解包法在非连续物体三维面形测量中所存在的问题。给出了详细完整的理论推导过程、计算机模拟以及实验验证,证实了该方法的可行性。     

基于三次样条插值的图像多尺度方向边缘重构

为了检测小结构的轮廓以及大目标的边缘,将多尺度边缘检测与小波变换有机地结合起来,利用小波分析方法来研究信号的多尺度边缘特征。针对图像信号的多尺度边缘检测和重构问题,利用二进小波变换的多尺度分析特性,定义了图像在水平和垂直方向的多尺度边缘。同时,利用三次样条插值算法,提出了一种由二进小波变换在水平和垂直方向的极值重构图像信号的算法。实验结果显示多尺度重建方法与著名的交替投影算法相比,算法复杂度低,图像重建速度提高了20倍,而且重建图像质量较好,其峰值信噪比提高了1 dB以上。     

小波变换在载频条纹相位分析法中的应用研究

为了克服在非平稳信号分析中傅里叶变换的全局性缺陷,以及窗口傅里叶分析的单一分辨率和伸缩窗口傅里叶分析的尺度不确定性问题,采用伽博解析小波变换技术对空间载频光栅条纹进行相位分析,有效地提取出相对于载频条纹基频的完整相位信息,从本质上解决了上述问题。以三维轮廓术为例,与傅里叶分析进行了对比研究,给出了小波分析应用在空间载频条纹相位分析中详细而完整的理论推导证明、计算机模拟以及实验验证结果。     

基于波原子变换的红外复杂背景杂波抑制算法

针对红外图像弱小目标检测技术中复杂背景杂波干扰问题,提出了一种基于波原子变换的红外图像背景抑制算法。首先,采用波原子变换对图像进行多尺度和多方向分解,获得原始图像的多尺度和多方向细节特征;然后,根据目标和背景杂波信号的差异,通过频域变换设计的系数调整函数修正经波原子变换后各子带系数,再经波原子逆变换重构得到估计的背景图像;最后,将其与原始图像相减获得背景杂波抑制后的图像。用真实的红外图像序列进行实验,结果显示,与最大中值和小波变换两种算法相比,该算法能有效地抑制红外弱小目标复杂背景杂波,突出目标信号,提高信杂比,具有良好的背景抑制性能。     

小波变换轮廓术的测量范围研究

利用小波“脊”处的小波系数来提取变形条纹中的相位信息可以在很大程度上抑制条纹图中有用的基频分量与零频和其它谐波频率分量的混叠,弥补了傅里叶变换轮廓术的不足。从离散信号频域分析角度,推导了变形条纹小波变换的频谱描述形式,讨论了其测量范围,包括结构条件和抽样条件。结果表明,只有在无周期内瞬时频谱混叠,即任意位置处物体瞬时高度变化满足h/xx=b<1/3条件时,和不存在抽样引起的周期间瞬时频谱混叠的抽样条件下(即一个周期内的抽样点数m≥4时),小波变换轮廓术才能正确恢复被测物体的三维面型。计算机模拟和实验验证了该结论。     

Hilbert assisted wavelet transform method of optical fringe pattern phase reconstruction for optical profilometry and interferometry

A Hilbert assisted wavelet transform (HWT) method is presented for phase reconstruction of 3D profilometry and interferometry. A rigorous mathematical demonstration about this HWT method is given in this paper. An important conclusion that the phase of the optical fringe pattern is equal to the phase of its HWT coefficients on the ridge is theoretically clarified. The strict relation between the scale parameter and the phase gradient (also called the angular frequency) of the fringe pattern is also given. Computer simulations and experiments reveal the validity of the method and the correctness of the mathematical demonstration. Since the filtering process is avoided in this method, it can deal with the frequency overlapping problem to a certain extent. Applications of this method in both optical profilometry and interferometry are shown and discussed in the experiment section.     

Analysis on fringe pattern demodulation by use of 2-D CWT

We discuss the wavelet transform profilometry based on the continuous wavelet transform technique as viewed from frequency analysis. We deduce the expression of one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) wavelet transform in frequency domain and analyze their characteristics in the application of demodulating the fringe patterns. We also compare 1-D CWT and 2-D CWT in demodulating the oblique fringe patterns with dual carrier frequency components. When oblique fringe patterns are processed, the direction normal to the grating line and x axis or y axis is not identical. By 1-D CWT, in which wavelet transform is carried out row by row, we cannot obtain the most similarity between local signal and the wavelet functions with different dilation values. While a fan 2-D continuous wavelet transformation can deal with the fringe pattern as a 2-D unit as well as has multi-directions, its advantage is that it can be used to exact the information in the spatial direction. However, its spatial localization ability is not very good, which leads that it is not suitable for demodulating the fringe patterns with high phase variation. Computer simulations and experiments have verified our analysis.     

A fast,accurate phase unwrapping method for wavelet-transform profilometry

A novel phase unwrapping method used in wavelet-transform profilometry is presented to improve the accuracy and speed of the unwrapping process. The wrapped phase of the fringe image is extracted by using wavelet transform. How to establish quality map using scale factor at wavelet ridge is discussed firstly. The proposed method can reflect the reliability of the pixels in fringe image effectively. As the consuming time of traditional flood-fill phase unwrapping algorithm is too long, an improved quality-guided method is used in phase unwrapping process. We divide the wrapped phase map into two levels following the established quality map, and process these two levels using different algorithms. Compared with the traditional flood-fill algorithm, we can get the accurate result while the consuming time of the phase unwrapping process is much less by using the proposed method. Simulation and experiment results verify that the 3D information of the measured object can be obtained rapidly and accurately by using the proposed method. Also the dynamic object can be measured too.     

Discuss the measuring range of dual-frequency wavelet transform profilometry

We discuss the structure condition and sampling condition of wavelet transform profilometry (WTP) based on dual-frequency fringe pattern in this work. In the mentioned method a grating fringe with dual-frequency components is projected onto an object. And two wavelet ridge lines can be extracted by means of wavelet analysis, from which we can calculate two groups of wrapped phase information. Afterwards the retrieved phase with higher precision can be obtained through phase unwrapping process. However, it should be noted that the spectral aliasing of the deformed fringe pattern must be avoided in order to restore the correct phase information. And the two fringe carrier frequencies have to obey some rules as well. In this paper, the structure condition and sampling condition of the proposed method is deduced from the point of view of frequency analysis. It is proven that there would be no frequency overlapping in the deformed fringe pattern only when both of the two conditions mentioned previously are fulfilled. The results of computer simulations and experiments verify the validity of our theory.     

Two-dimensional multiscale windowed Fourier transform based on two-dimensional wavelet transform for fringe pattern demodulation

A two-dimensional multiscale windowed Fourier transform (2D-MWFT), based on two-dimensional Gabor wavelet transform (2D-GWT), for the phase extraction from a spatial fringe pattern in fringe projection profilometry is presented. First, the instantaneous frequencies on x and y direction of the modulated fringe pattern are determined by 2D-GWT, and then the local stationary lengths are obtained. The 2D-MWFT with different two-dimensional Gaussian windows whose width is set according to the local stationary length is preformed for each section of the modulated fringe pattern to achieve multiresolution analysis and phase demodulation. Comparing the result of the phase demodulated by 2D-GWT and two-dimensional windowed Fourier transform (2D-WFT) with that by 2D-MWFT in a numerical simulation, we show that the 2D-MWFT method is superior to these methods, especially for the local non-stationary signal with low frequency. The theory and the results of a simulation and experiment are shown.     

Phase retrieval of optical fringe patterns from the ridge of a wavelet transform

A new method for phase retrieval of optical fringe patterns is presented. This method is based on a wavelet transform and is capable of extracting the full 2D phase distribution from a single fringe pattern. An important conclusion that the phase of the optical fringe pattern is equal to the phase of its wavelet transform on the ridge of the wavelet transform is theoretically clarified. The method is compared with the Fourier transform and the integration methods. A numerical simulation and an experimental example of phase retrieval are shown.     

Eliminating the zero spectrum in Fourier transform profilometry using a two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform

In this paper, a filtering technique based upon two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform (2D-CWT) is used to eliminate the low frequency components of fringe patterns. The filtered fringe patterns are subsequently demodulated using a standard Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) algorithm. This image pre-filtering stage improves the noise performance of the FTP algorithm and enables the FTP method to demodulate fringe patterns with larger bandwidths. Also, the 2D-CWT technique reduces speckle noise significantly. Moreover, only a single fringe pattern is required in this technique. The 2D-CWT algorithm is capable of separating low frequency terms from the high frequency terms that contain phase-modulated fringe information, even when both interfere, greatly, in the frequency domain. The proposed algorithm is tested, both via computer simulation and using real fringe patterns. This revealed the robustness of this algorithm and also demonstrably enables the demodulation of a wider range of fringe patterns using the FTP technique.     

Demodulation of a single interferogram based on continuous wavelet transform and phase derivative

A novel method based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and guidance of phase derivative is developed to measure the phase of a single fringe pattern which contains closed fringes. Wrapped phase values are retrieved by ridge extraction algorithms based on CWT which has the capability of better noise reduction and thus increases the resolution of measurement significantly. To further reduce the noise, the scales detected by maximum ridge algorithm are filtered iteratively before retrieval of wrapped phase. The proposed method also identifies any ambiguous point in a non-monotonous fringe pattern by directly tracking an inflexion point from an unwrapped phase map without the use of a carrier. The algorithm developed is validated by computer simulation and experimental results. Based on micro interferometry the experimental results for both static and dynamic deformations of a micro structure demonstrate that the proposed method is an effective tool for the analysis of closed fringe patterns and subsequent deformation measurement. However, the proposed technique is limited to measurement of surface which is relatively smooth compared to the mean wavelength of the light source. In addition, prior knowledge of the sign of surface slope is required in cases where a spatial carrier is not available or adaptable.